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AD 340078

DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTERFOR

SCIENTiFiC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATIONCAMERON STATION. ALEXANDRIA. VIRGINIA

SECRET

NOTICE: Nhen government or other drawings, speci-fications or other data aze used fcr an. purposeother than in connection ith a definitely zelatedgovern&ent procurement operation, the U. S.Government thereby incurs no responsibility, nor anyobligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Govern-ment may have fonnulated, furnished, or in any waysupplied the said drawings, specifications, or otherdata is Aiot to be regarded by implication or other-wise as in any manner licensing the holder or Wnother person or corporation, or conveying any rightsor permission to manufacture, use or sell anypatented invention that may Am any waky be relatedthereto.

NOTICE:

THIS DOCIMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION

AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE OF

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ING OF THE ESPIONAGE LAWS, TITLE 18,

U.S.C., SECTIONS 793 und 794. THE

TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION OF

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UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED

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SECRET

0 Copy, No 88

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL'PRORESSP4 RPPT~

C) JUNE 1963,

j a.

4 - -o

Th6~~ ~ ~ ~ 4QW~ Istepom fFl oanr*t--'I V4 opeiortoo f& ,7ho~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Aw Inpml ftbdms pklofrA f -d 6 cr

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LL' SECIRE

CONDITTONS OF RKLASX

This information is disoldned only for offiiAl use by the recipientGovornment and suoh of its oont.rntors, wider soa of aeorocy, au maybe ei.t6aed on t defence project. Disclosure to Any other Govt.rnmoAtor release to the Press or disolobire in any other way wo=A cstItutea breach of these oanditions. The information ohould be safeguardedunder rules designed to give the r Atafndard. of seourity as masntatnodby Her Majesty's Government in the UnLted. Kingdom. The ro6i ient isw rned that information contained in this 4o"0t may ta zhb.eot to

rivately-owned rights.

3 U' DC.-No, 0O1.80(647.1)i6 2-9463I Elli 623.902s 623-9453 Q' -6:

_623.95:5X4.2(2O4. o)621.395:623.953

SCIENTIi7O. AND, TI--CIUICAL.

PROGESS REPORT

JUNE 1963

9M s-of the UAnitoed States within t% oneaing of the,

W~Y $.v 0 ABSTRACT

0 This report covers the work carried out by thisttablihmentup to 31st M~arch, 1963, on Sonar Equipment; Ile ,:and FireControl; Launching Equipment; lMe Countermeeuns~ andMining; Instructional Equipment; Research; OpM6aolsiResearch and Assessment;, Post Design and Supporting

Developments.

Admiralty Underwater Weapofit Establ.shmentPortland.

S E C

ii

(ii) A.U... SCIENTIIIC AND TECHNICAL -

PROGREOS REPORT - 19626

DISTRIBUTIONs

Deputy Controller, Research and Development IChief of the Royal Naval Scientific Service 2Director Genera], Weapone 3Director General, Weapons (Underwater Weapons Division) 4 to 9Director General, Weapons (Naval Ordnance Inspection Division) 10Director General, Weapons (Compass Division) 11Director General, Ships Naval Equipment Division) 12Director General, Ships Naval Construction Division) 13Director General, Ships Electrical Engineering Division) 14Director General, Ships Scientifin Adviser) 15Director of Undersurfaie Vtarfw'e Division 16 to 18Director of Naval Air 9Ivision 19Director of Tactical and Weapons Policy Division 20 and 21Director of Naval Intelligence 22Direutor of Arm&ment Supply 23Director of Physical Research 24Director of Research Development and Services 25Director of Materials Reseiroh 26Director of Operational Research 2?1Directors, Joint Anti-Su'marine School 28Plag Officer, Submarines 29 and 30Flag Officer, Air (Home) 31Captain, H.A.S. VERNON 32 and 33

Captain, H.M.S. OSPREY 34Captain, H.MS. COLLINGVOOD 35Captain, H.M.S. LOCHINVAR 36Captain, Royal Naval Engineering College, Manadon 37President, Royal Naval College) Greenwich 38Captain Superintendent, Admiralty Surface Weapons Eutablishient 39 to 41Superintendent, Admiralty Research Laboratory 42Superintendent, Naval Construction Research Establis!=ment 43

Superintendent, Admiralty Experiment Works 44Superintendent, Admiralty Experimental Diving Unit 45Superintendnt, Admiralty Engineering Laboratory 40'

Superintendent, Aircraft Torpedo Development Unit 47Director of Air Armament, Ministry of Aviation 48 and 49Director cf Operations Haritime, Air Ministry 50Deputy Director of Operations requirements 6, Air Ministry 51Director of Weapons Engineering, Air iMinistry 52 IAdmiralty Centre for Scientific Information and Liaison(Reports Section) 53 to 117

II

SECTION IPaaeRE~irNENT

PIZ, 11- SUEARINE SETSActive/Passive Sonar Type 2001 for

H.M.S. DREADNOUGHT an& H.M.S. VALIANT .Sea Trials IRefurbish of H.M.S. VERULAA s.Equipment 2-The Seotor Displayf 3Type 2001-XI Cquipment for,H.S. DRVADNOUnHT 4

TheoetiaJ ee~Patterns560 Way lressure Hull Gland 51

Sonar Intercept Set - Type 197 (Formerlyian6wn as "VELOX") 5_Submarin( Search Hydrophone - Type 186 5

1.2 SHIP SETSScanning Sonar - Type 184 6

Sea Trials ,6Owm Doppler NullificationPro .otype 11anufaoture 8Automatic Handliug of Type 184 Data in D.L.G.'s 8

Variable Depth Sonar Type 199 9Sonar Type 170B Depth Determrnation 10

1.3 HELICOPTER SETDipping Sonar Type 195

Shipborne Trials of Experimental Equiplent 10Flying Trials of the Complete Experimental SonarEquipment 11

Trials of Prototype Equipment 12Special-to-Type Test FE.uipmsnt 12

1.4 - HOVERCRAFT 12

1.5 ANCILLARY EQUIPUErT 12Underwater Communications and I.P.P. 12Underwater Detection Equipment Test Outfits (UPETO) 13Ruggedised Bathythermograph 13Echo Sounding Equipments 13

Echo Sounder Type 773 1'3Replacement for Echo Sounder Type 765 13Precision Depth Recorder 13Interference in Submarines 14

Low Frequency Triplane Target 14

SECTION 2 - WEAPONS AND FIRE CONTROL

. OIIGAR WEAPON SYSTEM 15Introduction 15Homing 15Reverberation Ifeasurements 15'Weapon Controls 16

Azimuth 16

Roll 16Depth 17

(iv) SECTION 2 VEAPONS AOIt RE' CONTROL (Contd).

Page- No.,

Propulsion SystemBatteries 17

Motor - 17

Propeller 17'OWGAR - 10 inch Powered Model 17:Propeller Shafts 13

Tso-Speed Contaotor 18

Wire Guidance System 18

Outboard Dispenser 19Pistol 19Ancillary Power Supplio 19

The Transponder 19

Hull 20

Transport Containers 20Test Gear20Torpedo Guidance Control Unit Mk 2 20

Experimental Equipment 20

Prototype Equipment 21

TO.S.S. 8X and 9X 22

2.2 MUK 23 TORPEDO AND CONT1,CL SYBT1S T..S.. 3 6 AND 7 22Torpado 22

Outboard Dispenser 23

Control Systems 23T.C.S.S. 3 24T.C.S.S. 6 24T.C.S.S. 7 25

2.3 - UK 20C CC11BINED ANTI-SUB.ARINE/ANTI-ESCORT TORPEDO 26

2.4 - THREE-DIIENSIONAL TRACKING RANGE 26

2.5 - ARPOCHAR TORPEDO PROOFING RANGE 26

2.6 - RECORDING EqUIP1 ENT FOR TORPEDO ATTACK DATA 26

2.7 - TORPEDO LOCATION INDICATOR 27

2.8 - DEEP ACOUSTIC TORPEDO TARGET 27

Static 27

Deep Mobile 27

2.9 - MK 8 MOD. 4 TR r-TDO 27

2.10 - THE MATCH 7EAPON SYSTEM 28Torpedo Dropping Rules 30

Adaptation of Type 177 for the MATCH System 30I 2.11 - FURTHEP DEVELOIENITS OF A/S MORTAR MK 10 31Extension of Range 31'!Slimline" Limbo 32

?.12 -FO1 UTY qJZE FOR A/S MORTAR MK 10: CANADIAN PROj rT INSIGHT 32

SECTION 3 - LAUNCHING I ,U'..NTS

paiwo.

3.1 wVATER Ril DISCHARGE FoR NiCIEAr Swan= $3Prototype Equipment 33Fore-End Mook-Up "33Production Equipment .33

H.M.S. DREADNOUGHT 33H.M.G. VALIANT 34

3. - POWER LOADING OER FOR NUCLEAR SUBMARINES 34

3#3 - SUBMERGED SIGNAL EJECTORS MK 4 AND UK 5 34Mk4 34

3.4 - DISCHARGE FROM NEVI DESIGN NUCIEAR SUEHARINE 35

3.5 - TORPEDO DISCHARGE FOR PORPOISE AND OBERON CLASS SUBMARINE 35Constant Impulse Features 35

C 3.6 - APPLICATION OF THE ONGAR TVPON TO CONVENTIONAL SUBMARINES 36

4.1 HINEHUNTING SYSTEU 37Hinehunting System (Acoustic Mk 1) -37

Sonar Tys 193 .37Hinehuntirg Plotting Table .37Hine Disposal Weapon .17The Short Scope Buoy -3'1Remotely Controlled Vehicle for !line Disposal 38

Hinehvnting Systeir (1tagneto Mk 1) 38Gradiometer 38!ine Position Harker 38

Hine Splash Simulator 39

4.2 MINEEWEEPING .39Unified Acoustic Sweep - OSBURN Phase Bx 39

Audio-Frequency System 39Low Frequency System 40Electrical Control Panel and Strain Cable 40Explosive Shock Trials 40Output Indicator 41

Interim Towed Acouctic Sweep 41Non-agnetic Improved Standard Dan Buoy 41iagnetic Sweep for I.M.S. and C.M.So 41

Sweep for I.H.S. 415- Sweep for C.11.S. 41

Shipborne Swell Recorder 41Acoustic Sweep Test Set 41Mine A Mk 12 Exercise Version 42

4, 3 - CLEARANCE DIVING AND MINE INVESTIGATION 42Shaped Charge Cutting Outfit (Explosive) 42

