DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 366 297 IR 016 493

AUTHOR Kuhn, Allan D.TITLE Quo Vadimus? The 21st Century and MultimediaINSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Washington, DC. Scientific and Technical InformationBranch.

REPORT NO N92-22663; NASA-TM-107563PUB DATE Nov 91NOTE 25p.

PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Computer Assisted Instruction; Futures (of Society);

Higher Education; Hypermedia; Industrial Training;Information Management; Information Science;Information Technology; *Multimedia Instruction;*Scientific and Technical Information; TechnologicalAdvancement

IDENTIFIERS Computer Integrated Technology; Examples; *MultimediaMaterials; National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration; Virtual Reality

ABSTRACTThis paper relates the concept of computer-driven

multimedia to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) Scientific and Technical Information Program (STIP).Multimedia is defined here as computer integration and output oftext, animation, audio, video, and graphics. Multimedia is the stageof computer-based information that allows access to experience. Thispaper draws in the concepts of hypermedia, intermedia, interactivemultimedia, hypertext, imaging, cyberspace, and virtual reality.Examples of these technology developments are given for NASA, privateindustry, and academia. Examples of concurrent technologydevelopments and implementations are given to show how thesetechnologies, along with multimedia, have put us at the threshold ofthe 21st century. The STIP sees multimedia as an opportunity forrevolutionizing the way scientific and technical information ismanaged. There is a vast opportunity for looking at multimediaapplications, assessing their relevance to the handling andprocessing of scientific and technical information in the NASAresearch and development community, and developing multimediaimplementations for doing so. (Contains 24 references.) (TMK)

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Othce of Fducational Research and Improvement

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTFR (ERIC)

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The NASA STI Program ... in Profile

Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to ensuring U.S. leadership in aeronauticsand space science. The NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program playsan important part in helping NASA maintain its leadership role.

The NASA STI Program provides access to the NASA STI Database, the largest collectionof aeronautical and space science STI in the world. The Program is also NASA's institutionalmechanism for disseminating the results of its research and development activities.

A number of specialized services help round out the Program's diverse offerings, includingcreating custom thesauri, translating material to or from 34 foreign languages, buildingcustomized databases, organizing and publishing research results.

For more information about the NASA STI Program, you can:

Phone the NASA Access Help Desk at (301) 621-0390

Fax your question to NASA Access Help Desk at (301) 621-0134

Send us your question via the Internet to help@ sti.nasa.gov

Write to:

NASA Access Help DeskNASA Center for AeroSpace Information800 Elkridge Landing RoadLinthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934

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and meets thequality specificationscontained therein. A

poor blowback imageis the result of the

characteristics of theoriginal documents

NASA Technical Memorandum 107563

Quo Vadimus? The 21st Century andMultimedia

Allan D. Kuhn

NOVEMBER 1991

(NASA-TM-107563) QUO VAUTMUS? THE 21STCENTURY ANO MULTIMEDIA (NASA) 18 pCSCL 050

NASA

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NASA Technical Memorandum 107563

Quo Vadimus? The 21st Century andMultimedia

Allan D. KuhnPrepared for the Scientific and Technical Information ProgramWashington, DC

AN,aiteionntiatilcAeanrodnaTutichsraicnadl SInptoace,Atidomn trartion

Washington. DC 1991

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QUO VADIMUS? THE 21ST CENTURY AND MULTIMEDIA

"The computer display screen will be mankind's new hone."- Ted Nelson. Dream Machines, The Flip Kute

Compiaer LA Microsoft Press, 1974, I9S7.

Allan D. KuhnNASA Sdentific and Technical Information Program

November 1991

In this year of 1991, we are in the 21stCentury.

Advances in adaptation of technology arehistorically accentuated, benchmarked, andpropelled forward, as distasteful as it Is,

b) wars. A prime example is the 19thCentury American Civil War. It iscommonly accepted, in historical context,that this war was the first war of the 20thCentury simply through its rapidtechnology developments in weapons andweapons support systems. The repeatingcarbine, Getting gun, iron clads, telegraph,

eleotric communications, submarines,balloons, I.e., lighter-than-air craft,railroad transportation, weaponsmetallurgy and ballistics, photography,i.e., imaging technologies, are examples ofthe Civil War technology adaptations thatInfluenced the thrusts of warfare for mostof the 20th Century. Peacetime growth oftechnologies was in turn propelled forwardby the wartime developments, e.g.,exvnsion of electricity-drivencommunications, Image presentation,railroad and automotive transportation,distribution systems for commodities,manufacturing technologies, foodstuffspreservation, aircraft developments, andon and on.