Suction Clamp 42

- - .,'--

(vi) SECTION 3 -LAJJNC~fINb!EL0m"M- S :~ (Oonitd):

Radiographic Equipment for Mine Ihestjiati6n, 42Magnetic Mine Detector for Cleaance Diveri 42Underwater Telephone for Clearance Divers 42

SECTION - INSTRUCTIONAV L kM 43

5.1 INITIAL DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION TEACHERS 43Type 177 Teacher A/S 1072 43'Type 184 Teacher A/S 1078 43Type 195 Teacher A/S 1074 43

5.2 - ANTI-SUBMARINE UNIVERSAL ATTACK TEACHER 44

5.3 - TYPE 170 ATTACK TEACHER A/S 1071 44

5.4 - TYPE 187 MASS PROOECD=U TEAGHER A/S 1073 44

5.5 - TYPE 193 YL"MAND TRAINER A/S 1076 45

5.6 - TYPE 170/177 4 470/184 SHIPBORN'. VCMkITD TRAIN A/S 1077 45

5.7 - TYPE 170/184 SHORE BASED cM0ANm TRAINE A/S 1079 455.8 - TYPE 195 HELICOPTER A/S TWAICE' 46

5.9 - SUBMAkRINE DEPOT SHIP TORPEDO ATTACK TEACHER 46

SECTION 6 - RESEACH 47

6.1 - TORPEDO RESEARCH PROGRAM 47Introduction 47Propulsion 47

Propulsion System Development 47Fuels 49etallur- 49

Fuel Cells 50Torpedo Homing Research 50

Torpedo Simulator 50Transducer Beam Patterns 52

Torpedo Hydrodynamic Noise 52Flow Noise 52

Torpedo Dynamics 55Stability and Control 55

6.2 - RESEARCH IN SUPPORT OF CURRENT TORPEDO DEVELOPMENT 55Investigation of Silver Oxide/Zinc Couple 55Silver/0xide Zinc Secondary Cells for ONGAR 56Research on Weapon H1als in Reinfored Plastics 56

6.3 - MEASURES TO IMPROVE SONAR PERFORMANCE 57Propagation Research 57

Bottom Reflected Sound 57Bottom Bounce Study (SUtM T) 58

SECTION 6 -,RtSEARC0T.(Ccontd)

Suface Duot Propagation and Internal Waves 60M1Adol Experiment, in Bottom Reflection --Ray Traoing 61Oceanography in A/S Detection 61

F-oo Fonniation 62

6.4 - EXPLOSIVE ECHO RANGING 62

6.5 - TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE THE DECOY RESISTANCE OF GUIDED

Sea-Return Circuits 63Twin Circuit* 63Diapeniwsl 63Noise 63

6.6 NOISE rDUCTION (NLuC DIN Pow NOISE) 65Flow Excited Noise 63

Plog Noise - Amoeba 65Self Noise in Surface Ships 65

Stabiliser 66Machinery Noises in H.M.S. BW-ICK

aid H.U.S. LORESTOI 66Relationship batween Hull Vibration in vicinityof domes aond Self Noise 66

Hull Finishes 67Ffoct of Evasive Action 67

Propeller Noise 68AGOUTI 68H.M.S. YAM - Cavitation Noise Trial 68Underwater Viewing Equipment 68

Portland Sound Range 68Radiated Noise Measurements during 1962 68

Machinery Noise (Radiated) 69Importance of Spectrum linos due to Machinery

in Type 12 Frigates 69Effect of Line Components on Range at whichShip may be Detected 69

6.7 DOME INVESTIGATIONS (INCLUDING NOISE R=UCTION) 70Replacement for Dome A/S 26 70Now Dome Configurations 71Slamming Trial 71Replacement Dome for Typo 187 Sonar 72Fin Domes 72t Bottom Bounce Sonar Investigations 72

6.8 - INVESTIGATION OF TORPEDO DISCRARCE FRCM' SUBMARiNES 736.9 - ME COUNAE1ME.SURES RESEARCH 73

Magnetic Sweeping 73M.M Mk 11 and LM. Mk 20 Sweeps - Operational Data 74

Acoustic Sweeping 75Definition of Acoustic ine Actuation Levels 75

(viii) SECTION 6 - RE8EAR CH (Contd)

Page No.

Acoustic Propagation Monitor 75Prediction of Acoustic Swept Paths 75M.C.M. Range at Bexington 75

Pressure Mine Countermeasures 75Introduction 75Pressure Mire Sweep 76Safe Speeds for Ships 76

6.10 - DEGAUSSING FOR C.M°S. AND I.M.B°, CONVESION HUNTERSAND FUTURE M.O.M. VESSELS 76

6.11 - DEGAUSSING FOR NUCLEAR sUImARINES 77

6,12 ,. THE 11iN MINE COUNTERMEASURES VESSEL 77

6.13 - MINEHUNTING PROBLEMS - MINE BURIAL 77

6.14 - ADV)%NCED MAGNETIC TECHNIQUES 78

6.19 - AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF A/S DATA 78

6.16 - FUTURE TRENDS IN FIRE CONTROL 80

6.17 - TRANSDUCER RESEARCH 81Development of Lead-Titanate-Zirconate Piezo ElectricCeramic 81

Acoustic Joints 81Materials for Transducer Pistons 82Variations in Transducer Characteristics 82Leak Detection and Watertight Joints 83Cavitation 83

Array Interaction 84

SECT ON 7 - OPERATIONAL RESEARCH AND ASSESMENT

7.1 - SHIPBORNE ANTI-SUIARINS WEAPON SIMTEM (SASS) 86Comparison of Sonars 86Attack Times for Sonar and Weapon 87Submarine Vulnerability to A/S Weapon 88Prediction of Position of an Evasive Submarine from Sonar

Fixes 89Close-range A/S Weapons 90Salvo Firing of IKARA missiles 92

7.2 - TRPEDO ASSESSMENTS 93Anti-Esoort Torpedo 93Universal Wire-Guided Torpedo 94Mutual Interference Between Mk 20(S) Torpedoes 94Use of Automatic Computer in Analysis of ONGAR Runs 94

7*3 - SONAR TECHNIOUES AND PEFORMANCE 95Variable Depth Sonar 95New Passive Sonar for Opurational Submarine 95

SECTION 7 OPERATIONAL RESEARCH AND ASSESS T (Cont "d ()

Theoretical Analysis of Sonar Detection 9 "Properties of Reverberation 97

Sonar Prediction 97

7.4 - HELICOPTER/HYDROFOIL CRAFT/HOVMCRAFT STUDIM 98

7.5 - BEARINGS ONLY ANALYSIS 99Results achieved by an Automatic Method '99Results achieved by Current Hand-plot Methods 100

7.6 - ELECTRONIC AND SONIC WARFARE AFTER 1970 101

7.7 - MIN C0U~1TEBMEASURES ASSESSMETS 102New Mine Countermeasures Vessel 102Application of Game Theory to M.C.M. Tactics 103Navigational Accuracy of Merchant dhips 103Reduction of Minesweeper Aisk 103Asseesment of Recording Mines 103

SECTION 8 - POST DESIGN

8.1 SONAR EQUIPMENTS 105Diver's Aid Mk I - Type 151D 105Attack Sonar Type 170 105H.E. Warning Set - Sonar Type 176 105Search Sonar - Type 177 105T.A.R.T. - Type 181 105Towed Torpedo Decoy - Type 182 105Emergency Underwater Telephont Type '183 106Underwater Telephone Type 185 106Submarine Search Hydrophone Type 186$ 106Submarine Search Sonar - Type 187 107Cavitation Indicator - Type 189 107Sonar Type 193 107Helicopter Sonar - Type 194 108Byound Range - Type 720 108Submarine Scanning Hydrophone -Type 719 108

Sonar Directing Gears 108Echo Sounders Types 771 and 772 108

Echo Sounder Type 773 108Echo Sounder Type ?76 109

Submarine Bathythermograph AN/BQH-1B 109Submarine Bathythermograph ANiBSH-2 109

8.2 WEAPON WUIPLITS 1o9Torpedo Disonarge 109

Torpedo Tubes for 'A' and 'T' Class Submarines 10921 inch Mk 20 Self Discharge 109

Dual Pressure Firinj Gear 110Internal Preservation of H.P. Air System 110Water Non-Return Valve 110LarVze Firing Valve 110Auxiliary Small Firing Valve 110

(C) SECTION 81- POST1'ESIGN (ocntd)

PageNo.

Top Stop and Spring Catch 110

Drum for Recording Torpedo Velodity 110Power Loading Equipment for PORPOISE Class 111

Ramer Chain 111

Trolley Paths 111Traversing Noise 111Refitting Specification 111

A/S Mortar Mk 1021 inchMk 20 Torpedo 112

Lead Acid Secondary Batteries 112E.D.P. Primary Battories 112Improved Homing Unit forMk 0/23/30 112Gyroscopes for Rk 20 and Mi 23 torpedoer 113Tube-Held Hot Run Devicb 113

8.-3 MINE COUNTE[ASURES AND MINING EQUIPMENT 113Sweep A.H. Yk 4 113Sweep A.D. Mk 3 113T Mk 8 Cutters 113Sag of W Mk 3 Mod. 2 Sweep 113Pipe Noise Maker Type Q (Admiralty Pattern 9019) 113I .M. Mk 11 Sweep 114Non-Magnetic Minosweeping Equipment 114"Talurit" Mk 5 Swaging Press 114

SECTION 9 - SUPPORTING DEVELOHIENTS

9.1 ELECTRONIC C(MPONENT DEVELOPMENT 115General I A5Low Frequency Work 115Flat Response from a Resonant Transducer 115Radio Components Standardisation Committee 115

9.2 - HULL OUTFIT DEVELOPLFNT 116Hull Outfit 8 (for Type 193 Sonar) 116Hull Outfits 18 and 20 116

Hull Outfit 21 116

9.3 DOME EXCHANGE OUTFITS 117

9.4 - STRUCTURAL MkTERIAS DEVELOPMENT 117Metallurgy 117Plastics 117

Propeller Blades in Reinforced Plastics 118

9.5 - SHOCK MOUNTINGS FOR SONAR ELECTRONIC CABIN.S, 118

^.6 - SHIP INSTALLATION 119Sonar Equipments 119Weapon and Mine Countermeasures Equipment 122A.U.W.E. Civilian Minned Tenders 123

9.7 - REVIEW OF BOOK WRITING 123

Page 'No.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ESTABLISHMENT WEORTS 124TECHN CAL NOTES 125