In our common experience of today, thePersian Gulf War of January, 1991,

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because of its unprecedented technokvy, isthe first war of the 21st Century. It is thebenchmark war that has kicked us acrossthe threshold to the 21st Century. Up untithis war, a plethora of reports, books, andcommentaries coming out of the Federalgovernment, private industry, academia,and the press constantly questioned theworld position of the United States in itspredominance in technology. Thetechnology used in the Persian Guff War,succeosfully proven under fire, corsfirmsU.S. technology prowess.

NASA had a major part in the success ofAmerican technology in the Persian GulfWar, as indicated in its summer 1991issue of NASA Update - State and LocalNewsletter.* A brief article titled'Advanced Technology Hastens Victaiy inGulf Conflict' (p. 3), states:

Victory in the Persian Gulf conflict wasa triumph of advanced technologies.Many of those technologies had roots inaeronautics and space research anddevelopment that NASA and theU.S.military establishment haveconducted or sponsored over the years.

NASA Office of External Relations, Defenseand Intergovernmental Relations Division.NASA Update: State and Local News Maur 5,1 (1991).

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. . Some of the types of systems thatcontributed to the speed with which thewar was terminated and that werepossible only because of advancedtechnology development by NASA and themilitary are:

Visual and infrared imaging systemsand the related systems for interpretingand presenting information collected bythe imaging systems. Those systemscontributed significantly to the accuracyachieved in reconnaissance,surveillance, and targeting.

Satellite-based communicationssystems that provide transmissions toand from remote locations. Essential tothe coordinated, effective operations thatspeedily provided victory, they had theside effect of turning the conflict into a'media event."

Computers that are small, rugged, andportable. These ubiquitous marvels ofthe space age made possible any numberof improvements in planning andexecution not previously possible.

Propulsion and guidance systems,which enable *smart munitions" toattack defended targets with devastatingaccuracy and the Patriot missile tobecome the 'Scud buster'

The 'bottom line" for advancedtechnology in the U.S. arsenal is thespeed with which hostilities weresuccessfully concluded and the avoklanceof unnecessary Injuries and deaths ofU.S. personnel.

A good part of that technology involvedmachines making decisions and conveyinginformation based on those decisions topeople, vis-a-vis people making decisionsbased on raw data provided by machines.This is the new environment, not only forwarfare, but now also for peacetime. Inthe first NASA STIP Quo Vadimus documentof May 1991 (BLAD91), the author, M.Walter Blados states:

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...we find ourselves living in a neve'environment... . New relationship's andnew opportunities are resulting fromthe increased availability of informationand the stimulation and expandingopportunities it brings. There will benew individual and organizationalrelationships, new methods of doing ot.orwork, and new environments in whicnwe will carry out our work.

A part of our 21st Century environmentand its "new methods of doing our work* Escomputer-driven multimedia, an everexpanding means of conveying informatiorto people.

WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA?

Multimedia is computer integration andoutput of text, animation, audio, video, andgraphics.

You sit at your computer screen and watd1and hear the action. You choose what youwant to take place. You listen to whz--isomeone has to say as you watch him speaicyou hear music as background to themultimedia presentation; with scientificexperiments and studies you witness theexperiment and its attendant results in attheir forms - visual and auctorial; youexamine changes, shapes, and forms basedon those changes you yourself select.

A NASA engineer at Langley ResearchCenter reviews a wind tunnel test. Theengineer Inserts an optical disc into adrive, and observes the actual test as ittook place. This includes sound andvisuals, in addition to the manuals neededto run both the wind tunnel multimediasystem, and the actual wind tunnel systemitself. An embedded advisory system noronly stores experts' knowledge andexperiences, but can be added to by theengineer. The engineer proceeds withvisualizations of computerized model datafrom the test -- pressure distribution inboth actual test data and computersimulation data. The test platform is re-

oriented on the screen to see the effects ofthe test from differing vantage points. Hechanges test factors to see what changeswould take place in the test results. Bothsound and color, in addition to the videorepresentation, convey data to theengineer. The engineer, in reviewing thisearlier test, makes decisions on how toproceed with a new test.