ALPHABETICAL INDEX 131

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fia rre

I Histogram for Northern Area I2 Histogram for Southern Area I3 Detection Transition Curve for One Run 24 50% Detection Probability Histogram for 26 runs 25 Initial Detection Display 36 Boom Arrangement for Beam Pattern Measurements 47 Theoretical Detection Performance 8

S8 Two-Speed Contactor Unit 189 Transfer of a Mine Destruction Charge from Ship to Dinghy 38

S10 The A.F, Unit in OSBORN Phase B x 3911 The L.F. Unit in OSBORN Phasu B 40

12 Ten Channel Playback Unit A313 Instructor's Control Unit 44S14 Working Fluid Generator RX5 47

15 Torpedo Simulator Laboratory 51• 16 A Typical Simulated Echo/Reverberation Trace 52

17 Sketch of the flow Noise Test Vehicle 53

18 Dynamic Response of Flow Noise Test Vehicle 5419 Torpedo Trajectories 5520 A Multi-Element Hydrophone Array 57

21 Envelopes after Bottom Reflection 5822 Provisional Track Chart for NAVADO Cruise 5923 SUMMIT Measurements with a Helicopter 6024 Internal Waves 6125 Noise Pressure Level Versus Time for a Third-Ootave Band

Centered at 111 c/s 6426 Noise and Wall Acceleration Spectrum Levels Versus Frequency 6427 Comparison of Hull Vibration ani Self Noise Levels in

H.M.S. ASATI 6628 The Effect of Varying Pitch on Propeller Cavitation 6729 The Effect of Propeller Cavitation on Noise Level 6830 Cavitation Shed from the Bow of H.U.S. LONDONDERRY in

350 Rudder Turns 7231 Comparison of Model Scale Predictionq of Sweep Field and

Observeti~ns 7432 Comparison of Reverberation Distributions 7933 Influence of Interaction on the Performance of Elements 8534 Classification Ranees of Sonars Type 177 and 184 8635 Stand-off from Pressure Hull for Hull Rupture and

Surfacing Shock 8836 Variation of Predicted Error with Sinuation Frequency 89

(i) ILSTRAIONS.(Contd)

Figure Page No.

37 Overall probability of Surf aoing Damag with aProximity-Fuzed Line Salvo 91

38 Relative Performance of Post-Detector and Pre-DeteotorIntegration 96

39 Comparison of Achieved and Predicted Sonar Ranges 9740 Mean Estimated Range Versus True Range 100

41 Flat Response from a Resonant Transducer 11642 Stress-Deflection Curve of a Bend Test on a

Glass-Reinforced Plastic 11843 ?-acture of a Polyester/Glass Mat Laminate 119

a I

.I.

SECTION 1. SONAR DfUIPENT

I*II- SUBMARINE SETS

Aotive/Passive Sonar TY26 2001 for H.M.S. DRIAMOUGHT:,and LHM.S.-VALIANT.

Sea Triala

Only one major trial of Type 20OIX in H.M.S, VERULAM took place in 19624,U The aim of this trial was to test the prototype electronics of the SecotrDisplay in botb the active and the passive moia3 of operation and compare itsdetection capability with that of the other displays. The trial was carriedout in May in the Atlantic, North an' 'auth of the Canary Islands. Thei targetwas H.M.S. SEALION. Climatic and ooc.cdographio data for .he time of yearI: indicated that near-surface propagation conditions would be beginning todeteriorate and would depend critict~lly upon the prevailing weather conditionstThe trial was therefore planned to start in the north and move south ifnecessary to take advantage of inortoased surface mixing in the North-East TradeV7ind belt. As foreseen, weather conditions in the north were unfavSurable andso the latter part of the trial was carried cut to the south of the Canaries,

21 The trial also gave propagation inform~ation and considerable echo andbackground data were recorded on magnetic tape for subsequent study in

L ciinneotion with automation research. As in all previous Type 2001 trials thedetection results were augmented by oceanographic, propagation andreverberation measurements.

-SECIOR DISPLAY--INITIAL. DETECTION DISPLAY

5 K I . .

ad 2dSCE

z z L-1-

0 ii L0481 620,48

(b) Ths active and passive bearing+ ccuracies;,of the S.D. lie wellithin the required limits. (I r.m.s.)

(a) Whilst the 10 Kyd range inorement display as fitted in

H.M.S. DREADNOUGHT is essential tactically, it does'not permit useof the full range discrimination inherent in the system.

(d) The S.D. prcvides a useful classification zid and is capable ofshowing wake echoes from surface targets.

1.0

0.8.I

0.6.

S0.4 o

04-

0o.2 -v

9140 15'0 & 17'0 18' 190 20 0 okh-,0 o 18 20o.0

2-WAY PROPAGATION LOSS FROM I YD (dB) 2-WAY PROPAGATION LOSSFRM I YD (0e) FOR5aDETECTIC)N PROBABLITY

Fig- 3 Detection TransitioFig. 4 50 Detection ProbabilityCurve for one run. Histogre for 26 runs,

4. Part of the analysis of the results obtaiiwa on the ID.D. during thistrial has consisted of a ping by ping comparison of the one-way propagationloss measurements taken on the submarine with the echo levels as shown on thefilms from the I.L.D. Fig. 3 shows the probability of detection versus thetwo-way propagation loss for a typical detection run. The cumulativeprobability curve is the best fit to the de.ta. Fig. 4 has beei derived from26 runs analysed in a similar manner. This figure shows the number ofoccasions when the two-way propagation loss for 50 probability occurred in agiven propagation loss interval. These results apply to "possible" detectionssince they are obtained by working backwards in time from valid detections tozero detections. The effective detection threshold can be varied by gradingthe echoes and treating just observable echoes as undetected. The observedwide variation of propagation loss at detection is a consequencb of

reverberation limiting and the general distribution is in reasonable agreementwith that for earlier trials in the same general area. A general view of theI.D.D. is shown in Fig. 5 on the next page.

Refurbish of H.M.S. VERULAM's E, ipment

5. The experimental Type 2001 has been extensively refurbished duringH.M.S. VERULAM's refit and it will be used during the ship's future programne

I -2-

of trials in conneotion with Automatic Processing of A/S Data and Classifi-cation (page 78 ) and Propagation Research (page 57).

The Sector Display

6. Consequent upon the H.M.S. VERUI!M trials the design of the SectorDisplay for Sonar Type 2001-X1 (to be fitted in H.&.S. DRF.ONOUGHT) wasmodified during 1962. The revised parameters are now as followss-

(a) Beam width: 200 (receive and transmit on any salected bearing fromRed 1100 to Green 1100). /

(b) Pulse length: approximately 612 millisecs, dependent upon localvelocity of sound in the sea (adjusted to 1,000 yd travel time).

(c) Analysing filters: 30, spaced at 10 c/s intervals.

(d) Frequenoy Deviation Linear 3.8 to 3.5 ko/s.

7. In the active mode of operation the left and right hand channels useidentical circuits to process thereceived signals. The phasedifferences of the pairs of rang:filters are measured to give theangular position of the targetrelative to the line of sight. Theoutput of the left hand filter isrectified to give the display videobrightening signal.

8. The display showb a rangeinterval of 10 kiloyards. Thecentre of the range interval isselected by the operator. Theoriginal range interval of 4 kilo-yards was discarded after trials inH.M.S. VERULAM.

9. The bearing selector switchselects the beam-forming delay linenearest to the desired bearing andadds the delay needed to centre thephase comparison display on thecorrect bearing.

10. The bearing ielector switchand phase correction network arealso used in the passive mode ofoperation for the determination ofaccurate bearings of radiatednoise. To do this, the left andright outputs are correlated, but a Fig. 5 Initial Detection Display.900 phase-shift is inserted in oneline so that the amplitude at the centre of the correlogram is zero. lfhen thetarget is to the left of the beam the output is positive and when it is to the

t -3-

right the output is rcgative. Two cent.e-zero meters are used to display theoutputs of' the two received frequency bands 1.5 to 2.3 ko/s and 5.5 to6.5 kc/s.

11. Another eceiver is used to amplify the sum of the left and right hindsignals. The received frequency bands, 1.5 to 2.3 kc/s and 5.5 to 6.5 ko/sare both heterodyned to 500 to IO00 c/s. Either of these channels can be-fedto the operatonrl headset to assist in classification.

Tyve 2001-XI EquiLxnont for H.M.S. DRDADVOUGHT

12. The whole of Soiv-r Type 2001-XI bbm now been installed inH.M.S. DREADNOUGHT, All but one cabinet of clectronic equipment was in useduring the contractor's sea trials which we-e completed during x'ebruary 1963,Since that time the r~ziamining cabinet has boen installed, minor difficultieso'servd auring the c(,ntractor'a sea triale have been resolved and the formal4 m pattern trials 3re planned to take place during May 1963.

13. A eries of limited beam pattern trials, to prove the array prior to thecontractor's sea trials, were carried out, as planned dwing January 1963.For this trial H.M.S. DREADNOUGHT was submerged with the top of the transducerarray 15 fett below the surface. A 62 ft aluminizi boom (sea Fig. 6) carryinga calibrated transducer was mounted on the submarkne hull above the array andcould be trained between Red 1500 and Green 1500. Pen recordings were takenof delay line and correlator outputs in xaception and of the boom transduceroutput during transmission.

g

If-rig. 6 Boom Arrangement for Beam Pattern Measurements.-4-

14, The beam axes, corrected for errorsdue to the .aiymr~t4 of, the boomarrangement, were found to be coriect to.an. ouracy of +t. Near fieldeffects ind reflected sound did noct seriously affect the'main lobe shapes, butminor lobes were distorted:by reflections and theiri positions and amplitudes,are of little quantitative value.

15. A complete set of H.P. and L.F. correlograms was recorded, using o noiset signal transmitted by a transducer mounted on the end of the boom, confirming

that all round pkssive cover was available. A detailed analysis of theseresults is still in progress.

Theoretical Beam Patterns

16. A programme has boon written for a computer to compute beam patternsobtainable with the confoxmal arrays in HX .S. VERULAM and H,M.8. DRIADN0UGHT.There is provision for plotting horizontal and vortical bom pattesns on;transmission or reception at any angle of depression, and for varying thenumber of staves used, the amplitude shadings, and the phase delays. Theprogramme has also been used to investigate the effect of phase and amplitudeerrors and possible ways of improving side lobe suppression by empiricalmeagre. It is now being extended to cover the near field so that the beampattern measurements in H.US. DREADNOUGHT can be checked against theory.

6 047w Pressure Hull Gland

17. The problem of passing 1176 twi,,-cores (plus sufficient spars to covercontirgencies) through the pressure hull has been solved by the provision of22 opeoially designed glands. Each gland accepts 60 twin-cores from the trans-ducers and passes a 30 quad cable through the pressure hull.

18. The glands fitted in H.M.S. DREADNOUGHT have been tested to 1,000 p.s.i.hydraulic pressure.

19. The simultaneous moulding of 64 transducer cables into the gland bodygave rise to manufacturing difficulties. A modified design has therefore beenproduced in collaboration with D.G.S. for use in H,..S. VALIANT. In themodified design the original 64 moulded entries are replaced by eight screwedunits each carrying eight moulded entries.

Sonar Intercept Set - Dye. 197 (Formerly known as "VELX",

20. The use of the hydrophone element fitted in the Type 719 transducer toreplace the original hydrophone is under investigation and preliminary trialsshow promise. It is hoped to carry out trials with a complete array inmid-1963. This new hydrophone will have a more consistent sensitivity, givinggreater bearing accuracy, as well as being lees aff'ected by depth. In additionit can be produced with a polythene cable thus obviating the need for Zhepresent cable-changing boxes.

Submarine Search Hydrophone - yp,,e 186

21. A noise source similar to te foreign device used by A.R.L. has beenmanufactured by Messrs Hart]ey Electromotives Limited. This is a 110 volt d.c.motor driver mechanical "rattle", Ahich can be lowered from any suitable vesseland used as a noise source for Type 186 trials. This noise source is nowundergoing noise spectrum and mechanical endurance tests.

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I'

22. A small expendable noise source is also being developed by the samefirm, for use by a submarine as a sonar confidence check whilst on patrol.The first experimente model, driven by a battery operated electric motor, wasnot satisfactory as regards noise output. A clockwork version is now beingconsiderei and preliminary noise output trials are encouraging. This noisemaker is intended to be part of a cannister and float assembly which can befired through the Submerged Signal Ejector.

1.2 - SHIP SETS

Scanning Sonar - Type 184

Sea Trials

23. During the year the experimental equipment in HM.S. BROCKLESBY has beenused for operational evaluation trials in conjunction with J.A.S.S.,Londonderry, under the following circunstancest-

(a) Varying oceanographic/climatic conditions.

(b) Against unrestricted, manoeuvring and multiple targets.

(c) Investigations of operating, tactical, and maintenance procedures.

(d) Side by side comparisons with Typo 177.

24. Three important conclusions have been drawns-

(a) The fundamental assumption tacitly implied in the Type 184 concept- that echo detection would generally be made in the presence ofself-noise - rarely applies. The dominant background, especiallyin inshore waters, is reverberation, whose decay rate, as a functionof range, is very similar to that of echo level.

(b) The experimental equipment in H.M.S. BROCKLESBY was not operating asefficiently as it is reasonable to expect the prototype equipmentwill do. Prototype items and setting up procedures were slowlyintroduced during the year, and the results became progressivelybetter. For the final evaluation in 1963, the equipment will, inall essential respects, be up to prototype standards. The DopplerDisplay performance was particularly affected in this respect duringthe early trials.

(c) The trials to date have not provided in full the difficult searchsituation for which Type 184 wts designed, so that the compromisebetween detec.ion potential and search capability has not yet beencompletely proved, although it would appear tn be acceptable in deepwater. There is still an urgent need to have high seed submarinesavailable for the assessment of modern sonar systems.

25. The reverberation problem is illustrated in some detail in the tableon the next page, which gives the comparative performances of Types 184 and177 and in which the Portland sea area is used as a reference for reverberationlevel. For one deep water results, the target is always in the layer. Some ofthe evaluation figures should be regarded as preliminary, since analysis

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LO1

is still proceeding. It is obvious from these results, however, thatType 184's disadvantages in shallow water under igh reverberation condit.onsare considerable.

MeinDetection~

Water Reverb. Level Layer Sea Target diane (yd)aterDepth Ref. Portland Depth

Dth sea area (ft) State Aspect(fathoms) (dB) Type 184 Type 177

>1000 -20 150 10 - 2 Beam 19800 180006

>1000 -20 150 0 - 2 Random 10000 12000

30 0 - 0- 2 Random 6300 18000

>1000 -15 150 0 - 3 Random 10000 11000__,,,__,____ __ __,,_ ,__ __

>1000 -10 300 1 - 4 Random 7100 9400

>1000 -10 450 3 - 5 Random 6000 6000

70 0 - 1 - 3 Random 4900 6700

< 100 +10 - 1 - 3 Random 0 12000

< 100 +5 - 1 - 3 Random 5000 11000

UI

-

r- 2O -

1

~I SHSEAOSTATEE4

z }"SEA STATE 0LUU

0

S-20 15 20DETECTION RANGE(Kyd)

Pig. 7 Theoretic2 Detection Performanoe.

28. Means of improving the detection potential of Type 184 within the limitsof the present system design are under investigation.

Own Doppler Nullification

29. The own doppler nullifying system, described in detail in the previousreport, has been workin& successfully and has now been incorporated into .thefinal design.

Protot Manufactue

30. Three prototype Type 184 uquipmunts have now been manufactured, two ofwhich have been fully system tested in the laboratory and -t present one isbeing installed in H.M.S. PENELOPE and the other in H.M.S. EAGLE. The thirdequipment iu LuiderguiiV system tests prior to ship installation. ServiceAcceptance will be carried out in H.M.S. PENELOPE during 1964.

Automatic Handling of TM 184 Data in the D.L.G.'s

31. There is now a firm roquirenm3t to handle and display sonar informationwithin the ADA (Action Data Automation) System in the Guided Misaile DestroyersD.L°G.05 and 06, Thin involvess-

-8-

(a) The injection into ADA of range, bearing and doppler informationfrlsonar contacts, by "semi-automatic'!-means (io. dir& 4om,.he.Sonar Control Room under operator control), iogi6h'4 'supplementary information such as instant of trahsmiabion-and sons:range scale.

(b) The display of this data to show post history by presenting thelast few echoes in quick succession ("rippling").

(a) Classification, including correlation with radar and othrinformation.

(d) The interchange of A.S.W. information over TIDF links.

(e) Improved MATJH fire control. using the ADA oomputes to prediottar-,t position and calculate orders to the helicopter,

) Calculation and display of recommended manoeuvres tor torpedo,avoidance.

32- Prolimiary demonstrations have shown that the proposed "rippling"technique appears to be adequate for the display and assessment of past andpresentsonar information, so that an A/S plot can be dispensed with.

33. The equipment modifications nd additions required to feed the 184 datainto the ADA system are now well in hznd.

34. The development of processes (b) to (f) above can be divided into fourstages:-

(i) The writing of detailed "rules" laying down the operationalrequirements.

(ii) The translation of these rules into detailed "flow diagrams"showing the operations required with the computer.

(iii) The further translation of flow diagrams into detailed computer

programmes.

(iv) The testing, evaluation and assembly of these progremmee(including the writing of auxiliary, programme material for testpurposes).

35. Stage (i) (rule writing) is the responsibility of a T.A.S. officerattached to D.U.S.71. and working in close collaboration with A.U.W.E., and someten draft rules having been written to date. The broad outline of the flow ofdata within the computer has been laid down, and work on detailed flow diagramshas started. Stages (iii) and (iv) are not yet under way; progress in thesewill inevitably be slow because of the lack of inmediate dccess to a POSEIDONcomputer, the only one available at present being at A.S.W.E., Portsdown.

Variable Depth Sonar nlyee 199

36. The first Canadian equipment was received in Ly 1962 ai.: set up inA.U.W.E. in order to check the additional modifications required for R.N.

I-9-

installations and to carry out a System Test of equipimnt. This iet has nowbeen iistalled at 4.M.. COLLINGWOOD.

37. The .seoond 'equipment is being installed in H.U.S. I,IDER and a seriesof joint-Dd.I.S./A.U.W.E. trials of the Handling Equipment a d Sonar is plannedfor 8etember 1963.

Sonar Tne 17OB"Depth Determination

38. Further meetings with R.C.N. representative were held in A.U.W.E. inMarch 1962 and in Ottava in Novembei. At the latter meeting the Canadian

)proposals for their future attack sonar system were discussed, and it waslearnt that they intend no sweeping changes to Type 170 in exitinginstallations.

39. A trial to check the effect of changes in method of signal processing,with a view to reducing the present errors, was scheduled for February 1963but has been postponed to late 1963 due to lack of trials vessels.

3 e HELICOPTER SED

Dipping Sonar -Type 195

'Shipborne Trials of Eperimental uipment

40. The experimental Sonar Type 195 installed in ET.V. ICFWHALE inDecember 1960 continued in use throughout 1962 for circuit development.Another experimental model was fitted in the Wessex helicopter X9,329. Delivery

of this 'helicopter was much delayed and it became available at Portland ir.March 1962. On conolusion of trials, XM329 was returned to Westland Aircraft

SLimitedin August for the fitting of prototype equipment.41. 4e investigation into transmitter performance showed that the electricalefficiency could fall below the design value, leading to a current draiii inexce "of the nominal 460A +10%, to overloading of the aircraft generato0 andto risk of transmitter overheating in high ambient temperatures. It was alsofoud that the impedance of a transducer strip could vary over a wider ranger than as at first supposed, duo to manufacturing and other tolerances, as wellas the quite large changes of impedance caused by interaction between the unitsof ajmulti-element array. In addition, the transistors had to be used beyondthei "cut-off frequency" of about 7.5 kc/a , and the resultant circuits areunduly sensitive to changes in transistor characteristics.

42. The transmitter was therefore redesigned for the Prototype model, using amodified circuit less dependent on the value of the load impedance and thetransistor characteristics. Consequential redesign of the transmitterprotection circuits was necessary, and this led to some delay in the completioof prototype equipnent. and of the pertinrc.t chapters of the handbook.

43. The individual Doppler ANO amplifiers and rectifiers were redesigned toobviate large-signal overloading by 3noreasing the dynamic range at all back-ground levels. It has also been found that a reduction in the rate of recponseof the AGO loop to deceasing signal levels can lead to a more uniform, andhence an apparently lower backvn,,,d level; ?nA o to a significant improvementin detectability of low-level echoes.

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44. The interference in signal circuits, originating inithe redesigned servotraining system which uses a mercury-wetted relay, has required ahber ofchanges in submersible body and winch wiring. It was found that thebalancedquad layout of conductors in the strain cable must be-ma\ntaihed at e verypoint in tho circuit, and in all connectors carrying signal leads.