A NASA employee, after a long day's work,goes home - and to relax, turns on hismachine. The machine has downloaded theday's soap operas. In fast-forwardingthrough the programs, he selects clips, andstores them separately on the hard disk. Inreviewing the clips, he further selectsportions of them, and then joins the clipsinto a media document that he is creating.The media document is a 'paper he iscomposing for his Doctoral thesis on ThoEffect of Human Dramatization ofIntersocietal Problems of People asPortrayed by Cable Television Services.The thesis will exposit the creator'sprsrnises through contextual visual and

uditou. Information; text will beminimal, and that probably will be spokenby the creator, likely as voice-overs, lessin lecture form. The creator will alsocreate interactive elements in the thesis,for the referee/viewers to explore andcompare variances to the premises.

A medical doctor assistant on a NASA spacestation is faced with a crewman accidentemergency, a sliced off thumb, and needs toreview texts and procedures beforeperforming a needed reparative operation.There are several progressive multimediascenarios that can be imagined, all based ontechnologies available and emerging today.

Scenario A - The doctor assistantrefers to his onbcard, miniaturizedmedical reference system, comprised ofthe major medical references in U.S.practice. This system Is replete withpage images of the original texts, withthe original drawings and photographicillustrations, InciudIng their color.The texts are rapidly searchable

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("hypertexr) simultaneously, andtherefore easy to cross-correlate.

There is also voice and motion pictureinstruction on medical procedures.After conferring with the system andwith "medical emergency central° --Kennedy? Johnson? -- the doctorassistant proceeds with the reparativeprocedure. This may take severalhours.

Scenario B - In conjunction with theabove, operation is closely monitoredby earth-based medical staff followingan analysis of televised Images of theinjury condition, with an automatedprogram run-through of the reparativeprocedure based on those images andvirtual reality technology, andretransmitted to the doctor assistant onthe space station. All this happens inless than an hour.

Scenario C Again in conjunctionwith all the above, all images of thesituation are fed into a roboticcyberspace technology system - thesystem in processing the images andmedical programs, monitored by thespace station doctor assistant and theearth-based medical staff, willconclude the needed procedures for theoperation and perform it. Cyberspacetechnology "is a type of interactionsimulation which includes humans asnecessary. components. A cyberneticsimulation is a dynamic model of aworld filled with objects that exhibitlessor or greater degrees ofintelligence." tWALS91] With thiscombination of imaging-cyberspace-robotic technologies, the reparativeprocesses take place within tenminutes.

INCREDIBLE, YOU SAY?

Multimedia is here today. All the mediaelements involved in the above scenariosare alive and well -- "cyberspace"technology, 1,)r example, has been around

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and in development since the 19605.Listen to what major movers in thecomputer industry are saying --

"Multimedia will change the world in the1990s as personal computers did in the1980s." - John Scully, Apple

"Multimedia will be bigger thaneverything we do !adv."

- Bill Gates, Microsoft

"We're going to put a computer in everyhome...with multimedia."

- James Cannavino, IBM

Do you get the feeling that there issomething highly evolutionary going on inthe realm of information? I think the verybasic idea of multimedia is that it is thestage in computer and informationtechnologies that will give us access toexperience. This may be seen moreeasily within the context of the stages ofinformation access:

1 Acrans to Data Numeric, calculator)/2 Access tgilawmatio Textual results

via coordination ol terms3 Acceratclagydrae Reviewing

and reformatting electronic text6 4 Access to Experierna Cognitive and

sensory processing

Each of these access capabilities haveexpanding sets of tools underlying them toprovide the capabilities, with each accesscapability folding Into the next level to givegreater expanded access.

It is generally accepted that the seminalarticle setting down the ideas of what arenow multimedia processes was VannevarBush's "As We May Think," appearing inAtlantic Monthly,' July 1945. In thisarticle Bush, In giving form to Ideaspossible at that time, suggested creatinglinkages between documents, which In turn

Vannevar Bush. "As We May Think.'Atlantic Monthly 176, 1 (July 1945): 101-8.

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would be brought to a screen as rapidly aspossible according to those linkages. In histime, he wes thinking about microfilmimages. For our time, read automated text,pictures, movement, and sound, alldocuments in our expanded concepts.

WHAT'S HAPPENING TODAY?

The forces of the market place are the bestindicators for the use and success ofmultimedi. programs. The following usesof private sector multimedia, shown hereas examples of commercial multimediaapplications, has been compiled andprovided by Mr. Thomas A. Wheeler ofMultimedia Design Corporation [WHEE91j:

Northern Telecom is usingmultimedia to train their 20,000employees at about 1/10th the cost oftraditional training methods. (Mac Weekarticle).

American Airlines has amultimedia project on the boards toprovide initial and refresher training for50,000 employees. They expect "50%reduction in training time per employee","reducing 300 hours of lessons to 152"hours (Mac Week, August 14, 1990).

GTE North, Inc., is usingmultimedia to teach workers how to fixtelephone cables. "The retention rate hasto be three or four times higher thanlectures and pencil testing" (BusinessWeek, October 9, 1989).

General Motors Buick Divisionhas developed a multimedia presentationthat allows prospective customers tobrowse an electronic brochure, on a PC,through descriptions and animated picturesof cars, complete with engine sounds. Themarketplace results of such a brochurewere that 12% of those who bought carsafter receiving the electronic brochureended up picking Buick - this was aboutdouble its usual market share (BusinessWeek, October 9, 1989). The electronicbrochure Includes car models, model

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options like coior, wheels and styling, andspreadsheet operations that calculatepayments and make price comparisons withcompetitor cars. Th.- '.::ochure isinteractive with the customer, andconsequently the customer spends moretime with that than with a handful of paperbrochures.

Steelcase Inc. ces an electronicbrochure to launch a new line of officefurniture. Customers "can get toinformation more conveniently than bypawing through pages of (paper)brochures' (Business Week, October 9,1989). Customers and designers move 3Drenderings about a computer screen to seehow different furniture looks in a specificroom, while a voice provides productdetails against a musical background.

The American Heart Associationis distributing a set of digitized interactivelessons to medical schools on how to manageblood cholesterol levels. The programgives students an audiovisual rundowndetailing how cholesterol moves throughthe blood and liver.

What other commercial effects does privatesector multimedia have in addition to thosenoted above? A study done by Duthie andAssociates IWHEE91j has compared thecosts of different training methods, basedon cost per student for 1,000 students.Their Gest figure study results are:

ClassroomVideotapeCassetteWorkbookVideodiscComputer-based trainingInteractive Multimedia

TERMINOLOGY, OR,CONFUSION i go go

$8,900482

4 594094032263 2

"Multimedia" and "Interactive Multimedia"are now the catch phrases in the marketplace. There are several other terms,

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though, that are also used to designate theseprocesses, or are incorporated In themultimedia processes. These terms are"Hypermedia," "Hypertext," "Intermedia,"and "Imaging." In the interest of somestandard acceptance of the terms, I wouldlike to pick up the following explanationfrom one of the papers in the book,Learning with Interactive Multimedia(AMBR90]:

A note about terminology: As is often thecase in new fields, no consensus existsin the multimedia field about whatvarious terms mean or what to callcertain items that clearly need names."Multimedia,' "hypermedia," and"Intermedia" are often usedinterchangeably to describe the samething. In this [paper), / use the term"multimedia" to describe any softwareusing the four essential communicationsmedia text, audio, images, and logic -

whether on a media computer or ananalog video-computer hybrid. I use theterm "hypermedia" to describe a subsetof multimedia that has "hyper"characteristics: various modules linkedin a nonhierarchicat, nonlinearstructure. . . . (OSB0901

Multimedia and Hypermedia at this pointare nearly interchangeable; any differencemay be particular to an application and inthe nuance. Interactive multimedia refersto the viewer making selections in themultimedia program that causes theprogram to go off in another direction.litermedla seems to be used very little anylonger.