45. The Strain Cable design was changed to give a further increase of'life.All internal screens have been eliminated, the conductors now being arrangedI symmetrically in six quads and six interstitial wiresi It has been Aetablishedthat there is not significant coupling within the cable between the signalleads and the high voltages on power supply and servo leads.

46. finch avid Body trials late in 1961 had demonstrated that the sinkingspeed of the body was inadequate, and that slack cable could occur on watorentry. The action of the winch hydraulic controls remained too abrupt, and theresolection of t'e control valve at water entry caused an unacceptable delay.A new immersion switch system 2or the body was developed, using an electrodeenergised at high frequency and located at the bottom of the body in aredesigned fairing. The winch was fitted with a programmed throttling valve,actuated by a signal from the immersion switch, to control water entry speed.IFurther weight reductions in the winch were achieved by use of an aluminiumbrake drum and cotton-base brake linings. Trials showed that the new systemgave promise of solving the water-entry problem, but that a num=.r of winchdeficiencies still remained.

47. It is hoped that these remaiir'r problems have been ovorcomA in thePrototype design. Efficiency was improved by adoption of chain drives. Thebrake operation was found to be affected by ingress of sea water and by heatdamage to the linings, and the brake was redesigned. Excessively stiffoperation of the hydraulic control lever was roduced by incorporation of aservo system into the control-valve linkage. The programmed throttling valvedid not give full protection against slack cable, an' a new hydraulic sensingsystem was fitted in its place. Trials of the prototype winch fromE.T.V. ICU7HALE have yielded the promising results. Work is in hand to improvethe procedures for setting-up the winch controls, and a final check will bemade when Wessex XM329 becomes available for prototype trials.

Flying Trials of the Complete Experimental Sonar Equipment

48. Following the return of Helicopter XM329 to Portland in March 1962initial difficulties with the winch, electrical interference, and helicopter

9 engine starting prevented an effective start of the triala until the end ofEaster Leave. From then until mid-June, 38 sorties were flown, 32 being forsonar trials purposes. The performance of the experimental equipment wassatisfactory, detection ranges being similar to those found during the moreextensive trials from E.T.V. ICEWHALE during the previous year. In the shallowwaters off Portland, in isothermal conditions, contact was maintained to over12 .d on one occasion, and to over 8 Kyd on several occasiorns. During thefirst series of trials off the Lizard a fairly strong thermal layer waspresent, and there was insufficient depth of water for the submarine to operatebelow the layer. In spite of these adverse conditions an average range of6.3 Yyd was achieved.

49. A second deep-water trial series cff the Lizard was held in mid-July.Serious difficulties with the helicopter engine curtailed these trials, andonly three runs took place in deep water (50 fathoms). There was a surface~-11-

isothermal layer down to 70 ft and a deep isothermal region below,90 ft. The'detection trials all took place below the thermocline and- uniformly gooddetection was obtained. 2'Unalerted" detections using a search procedure tookplace over the range 2 to 8 Kyd, and contact was held out to beyond 12 Kyd.On one occasion$ initial detection was made at 12.5 Kyd.

Trials of Prototype Equipment

50. The manufacture of six sets of prototype equipment is well in hand. Acomplete prototype equipment has now been fibted in Wessex helicopter XM329.The prototype trials were commenced in March 1963. These trials are expectedto take three months and will be followed by the Naval Acceptance Trial. Itis hoped to complete a draft handbook prior to the Naval Acceptance Trial.

Speoial-to-type Test Equipment

51. In addition to the development of the sonar equipment, much effort bpsbeen deployed on the devulopmint of apeoial-to-type test equipment. Thedevelopment of an Airborne Monitor Box, a first-line test set, and a ful, iotof equipment for use at second line is expected to be substantially completewithin the next six months.

1.4 - HOVERCRAFT

52. Some woik has been carried out at A.U.W.E. using Hovercraft SRN-2. Todate SRN-2 has ben over the noise and magueio ranges at Portland and duringFebruary 1963 a series of trials were oaried out to determine whether SRN-2can be held in a sufficiently stable hover so as to use Helicopter SonarType 195. Should this not be the case, a redesign of the Type 195 submersiblebody mounting arrangements will be required for the hoveroraft application.

53. The noise level radiated by SRN-2 appears to be similar to that radiatedby a Wessex Mk 1 helicopter. In the 'displacement' condition (i.e. whenstationary or at low speed), SRN-2 appears to be slightly noisier at lowfrequencies and slightly less noisy at frequencies above 10 kc/s than is thecase during "passage" running at 25 to 35 knots.I54. In its present commercial form SRN-2 possesses too great a magneticfield for it to be suitable for mine countermeasures work in shallow water.It is calculated that even if fitted with an orthogonal D.G. System withheading control it would be inferior, from a magnetic safety aspect, to adeltic-engined Coastul Minesweeper.

i-5 - ANCY TARY EQUIPMENTS

Underwater Communications and I.P.P.

55. In January 1963, D.U.S..I. prepared a draft Staff Requiremeat for themodification of the existing Underwater Telephone (Type 185) to provide ahigher power directional acoustic communication facility compatible with theexisting Type 185 for fitting in submarines and A/S frigates. The prime reasonfor the draft requirement Is the urgent need for longer range underwatercommunications which has arisen with the advent of the nuclear submarineparticularly if it is to be used as an A/S escort. An intramural project studyis in hand.

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56. A sepaiateStaff Target isbeing raied by.D.U.S.W for an acoustidunderwater data link compatible'with'ADA :and TIDE. 'This is.a geparat6and.mnuch longer term siubject still in heA6arly rese'ch stage. The basicproblem is to eliminate 6onfusion'duet multi-pathpropagation' the effectsof which can vary enormoualy in different sea areas and conditions. InitiaLconsideration suggests the use of a variant of the RIKA166einiqu6 devel6pedfor radio communication. In this system, test signals are interposed between

the messages sent by the two ends of the link, These test signals are.auto-maticall% analysed to determine the optimum coding procedure for theconditions prevailing at the time. By this means, although the mean-rate ofexchanging messagos will vary with acoustic conditions, a high degree ofreliability should be ma~ntained.

J, Underwater Detection Equipment Test Outfits (U.D.E.T.O.)57. Limited effort has been available since June 1962 and work is now inhand to meet the requirements of H.M.S. THIUMPH with priority given to Types170, 176 and 177. This will also enable existing requirements for surfaceship U.D.E.T.O.'s to be brought up to date. Waen the information forHM.S. TRIUMPH is completed, Submarine Depot chips will be considered,followed by Minesweeper Mintenance Vessels and Escort M&intenanoe Vessels.

Ruggedised Bathythermograph

58. Some improvements have been made to the design to facilitate theaccurate adjustment of instruments i, a standard calibration. TLC reliabilityof the depth recording mechanism has been established by tests at twice 6'e

maximum pressure and by approximately 2,000 cycles between surface and maximumpressure.

59. The prototype instruments for occeptance trials now being manufactured

should be completed by mid-1963.

Echo Sounding Equipments

Echo Sounder Type 773

60. The installation in H.M.S. (WEN was modified during the year to operatein conjunction with the National Institute of Oceanography's Precision DepthRecorder and is giving good service during the current Indian Ocean Survey.

Replacement for Echo Sounder Type 765

61. The Echo Sounder Type 765 has been in service since 1944 and now requiresmodernisation to meet present and future requirements. D.N.D. has raised adraft Staff Requirement for a replacement set, this requirement has beeninvestigated and draft Agreed Characteristics formulated.

62. The proposed replacement will be based on"Type 773 but will include anA.U.W.E. designed recorder, in place of the present commercial instrument, anda Bridge Repeater to provide the Command with shallow water information,

Precision Depth Recorder

63. In order to provide a Frecision Depth Recorder for use in Survey Shipsand certain selected general service ships for auquiring depp sea data, D.N.D.

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Ihas raised a draft Staff Requirement. This has been investigated and draftAgreed Characteristics formulated; these take account of the recent decisionsmade by the International Hydrographic Bureau, Monaco64. The Precision Depth Recorder will be used with the replacement for theEcho Sounder Type 765.

Interference in Submarines

65. The problem of interference on Type 186 in "All class submarines, causedby the air conditioning and refrigeration plants, is still being investigated.It is realised that the most effective cure would be re-siting and possiblyre-mounting the offending machinery, but some improvement may be obtained byshort-circuiting the affected hydrophones. A trial on these lines will becarried out in June/July 1963.

Low Frequency Triplane Target

66. A v:rslon of the standard triplane target, but scale& to buit thefrequencies ,? Sonar Type 177, has been made and moored off Portland.Preliminary sonar trials are promising.

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/ SECTION 2, - .WEAPONS AND FIRE CONTROL,

2.1 - ONGAR WEAPON SYSTEM

UL1 Introduction

Increased financial approval for the weapon and control system is -beingoouh,. . •

2. Eight weapons have been assembled and runy though never more than threeat any one time. Running is limited both by availability of spareis, and trialfacilities. Some 100 runs have been carried out in the last 12,monthc with theloss of one weapon. Modifications as a result of experience to date are beingintroduced to achieve compatibility, reliability, and readonable ease ofassembly and maintenance.

3. Certain pioblems have appeared as a result of the trihlsi For examplethe radiated noise is greater than anticipated and difficulties have come tolight in the secondary battery which fails to hold its charge.

Homing

4. Trials with PENTANE vehicles at 16 knots have shown satisfactory homingagainst a suspended noise target, and (in azimuth only) against H.M.S. SERAPH.

Self-noise measurement at 28 knots using a PETTANE vehioe have shown nountoward effect from the flat nose sc.pe.

5. First runs using an ONGAR vehicle at 24 knots brought little usefulinformation owing to trouble with new homing test equipment, but it has beenshown that there are no major design errors.

6. Eleven electronic homing units have been completed, the last fourincorporating the latest modifications.

7. Four Transducers are available with modified projectors and reverberation

sensing elements to give better beam shapes.

Reverberation Measurements

8. A series of trials were carried out duringNvember 1961 using an ONGARhoming transducer mounted in the fin of H.L.S. ALCIDE. Most of the rials enroute to Gibraltar were in water deeper than 1,000 fathoms and the remainder ina Mediterranean exercise area were in a water depth between 200 and

L 400 fathoms.

9. The measurements of reverberation level were recorded in four beams ofkthe ONGAR transducer, two upward looking beams (A and 0) and two downward

looking beams ('f and Y). The ONGAR Comparator was also usei with beams A andC, and its output recorded. The folloving transmission parameters were used:-

(a) 5, 20 sad 50 mS pulses of interrupted C.W. centred on 33 kc/s.

(b) A 20 mS pulse of white noise generated between 32 and 35 ko/s (thesAme as the ONGAR transmission).

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(0) Transducer depths of 50 ft, 150tft ,nd 350 ft.

(d) Transducer tilt angles of 00, ,7.5, ±_150 and'±30.j

10. The records are being analysed and the- following provisional conolusionsihave been reached:-

(a) The peak reverberation levwl observed in theiONGAR "bame is about10 to 15 dB less than the echo level expect6d from a 10 d" target.,This is so for ranges between 200 to 1,000 yd. At ranges less than200 yd the difference decreases.

(b) The mean reverberation level in-each beam is the same when anallowance is made for the respective surface reverbecation index,

(c) The coefficient of variation (itandard deviation/mean level) isabout 0.4 for the interrupted C.W* transmission and about 0.2 forthe noise transmission.

(d) The dependence of the scattering-strength on the grazing angle eappears to be between sinO.le and sin e.

(e) No dofinite trend has been detected in the variation of thereverberation level with course relative to the direction of sea.

(f) No amplitude corselation exii.L between beam A (axis 22.50 port) andbeam 0 (axis 7.5 starboard), but some correlation (coefficient 0.3to 0.4) exists between beams in the same vertical Blane, e.g.between beam A (axis 7.50 up) and beam Y (axis 7.5 down).

11. The data processing will be completed in the near future, after which acomparison is to be made between the values of scattering-strength obtainedfrom these trials and the values given in the literature.

AzimuthWeapon Contrla

Azimuth

12. Direction keeping has been found to be good over the short ranges run todate, but early runs gave some damage at the nd of run owing to rapidprecession of the gyro as the weapon surfaced nose up. All gyros have sincebeen modified to fit slip-ring pick-offs on the inner gimbal and an anti-spinbrake in azimuth.

13. Reliability is lower than anticipated and is being investigated.Delivery of gyros is nine months behind schedule from the manufacturer and isone of the main delays in assembly of weapons.

Roll

14. Runs in the water have confirmed simulator prediction. The roll unit hasbeen simplified to reduce backlash and improve operation, and has ope:eatedconsistently in trials. Roll gyroscopes are also in short supply.

Ii -16-

15. The three interim depth gears have proved their worth and-been taken outof service. The final depth gear in its shallow waterfIxrm(ttb'23d.'ft)hasrun well down to 190 ft to date and satisfactorily executed up and downihanges (20 ft steps). The full depth range (50 to 1,150 ft in 1006'ftstepg)ris about to be introduced.16. This is another holding item in the development programe.

W Propulsion System

Batteries

17. The first two silver oxide/zinc secondary batteries delivered to A.U.W.E.were considerably above the specified weight limit and were returned to thefirm. Of ten further batteries delivered, three'were wetted-up for use inweapon running trials, but a large number of cells failed to hold charge afterthe first charge/discharge cycle. Single cell tests had indicated a life ofabout twenty cycles.

18. Extensive tests are being conductd to find the cause of failure of cellswhen assembled as a battery. Meanwhile silver oxide/zinc battaries, consistingof cells developed for the PENTANE torpedo, are being used for weapon runningwith a duration limited to 5 minutes at high speed.

Motor

19. Eight motors have been built at A.U.W.E. and four more by contract.These motors have been run for the full practice duration at full power with-out water cooling. The power raqured for full speed ia less than estimated,however dy'u mcmeter tests including speed changing (series/parallel onbattery) at the calculated full load have 6iven no tr6uble. No trouble hasbeen experienced with the motor on trials (low speed only to date). A schemeis now being drawn up to fit water cooling into the motor in the weapon.

Propeller

20. Adequate stocks of stainless-steel blades are now available. Evenblades in this metal have suffered some damage in trials from malhandling andearly runs on the noise range at Loch Goil show that cavitation is higher thananticipated.

ONGAR - 10 inch Powered Mode]

21. Trials on a 10 inch diameter powered model with the ONGAR afterbodyconfiguration have been conducted in the 30 inch water tunnel at A.R.L. Theaim of the trials is to measure the propulsion and cavitation performaicecharacteristice of the ONGAR propellers. The water tunnel facility enablestrials to be conduted over a wide range of front and rear propeller pitchccarbinations with the aim of obtaining optimum cavitation performance

concurrent with an acceptablg propulsion performance.

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22. Measurements of pvpr ion performance have been made over a range of.propeller pitch combination ranging from about 32 degrees to 45 degrees oneach propeller. The analyois of the measurements is completed andinhe casewhere comparison with full scale runs is possible the agreement between uodeland full scale is good.

23. A preliminary examination on the model of the cavitation performance atthe present ONGAR blade settings indicate a cavitation inception depth inexcess of 50 ft at 24 knots. However, detailed cvitation mcamaremeits is thesubject of the last phase of the trials currently taking place.

Propeller Shafts

24. Some redesign and change of material of the propeller shafts andcoupling shafts is being carried out to withstand the high torques impartedduring the launching phase - this torque is developed by the water windmillingthe propellers until oil pressure developed by the shaft-driven pump closesthe contactor on to the battery and the motor then comes under power. Thissystem has worked very satisfactorily and required about 20 revolutions of thepropellers to become self powered.

Two-speed Contactor

25. The contactor unit using oil pressure for switching operation hasContinued to prove satisfactory. The internal mechanism is shown in Fig. 8.

V4re Guidance System

26. All 27 guidance ele(tronic unitshave now been made, but vibration testshave shown that some mechanicalstiffening is necessary.

27. Trials have shown that the comnandsignal levels up and down the wire aresatisfactory. Runs in which the weaponhas been steered in azimuth and depthvia the wire and other signals recordedhave given no cause for alarm, thoughthere are still some problems associatedwitn the coded 400 c.p.se pulse. Afurther pulse is being added to providea meacure of the true speed of theweapon. This has been incorporated inview of the tolerances on the primarybattery output now being quoted by themanufacturer.

Fig. 8 Two-speed Contactor Unit. 28. An additional channel is beingadded to the guidance unit to givecommand arming and thus increase thesafety of the firing submarine.

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outboard Dispenser

29. The Mk 2 Outboard Disponserp intended for ONGAR, contains 5,000.yd~ofwire against 2,000 yd in the disipenser for the Mk 23 torpedo, and .s designedfor higher towing speeds. TLI first experimental model was completed inSeptember and subjected to a number of discharges through the Deep Fnriig Tankto prove compatibility with Water Ram-Discharge as fittedinH.M.S. DREADNOUGHT. It has esnce been employed in a small number of submarineruns with ONGAR at speeds up to 8.2 knots ar)d dispensed satisfactorily. Towingstability has been confirmed up to 10 knotso using a surface craft. Arrange-ments are in hand for towing an instrumented dispenser from a faster vessel ,todetermine the behaviour aL even higher speeds.

Pistol

30. The pistol provides for contact operation with a sensitivity adjustablebetwoen 5 and 15g and for non-contact operation tip to a range of 15 ft fromthe target submarine.

31. The ncn-contact pistol supplies approximately 150 watts at 1,900 c.p.s.to coils in the tail fins to provide a rotating magnetic field around and atright tngles to the axis of the torpedo. In the head th6-e are four coilpockets connected so as to have their axes along the torpedo axis to reducethe direct piok-r from the tail coils to a negligible level. These receivingcoils pick up the reflected signsl from the taresL and this is amplified anddifferentiated to actuate the detonator firing circuit at the point of neare-t.pproaoh to target.

32. The experimental non.oontact pistols have functioned satisfactorily inONGAR vehicles against sutveioged static tets; two models, engineered toproduction standards, eae at present undergoing environmental tests prior toreleasing the drawings for production.

33. A coprehensive pistol test set has been deigned and one modelconstructed for assessment with the two production pistol models.

Ancillary Power Supplies

34. The 3-phase invertor has been very reliable in use and the early modelsI of the new de3ign are now to hand.3. in common with other transistorised equipment, overloads cannot be

ktolerated and an extensive programme of voltage stabilisation is beingprogressed. In addition to this many relays are being replaced by semi-conductor switches, a3 relays have been one of the main sources ofunreliability in the weapon.

The Transponder

36. Two experimental models of the transponder were delive:'ed during 1962 andgave very satisfactory performance during sea trials in shallow water. Ther.m.s. bearing error, for ranges between 2.5 and 10 kyd using over 4,000 trans-missions, was 0.29 . No measuremort of range accurac was made; 3s indicatedin earlier trials this is not a problem, ..e. under the worst conditions astandard deviation of 8 yi was obtained at 15,000 yd range.

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,= -

37. A prototyp- transponder has since undergond a series of climatic anddurability tests followed by a 1,000 hour life testj, these were cC1ctCdwithout failure. Th., unit met the requirements of the K114.TeEt Specifioationafter the 1,000 hour life test had been completed.

38. Twelve prototypes and three pro-produotion models are to be made. TheTest Specification is in draft form and drawings are almost- complete.

Hull

39. There has been a big demand for OGAR dummies, space models, etc. andowing to difficulties in achieving crack-free welds the delivery rate of bodysections has fallen - present commitments can just be met. The afterbody isbeing re-modelled internally to allow easy access to the tightly packedassemblies and improve generally the layout of cables, pipas, etc. Weapons 13to 27 will have those modifications, though in fact most cf the components willcome from weapons I to 12. The modifications are being carried out as matorialbecomes av ailable.

Transport Containers

40. Fourv ni-, k resistant boxes for weapon and head are now in use and haveproved satia Eo,

Test Gear

41. To avoid a multiplicity of special-to-type test gear, the us, of TRACE(Tape-recorded Automatic Check-out Equipment) ie being investigated. This will

check out most of the assemblies in Armament Depots and Depot Ships merely byinserting a punched tape and setting the machine to work*

42. The general prngramme of test gear and test specifications is behindschedule and contract action on some components awaits receipt of the increasedfinancial approval. It is proposed to include a 3-axis Stabilised Test Tablefor thorough performance check out on the depot ship; so far only preliminarydesign has been possible.

Torpedo Guidance Control Unit Mk 2

Experimental EAuipment

43. The past year has seen the completion of the design of the experimentalmodel of the Torpedo Guidance Control Unit, Mk 2. The lessons learnt with thebreadboard equipment have proved of great value and the simplified logic andstorage systems used in the experimental model have permitted a veryconsiderable reduction in size. The equipment is Aoused within one modifiedstandard cabinet, the upper four drawers being acsociated with the displaysystem, the lower two drawers with the computer and its storage system.