"Hypertext," In the words of the term'soriginator, Theodore "Ted" Nelson, means"non-sequential writing. . . Ordinarywriting Is sequential . . . But thestructures of Ideas are not sequential.They tie together every which way."[NELS87) Mr. Nelson, who coined theterm in 1965, means here a system ofcomputer-supported, nonsequentlalInformation processing, primarily, ofcourse, of text. One selects a term or

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phrase, and sees now the positions of theterm relate throughout a document or set ofdocuments. The underlying principle is"the ability to create computer-supportedlinks or cross-references permittingrapid, easy movement" amei,g related partsof information in the text or document set(KAYE91 J.

"Imaging" is a widely used catch phrasethroughout the market place. Currentlythere are two basic areas involvingimaging technologies: business imaging andtechnical imaging. Imaging in the businesscontext refers primarily to automatingbusiness processes and activities. Thismeans basically forms and correspondence,but also extensively including any imagesand graphics that support the businessactivities. The forms and correspondenceappear on the screen "Imaged" as thoyappear in paper form. When connected tofax capabilities, company forms andcorrespondence, if not input into areceptor imaging system, fax out on paperin the originating company'scorrespondence letterhead and format.Technical imaging concerns computer-stored images to support scientific andengineering activities. It Is comprised ofeverything rang:ng from satellite-originated digital data images of earth andspace, and remotely-sensed data, toscanned-in maps, X-rLy images, magneticresonance images (MRis), microscopicimages, you name It.

As a consequence of the multiplicity ofterms. in the various examples following,"Hypermedia" may be correlated to"Multimedia"; "Hypertext" andintermedia" may be considered as featuresor effects that are incorporated inmultimedia/itypermedia proeesses.

So ...

WHAT'S HArPENING IN NASA?

A review of materials cited in theNASA/RECON information system showsextensive interests across the whole of

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NASA. There are a multitude of multi-media/hypermedia developments going onIn the transition from traditional linearinformation retrieval to actual informationviewing. This is happening in what hasbeen termed the multidimensionalinformation space (SEPEC901. We alreadysee from above how this is changing theway we store, retrieve, and use Infor-mation. Hyper-branching applications arebeing experimented with throughout thewhole of the government, academia, andprivate industry. The following are but afew examples representative of what istaking place In NASA. Included is anexample of Hypertext application, with theview of showing such activity as acomponent of multimedia support. Thedescriptive Information of the activitiesbelow Is extensively verbatim from thepapers cited [KAYE91].

Dia.....ExagulmenL_SLICLILM.2.111aliSID.jnformation System (EDIS). EDIS is beingdeveloped by Houston Applied Logic,Houston, Texas, for the NASA Life SciencesProject Division at NASA Johnson SpaceCenter, Houston, Texas. It Is a systemdesigned to produce and control the LifeSciences Experiment Document (ED)containing large amounts ol text In

combination with tables and graphs ofmathematical and scientific data, makinguse of hypertext concepts throughMacintosh HyperCard. The ED defines allfunctional objectives, inflight equipment,consumables, measurements, groundsupport, and test sessions, along with theexpected results of the experiments. TheED consists of 16 chapters plus appendices.There is a fixed, or boilerplate text insome sections that applies to any LifeSciences experiment and reference tableformats concerning experiment-specifictext and mathematical/scientific data.Other sections contain experiment datatailored for each experiment. The EDIS Isforeseen as being the first step In theautomation of the process required fordefining complete packages of Life Sciencesexperiments for the Shuttle missions[MOOR90].

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Life Sciences_lfitaractive informationJalcalL_(=1.131. This is a study inhypermedia applications, being done by GEGovernment Services, Houston, Texas, forthe Life Sciences Project Div!sion, JohnsonSpace Center. LSIIR, through interactivemedia technologies, provides onlineinformation aids as a "job performanceassistance." The technologies areintegrated into a computer desktopworkstation environment with whichmission or payload specialist, thescientist, the engineer, and support oradministrative people are familiar. TheLSIIR is foreseen as providing assistance inLife Sciences Project missions andactivities such as development and testing,science monitoring, technical labactivities, and mission testing. The systemuses Mac SEs for running integratedapplications of HyperCard, Mac RecorderSound System, Mac Draw, Mac Paint,Canvas, and Macro Mind Director.Macro Mind Director enhances graphicsdisplay and animation. Clip art andscanned photos are part of the system'sinformation base. The system serves as a"trainer" or simulator. It provides theuser with different sets of information tochange variables during an exercise, ormake alterations to procedures andconfigurL .ons. LSIIR has passed its proofof concept stage, and is envisioned as anonline system for electronic documentationand information, and electronic trainingand review in all areas of the NASA LifeSciences Project activity [CHRISM.

Knowledge Base Browser (KBB).Currently under development at the NASAJohnson Space Center is a hypermediasystem for browsing CLIPS knowledgebases. CLIPS is C Language IntegratedProduction System, an expert system shellused in this case to create knowledge baseexpert systems of rules that control theprocesses of the Onboard Navigation(ONAV) flight control position at theMission Control Center (MCC). Theseexpert systems will support the ascent,rendezvous, and deorbit/landing phases of aShuttle mission. The KBB, as a component

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program of the MCC, serves to assist in theverification of the rule bases of the variousexpert systems, and to augment thetraining of the flight controPlers. Whencomplete, the KBB will verify and browsethe CLIPS rule bases. This system, whichin the view of its creators is a hypermediasystem, will include the capabilities ofautomatic creation of links based on theCLIPS rule structure, querying the rulesand saving the results as a collection, andbrowsing the rule bases either sequentiallyor by using the links and collections[POCK90].

The Space Station Freedom User InterfaceLanguage (SSF UIL). SSF UIL is in

development at the Space Operations andInformation Systems Division of theLaboratory for Atmospheric and SpacePhysics, University of Colorado, Boulder.It is designed for use by the astronauts,ground controllers, scientificinvestigators, and hardware/softwareengineers who will test and operate thesystems and payloads aboard the spacestation. The IUL is object-oriented,English-like, supplements the graphicaluser interface to systems and payloads byproviding command line entry, and will beused to write test and operationsprocedures. Hypertext is used to providelinks between users of code (statements,steps, procedures, etc.) and associatedannotation and documentation, linking codeto object information, and linking stepswithin a procedure [DAVIN].

Artificially Intelligent Graphical EntityRelation Modeler (Ai Germ). Ai Germ isrelational database query and programminglanguage frontend for Germ (GraphicalEntity Relatio;al Modeling) system. Thesesystems are being developed byMicroelectronics and Compute TechnologyCorporation, Software Technology Program(MCC/STP), Austin, Texas. There arethree versions of Ai Germ in use: QuintusProlog, BIMprolog, and MCC's Logical DataLanguage (LDL). Al Germ is intended as anadd-on component of the Germ system to beused for navigating very large networks of

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information. harnessing Prolog or LDL'srelational database query capabilities. Itcan also function as an expert system shell'or prototyping knowledge-based systems.Ai Germ provides an interface between theprogramming language and Germ. When auser starts up Ai Germ, the system builds aknowledge base of currently loaded Germfolio. The knowledge base is a collection ofnode, link, and aggregate facts. The userqueries the database and runs programsthat select, create, delete, inspect, andaggregate the nodes and links appearing inthe Germ browser. To use Ai Germ, theuser first starts up Germ and loads thedesired hypertext network folio into theGerm browser. In a knowledge base, forexample, for each hypertext entity - i.e.,node, link, and aggregate - Ai Germ assertsa fact (a prolog clause). Ai Germ iscurrently used in MCC/STP's DESIRE(DESign Information REcovery) system toextract information on the design code forsoftware systems. Research staff areexperimenting with Ai Germ in buildingIBIS (Issue Based Information Systems) -reasoning and decision support systems forsoftware design and engineering. RockwellInternational, an MCC/STP shareholder,uses Ai Germ in a simultaneous engineeringproject. MCC/STP states that users ofAi Germ can navigate Germ Networks ordevelop prototypes of knowledge-basedhypermedia systems [HASH90].