44. The individual electronic units for the equipment started to beccmeavailable in August 1962 and have been subjected to extensive laboratorytosting prior to their assembly into the cabinets. Checking of both the com-r'1.sr and display system as separate entities is now nearing completion and thenext step will be to marry the two together. Overall testing can then commence

and when this is completed &. series of dry land tests of the equipment as afire control instrument using simulated inputs and outputs will be carried out.

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i:

45. A number of additional facilities not specifically called for in theStaff Requirement have been built into the T.G.C.U. Ilk 2. Should own shipdata from log or compass prove unreliable, these functions can now be set in

by hand. Similarly, it will also be possible to hand set target range,course, speed and bearing, and the successful operation of the equipment is notwholly dependent on the sonar, which provides automatic tvansmission ofbearing. Attack daLa obtained from the periscope or radar can thus be used andthis facility would allow the use of the equipment as a fire control computeragainst surface targets for weapons with an anti-ship capability.

46. Extensive shock and climatic testing of the individual units of theenuipment has been narried out durin7 the past year and this testing willeventually extend to a complete T.G.C.U. ;iU 2. 1Vaknesses have thus beendiscovered at an early stage and remedial action taken.

47. Whilst the main effort over the past few months has been devoted toT.G.C.U. Mk 2 itself, progress has been made on a number of associatedinstruments: -

(a) Tornedo Simulators Requirements f~r a 'lrpedc simulator which willpermit functional checking of T.G.C.U. hk 1 have now been finalised.The simulator; in effect, replaces the guidance unit of the torpedoand indicates that the "weapon" is responding correctly to theommand. The repeat-backs of course and speed from the "weapon" arealso providod and, besides providing a chacl. on T.G.C.U. Ik 2, thinwill also allow realier .c. dur ry attacks, including weapon guidanceto be carried out in operational submarines.

(b) Action Data Recorder: The requirements for the recording systemused in conjunction with T.G.C.U. Mk 2 durin.g practice firing of theweapon have recently been linalisod and an Action Data Recorder ison order. The recorder will store on tape the wire commands andrepeat-backs, the highlights of the dicital data on tho storagedrum, and a voice commentary. When played back through T.G.C.U.Mk 2 the binary data will be decoded by the computer and presentedon the Numerical Display. Wire comiands anO repeat-backs willappear on a multi-channel paper recorder.

(c) Test Equipment: It now seems probable that the special test equip-ment needed will primarily be a simple card tester. The monitoringsystem built into T.G.C.U. Ilk 2 itself will allow a fault to beisolated to a group of three cards and by subsequent use of thecard tester a defective card can be isolated. A breadboard equip-ment has been developed. In service, this equipment will initiallybe used in depot ships, but may be fitted in submarines, dependingon its size. Recent experience with T.G.C.U. Mk 2 suggests that thetheoretical prediction of one fault per 200 hours is pessimistic anda more likely figure is one fault per 700 hours. Thip comes aboutbecause of the enhanced reliability shown by the encapsulated Combielements used through the equipment.

Prototyse Ecuisment

48. Whilst the experimental equixnent already described marks a big advanceon the breadboard systev discussed in earlier reports, it now seems possibl3,whilst the design is still fluid, to simplify the equipment still further and

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to use a simpler logic system. This will, permit' a significant reduction inthe number of different types of printed cards used and should result iieasier maintenance and increased reliability. The drawings':for the prot6tyjeare, therefore, being based on this simpler system and equipments numbers 2and 3 will be made to these drawings.

T.C.S.S. 8X and QX

49. These systems, which are developments of T.C.*. 6 and 7 in whichT.G.C.U. Hk I is replaced by T.G.C.U. Ik 2, are being fitted to H.M.S. CACHALOTand H.M.S. OCELOT, respectively for development trials. The minor changesrequired to the associated instruments of both systems in order to incorporatethe requirements for ONGAR have been completed and aquipment manufactured.

50. The T.C.S.S. 8X system in H.M.S. CACHALOT is nearing completion andtrials should commence in mid-1963. In the first instance, these trials willbe designed to prove the computational and display facilities and position-keeping accuracy of the experimental T.G.C.U. Mk 2. When this phase is com-pleted trials of T.G.C.U. Uk 2 in association with the weapon can commence.

51. The T.C.S.S. 9X system for H.M.S. OCELOT is being installed and isroughly one year behind the parallel system in H.M.S, CACHALOT. The system,less T.G.C.U. Mk 2, has undergone system tests at the works of Messrs Barr andStroud and has proved to be functionally satisfactory.

52. The existence of two tnrpedo con~tc. systems T.C.S.S. 8 and 9 forspindle and cable set torpedoes, respectively, raises serious logistic problemsin regard to types of torpedo, torpedo control instruments, spares, etc. Ithas been proposed therefore, that an attempt should be made to standardlse onthe more flexible cable set T.C.S.S. 9 system. Although this would take someyears to accomplish the fitting in submarines it would eventually show aconsiderable simplification in the types of weapon, control instrumoents, etc.,

required and result in reduced requirements for logistic support.

2.2 - MK 23 TORPEDO AND CONT.ROL SYSTEM3 T.C.S.S. 3, 6 AND 7

ToEvedo

53. Further triels of the torpedo were carried out during 1962/63 and theseare summarised below:-

(a) Shock Trials: One torpedo was subjected to shocks of 16, 30, 40 and57g when mounted in a tube in che N.C.R.E. Shock Test Base. Thetorpedo functioned satisfactorily after the first two shocks, exceptfor a Syro Wander beyond the specified limits after the secondshock. The torpedo failed to function after the third and fourthshocks, but the depth gear functioned correctly after cleaning thecontacts and the azimuth controls operated when tested with anazimuth unit that had not been subjected to shock.

(b) Vibration Trials: One torpedo is currently being subjected to aseries of vibration trials in three mutually perpendicular planes,at room temperature, and at 12: F and -20 0F. The azimuth units usedon these trials are being returned to R.N.T.F. for examination andtesting. Apart from these units, the faults occurxing to date havebeen of a minor nature.

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(c) Climatic Trials: Tw'o torpedoes are currently being sub3ected toclimatic trials. After two montnh at -23' r2 the torp)doeafunctioned satisfactorily when brought to the m inimum operatingtemperature of 20 F.

(d) Three Months Storage Trials n a Submarine Three torpedoes wee

stored for three months in a subr.arine. Two tortedoas were storedin tubes, and one in the racks. One of the torpedoes in the tubesdeveloped a fault which is being investigated. The othei tw'otorpedoes ran satisfactorily to maximum range at Lie end of thnstorage period.

(e) Further Acceptance Trial Running: In further vrials in July 1962the torpedo performanccs were as shown in the table below:-

Valid Successful % SuccasAim Runs Runs 1962 1961

Trials Trials

Guidance and Position 40 40 100 80Keeping__0 40 10____

Acoustic Contact 33 33 100 57

Homing and Hitting 30 29 97 100

54. Further small torpedo modifications recomiended as a result of the July1962 trials were, in general, incorporated in the torpedoes used in January1963 trials and appear to be satisfactory.

Outboard Disnenser

55. Ninety runs were completed with the prototype dispenser for the 21 inchMk 23 torpedo (Ilk 1 Outboard Dispenser) during the first half of 1962 andfollowirg minor modifications, this dispenser was offered for acceptance. Inthe ourse of system acceptance trials in July, sixty discharges were carriedout and dispensing performance was better than 90o. Since then, satisfactorydischarges have been wade from both bow and stern tubes of an 'A' ClassSubmarine, but durin, trials in ..... ......T.. in January 1963, sane trouble wasexperienced with the operation of the dispenser release mechanism, Gwing tohigh discharge velocities.

Control Systems

56. Modifications to the prototype T.G.C.U. iAk 1 in Hi.S. WALRUS were com-pleted in May 1962 ane their success demonstrated during a subsequent trial.Acceptance trials on tae complete sysTem were undertaken in July 1962 and weregenerally successful, although due to abnormal sound propagation cond.iions the"acoustic contact" link with the weapon was net as conclusive as on previoustrials.

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57. The fire control equipment was released for service ise although foimalacceptance of T.G.C.U. Uk I was withheld 'pending further inv6stia'tion iitothe torpedo and continuing weapon trials. The equipment was, ho6ver,released from production and is being widely fitted in operational dubmaries,

58. Prototype installations of the T.C.S.S. 6 and 7 systems have been fittedin H.M.S. OTTER and H.M.S. OLYMPUS and auccessful contrcl of Mk 23 torpedoesfrom H.M.S. OTER has been demonstrated. Similar trials, but using theT.C.S.S. 7 system to control the Mk 23 torpedo, will be carried out inH.M.S. OLYMPUS in July 1963. A proving programme of weapon trials is atpresent in hand and the final stage of these trials will be a long rangeoperational trial for the complete Mk 23 control system against a realisti(.target in November 1963.

59. Installation of the T.G.C.U. Mk I in both new construction and submarinesrefitting is proceeding and with the completion of H.7oS. DREADNOUGHT sevensubmarines will oe 3,n service with a Mk 23 control capability.

T.C.S.S.

60. With the excep+ion of a few "T" class submarines, the T.C.S.S. 3 systemsare being replaced by T.C.S.S. 6 as submarines are refitted.

T.C.S.S. 6

61. The T.C.S.S. 6X system wae fitted in ..M.S. OTTER subsequent to choretesting at Hessrs Scott in May 1962. Since the T.G.C.U. Uk 1 guidance controlunit for the Mk 23 torpedo was not at that time available, it was not possibleto complete setting to work this portion of the system.

62. The harbour acceptance trial was satisfactorily completed in May 1962.The results showed a marked improvement in the computing accuracy of thecalculator T.C.C. Vk 16, Mod.3 on its predecessor the Mod.1 version,particularly at short hitting runs and experience since, whilst limited, hasshown the calculator to be more stable with respect to time.

63. Certain defects, which came to light during the system testing, havebeen investigated and appropriate modifications are being introduced.

64. The T.G.C.U. 1k 1 guidance control unit became available in December 1962and this allows the remainder of the harbour acceptance trials to be completed.The sea acceptance trials of the system were carried out in January 1963 duringwhich Uk 8, Mk 20S and Mk 23 torpedoes were successfully fired and controlled.

65. Four other submarines, H.M.S. ORACLE, NARWHAL, TRUNCHEON and ALLIANCE,have been fitted with production T.C.S.S. 6 systems during the developmentperiod allocated to the prototype system in H.M.S. OTTER. Whilst this goessome way to ensuring that the latest equipment gets into eervice Ps soon aspossible, it does raise considerable difficulties in ensuring that productionsystems are up to the latant prototype standard.