Clinical Practice Library of MedicinekCPLM). The CPLM was conceived in1979 by a team of medical and computerexperts from the University of Florida andKennedy Space Center. Since its onset, thesystem has evolved from a mainframe-based text database to a microcomputer-based hypermedia system that supportsboth text and high.resolution medicalimages. The design changes necessary toexpand the system to include sound andanimation are now being delineated.

The CPLM system is currently acomputerized, rapid-reacting, medicalreference system that could be placedaboard a long-term space flight to provide

the spacecraft physician with nearlyinstantaneous access to the most completemedical references on Earth. With thistype of support system, the physician couldbe confident that he was making the rightdiagnosis. The demonstration CPLM systemthat is available now runs on an IBM P52Model 80 microcomputer with a highresolution 8514A Display and a 1 gigabytedisk drive. The system is programmed in Cunder Microsoft Windows. The systemcontains a variety of medical textsincluding the STI Program's specialpublication NASA SP-3006, the*Bioastronautics Data Book." The CPLMsystem is written to allow expansibility tothe full capacity of the available storagedevice. Both traditional and hypermediaaccess to the information is permitted.Traditional Boolean search methods areenhanced by a parsings dictionary unique toeach book that holds current spellings androot word divisions along with a lexiconthat provides a book specific list ofsynonyms and abbreviations thatautomatically provides alternate searchterms to the user. Word and phraselinkage among all documents is providedinitially by the University of Floridaproject team with annotations to beeventually added by the physician endusers. The educational capability of theCPLM system may be one of its majorbenefits in addition to its ability to delivercomplex information in a user-friendlyfashion.

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The University of Florida developmentteam leader stresses that the plannedaddition of voice activation, animation, andinteractive hardware can make the CPLMsystem function as a fully automatedphysician's assistant. In a few years aminiaturized hypermedia CPLM system isforeseen as bPing built into space suits andcarried by Earthly physicians in theirblack bags [GRAM911.

Virtual Interface Environment WorkstationIVIEWI. VIEW is a NASA development withhigh visibility, that is based on VirtualReality technology. Virtual reality is "the

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creation of highly interactive, computer-based multimedia environments in whichthe user becomes a participant with thecomputer in a 'virtually real' world"(HELS91]. In the words of the founder and

first Director of the VIEW Project:*

In the Aerospace Human FactorsResearch Division of NASA's AmesResearch C6nter, an interactive Virtual

Interface Environment Workstation(VIEW) has been doveloped as a new kindof media-based display and controlenvironment that is closely matched tohuman sensory and cognitivecapabilities. The VIEW system providesa virtual auditory and stereoscopicimage surrounding that is responsive toinputs from the operator's position,voice and gestures. . . . this variableinterface configuration allows anoperator to virtually explore a 360-degree synthesized or remotely sensedenvironment and viscerally interactwith the components.

The current (VIEW] system consists of awide-angle stereoscopic display unit,glove-like devices for multiple degree-of-freedom tactile input, connectedspeech recognition technology, gesturetracking devices, 3-0 auditory displayand speech-synthesis technology, andcomputer graphic and video imagegeneration equipment.

When combined with magnetic head andlimb position tracking technology, thehead-coupled display presenfs visualand auditory imagery that appears tocompletely surround the user in 3-Dspace. . . . [FISH91]

Scott S. Fisher, Project Director, 1985-90,following which he jointly founded TelepresenceResearch. Mr. Fisher holds an M.S. in MediaTechnology from MIT. (Source: Virtual Reality

(HELS91j)

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ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES: TWO MAJOREXAMPLES

PBO,J5CT EMPEROR-I. This is a wellknown hypermedia project, mergingmicrocomputer and videodisc hybridtechnologies. It has been ongoing since1984. It is a major research anddevelopment project which demonstrateshow new technologies enhance betterunderstanding and appreciation of asubject, in this case Chinese humanities,by delivering a large-scale online (real-time) hypermedia, multi-formatted, andmulti-dimensional information simply notpossible in sequential-formatted systems.The current hypermedia system includesan interactive information delivery modelfor providing, at rapid speeds measured in

fractions of of a second, requested relevantinformation in any format - visual, audio,textual - as selected by the viewers attheir pace and choice, including at the pointof need. The project now includes:

Two 12 inch NTSC CAV videodiscs,entitled "The First Emperor of China: DinShi Huang Di."