66. Some further work on the T.C.C. Mk 16 Mod.3 calculator is being carriedout and a bearing rate indicator has been developed by Messrs Muirhead. Testson a laboratory rig have proved satisfactory and the next step will be a trialat sea.

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T.GS.S. 7

67. At the commencement of the development of the prototype T.C.SiS. 7Xsystem it was intended that the system shouldbe installed in H.M.S. OLYMPUSfollowing a shore test at the works of Messrs Barr and Stroud. Furthermore,it was intended that final development and trials of the system would becomplete prior to the installation of production equipments. However, due: todelays in completion of the submarine, followed by difficulties encounteredduring testing and tuning whilst the submarine was still in shipbuilders'hands, nuch of the prototype lead time was lost.

68. During the setting to work of the system on the submarine, trials of thedata transmission links between control instruments and tube space showedsignificant errors. Investigation as to the cause of these errors andsubsequent system modification thus had to be made$ not only on the prototypeequipment but also to three subsequent production systems in parallel. Thesetransmission errors stem from three main causess-

(a) The abnormally long cable run of 150 to 200 ft in R.N. submarines.

(b) The use of a common 83 stator line for five different servo motions.

(a) The susceptibility of +he Mk 5 rA.o. servo amplif.er and associatedData Set Unit to 400 o/s interference.

69. Investigations of these probli on II..S. OLYMPUS proved both difficu.tand uneconomical and the data transmission system was, therefore, set up atA.U.W.E. to determine the source of error and methods of effecting a cure,prior to implementing modifications to the system itself. The errors werefound to be primarily caused by cross talk from core to core in the submarinecabling and were considerably reduced by using cables containing a number oftriple twisted cores and dividing the synchro stator lines for each servomotion such that commoning only occurred at the pnint of entry into the torpedoumbilical B cable at each disconnect switch.

70. Introduction of 400 c/s filters into the signal input stage of the servoamplifiers reduced interference and provided reliable operation of data setunits. It was impossible to introducs the improved cabling into H.M.S. OLYMPUSor H.M.S. .2ADNOUGHT as main cable runs in both submarines had been completedwell before this stage. It was, however, possible to make a comparable improve-ment in data transmission by core selection in existing cabli,, although thisnaturally involved a considerable rearrangement of existing functions.

71. The result of these modifications is to limit transmission errors to +_30minutes of arc for "coarse only" transmissions and to +15 minutes of arc forcoarse/fine systems. Harbour acceptance trials of the T.C.S.S. 7X installationincluding the prototype T.C.C. 17 calculator were successfully completed inDecember 1962 in H.M.S. OLYMPUS. A similar trial was completed in1H.M.S. DREADNOUGHT in March 1963. Suucessful firing of the U.K. Mk 8 Mod.4torpedoes have already been made from H.M.S. OLYMPUS and sea acceptance trials,in which all compatible British torpedoes will be fired, will take place whauI, the submarine can be made available. The DREADNOUGHT system will be subjectddto similar trials, which will take place in conjunction with deep discharge

tests in August 1963.

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72. The draft handbook for the T.C..S. 7 system has been completed and

vetted and is in process of being converted to the final handbook.

2. 3 - MK 20C COMBINED ANI-SUBMARINE/ANTI-ESCORT TORPEDO

73. The design work for the conversion has now been completed and productiondrawings are available.

74. A decision on whether or not this torpedo is required in service isawaited.

2.4 - THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRACKING RANGE

75. The estimated completion dhte is still the erd of January 1961. Thebasic design is largely completed and the assembly of the units is welladvanced. Trials off Portland with an experimental transmitting transducerassembly and the proposed Elliott pulse transmitter gave satisfactory signalstrengths out to maximum designed range of 5,000 yd.

76. The design of the instrument containers has been finaliaed and theseshould be available for installation on FT.V. WVMMBREL at Gosport duringJune 1963.

77. The first of the three hydrophone supporting booms is being installed inH.M.S. GOSSAMER Yor handling trials. The other two booms should be ready forJune 1963.

2o' - ARROCHAR TORPEDO PROOFING RANGE

78. A report on possible methods of instrumenting the Arroohar TorpedoProofing Range to give the degree of accuracy required for proofing ONGAR hasbeen completed by Elliott Bros (London) Limited under a design study contract.It is shown that adequate accuracy can be achieved and makes recommendations onthe techniques to be employed. It is clear that any such system would be veryexpensive, owing to the number of pressure tight units involved, each requiringcommunications with the firing point.

79. Consideration is therefore bting given to designing a simple 3D Rangeinstallation for Arrochar using standard 3D practice heads on the torpedoes,and simple tracking inst.llations on one or more of the target rafts. Thismay take the form of either tape recording of the pulse from the trackedtorpedo, to be analysed later or E.T.V. WHIMIBRZL 3D range, or a simple analoguecomputer with its own plotting table.

80. Preliminary trials indicate that the simple 20 kc/s range will bereasonably satisfactory at Arrochar.

2.6 - RECORDING EQUIP4ENT 1OR TORPEDO ATTACK DATA

81. Further development of a small, portable digitizer/decoder with "freezeand read" facilities now includes a simple print-out facility. Prototype unitsare expected to become available shortly and production versions of these willreplace the original unit developcd for testing T.G.C.U. 14k 1.

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Il82. The 15-channel data recorder on H.M.S.,MAIDSTONE has now, been in servicesome nine months without repetition of tue last reported defects on theUnderwood typewriter and it would appear that this weakness has been overcome(see page 46 ).

83. Special-purpose writc-out machines are now available and it is intendedto use an input/output writer manufactured by International Business Machinesin place of a typewriter on subsequent-attack teacher recorders.

84. Further details of recording equipment being developed for use inassociation with T.G.C.U. Mk 2 are given above (see page 22).

2.7 - TORPEDO LOCATION INDICATOR

* 85. The priority of this item is such that very little work has been possibleon it during the last year. A contract is visualised to engineer the electronicequipment into a pa.ckage suitable for incorporation in the present Holmes Lightpocset. However, with the introduction of three dimensional ranging, the useof the torpedo location indicator will presumably not be so pressing.

I 2.8 - DEEP ACOUSTIC TORPEDO TARGETSStatic

86. The adaptation of the Mk 44 target for ONGAR awaits revised globalapproval.

87. Work is, however, proceeding on the 1&c 44 target and limited modifi-cations are in hand as a rocult of recent trials.

Deep Mobile

88. In view of the difficulties of obtaining lire targets for the developmentof anti-submarine acoustic torpedoes, the design of a synthetic mobile target,to carry out manoeuvres similar to those or a submarine, and fitted with trans-ponders and noise generators so that its sonic behaviour will be similar tothat of a real submarine, has been considered. A design study contrict wasplaced with The Plessey Company Limited which resulted in proposals beiag putforward for tailoring the requirements into a converted ONGAR torpedo by theaddition of only two relatively small new body sections. The programming andrecording system required by the target can utilise apparatus already beingdeveloped for the Hk 44 torpedo, thus reducing development costs and the extraexpense of -mall quantity production. Proposals for development are beingprepared. Consideration is also being given to the use of such a target forFleet practice, and a Staff Target is in preparation.

2.9 - Mk 8 !OD.4 TORPEDO

89. 4cceptance trials were carried out in early September 1962 but were onlypartly successful since the azimuth and depth items af the torpedoes were out-side the limit specified. This error had not appeared in the prototype

ftorpedoes and an urgent investigation was carried out.

90. The error is now known to be due to unbalance of the air supply to thetwo sides of the steering engine and changes to the dimeasions of the air

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passages are being made. Trials of the modified torpedoes were carried out inMarch 1963 and the modification is now being inoorpcrated in productiontorpedoes.

2.10 - THE MATCH WEAPON SYSTEM

91. MATCH, as a system, results from the adaptation of existing equipment.The modernisation of Type 177 is the only specific item in A.U.W.E.'s pro-gramme requiring additional work for this purpose, but some system study andco-ordination of material problems has also been necessary.

92. The MATCH system is concerned with the aplioation of a wide variety ofequipment to exploit the longer range deteition potential of sonars such asTypes 177 and 184, with the aid of the torpedo carrying helicopter. There area number of variants of the system for which the equipment can includes-

WASP helicopter Sonar Type 177WESSEX helicopter Sonar Type 184Radar Type 978 Sonar Type 199Radar Type 992 Torpedo Uk 44Radar display Type JUA True MotionRadar display Type JYA Sonar MarkerADA Optical Plot AttachmentX-Band transponder systemMAD

93. The basic installations are shown in the table belows-

Class of Ship Helicopter Control Facilities

TRIBAL's WASP 177, (199), 978, JUA, JYA

LEANDER's WASP 177 or 184, (199), 978, JUA, JYA

D.L.G.'s WESSEX 177, 978,.JUA, JYA or 184, 992, ADA

CARRIER WESSEX/WASP 184, JUA or ADA

BLACKWOOD's - 177, 978, JUA, JYA

ROTHESAY's - 177, 978, JUA, JYA

WHTBY's - 177, 978, JUA, JYA

Post LEANDER's - Not decided

94. The main requirements for the system have been settled but implementationcontinues to be slow. Approval to purchase much of the equipment is stillawaited.

95. MATCH system trials were held in H.M.S. ASHAUTI in March 1962, utilisingexperimental models of the main countrol system developments, with the exceptionof the improvements to Sonar Type 177 which are reported below°

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96. These trials had two purposes. The first was to obtain experience ofaircraft handling and operation from the flight deck of a TRIBAL class frigate.

This part of the trial, using a P.531-0 helicopter, was successful. In spiteof bad weather and makeshift arrangements 315 day and night take-offs andlandings were made under a variety of conditions. The anti-roll itabilisation

of the ship made a major contribution to operation in heiivy seas but the need

for positive arresting gear on landing was again apparent.

97. The scope of the tactical trial was limited owing to submarine and air-craft availability but successfully demonstrated the potential of the systemand the effectiveness of the fire-control arrangements. The A.S.W.E. sona

marker was found to be accurate, but the random jumps in its position, due tothe crudity of the sonar data, were found to be disconcerting to the helicopterdirector. Nevertheless the results of some 120 runs against a submarine target

at speeds up to 12 knots and at ranges out to 18,00O yd indicate that, using a

salvo of two U.K. Mk 44 torpedoes, tho syctem should have a useful capabilityagainst alert evasive submarines at speeds up to 15 -knots. The ship must,.

w however, be in sonar contact up to the time of weapon release, and it is amajor weakness of the system that the nlelays in making the attack give the

subma