Interactive courseware, at both a laypublic and a serious researcher levels.Prototype courses have been developed forDigital Equipment Corporation's IVISsystems and for IBM PC compatibles. Latersystems now include the Apple MacintoshMac Ils.

Electronic image databases for IBMcompatibles and Mac Ils. Furtherdevelopment efforts have taken place withSOPHIATEC, Nice, France, and with theProject Athena of Massachusetts Instituteof Technology involving a powerfulmultimedia image system using DEC'sproprietary MUSE software for high-endmachines such as DEC's MicroVax and IBMRTs. The EMPEROR-I hypermedia systemhas also been looked at for use on Sun3s andSun4s.

High resolution imaging digitizationand electronic imaging has been performedon a Sun3-160 using OASIS software.

Converting and creating large textualfiles with images and Chinese characters

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Values'

using MicroTek's MSF-3000 imagescanner and INOVATIC's Readstar II Plusoptical character recognition software.Digital textual files are kept in the harddisks, but when the data approaches 400-500 megabytes, CD-ROM can be produced.

This project, housed at Simmons College,Boston, Massachusetts, and aided by manyinterested resources, both industry andacademic, is a masterful development. Thegoal uf the project's director, ProfessorChing-chi Chen, is to show that computerpower, storage technology, and softwareare now all available, at affordable cost, toprovide the opportunities for innovativeexperimentation of ideas in education,training, research and development innearly every subject field [CHEN88,CHEN901.

lntermedia. Brown University's Institutefor Research in Information andScholarship (IRIS), Providence, RhodeIsland, has developed a powerful multi-user hypermedia software that allowsprofessors, students, and other knowledgeworkers to create and follow links betweenelectronic documents for different types.This system is named "Intermedia." Thisproject defines hypermedia as the dynamiclinking of data such that related data iseasily accessible although the actual piecesof data may be stored in different physicallocations. In theory the data can be anytype, such as text, graphics, spreadsheets,video, or audio. Intermedia provides adesktop environment similar to that foundon the Macintosh. The desktop containsapplications (cr tools) such as a wordprocessor, a structured graphics editor, ahistorical timeline editor, a scanned-imageview, an animation editor, a videodisccontroller, and a viewer tha. displays androtates three dimensional m.,dels. Users(now termed "viewer" or "authors"), withthe tools just enumerated, enter data andlink significant items of informationtogether for a contextual viewing of thatinformation.

Because of the extensive differences in the

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storage sources of the information, theIntermedia development incorporated twonew concepts in th:1 handling of theinformation, the "anchor" and the 'proxy.-The anchor concerns maintainingconsistency across the applications; ananchor is a specific selection of data, a partof a document, with the surroundinginformation used to understand itssignificance. When a user follows a link,the document window opens to the size andlocation on the screen most recently saved,and automatically scrolls to the section thatreveals the anchor with its surroundinginformation. The proxy is an intermediaryconcept used by the viewer for selecting ananchor in disparate data sources, e.g., text,graphics, sound. The use of the data proxyconcept allows the viewer to visualize non-graphical and conceptual media, to havesimplicity in linking media, and to extendsystem applications to related data types[CATI.881,.

21st CENTURY FUTURES - THEY AREHERE - OR IF NOT, THEN NOT MORLTHAN 10 MINUTES AHEAD OF THETRUTH

There is so much technology on the boardsand coming up tha, the subject of futures isin itself expansive, much more than just inthe imagination. Science fiction in today'sterms must be more than outlandish,because a good part of yesterday's sci fi ishere. Examples: the following appear inThe Futurist, September-October 1990,Column: "Tomorrow in brief" --

A natural appearance prosthesis(e.g., artificial leg) made of carbon fiberand contained in a soft continuous coveringgives amputees greater mobility to theextent that they may take part in strenuousactivities such as rock climbing, cycling,and squash.

Customized computers are makingmore and more inanimate objects intosmart appliances, tools, and toys. Anexotic example is the "skidometer", amicroprocessor embedded in skis to

16

measure speed and elapsed time cn theslope. It is expected that major futuregrowth of microprocessor applications willbe In household appliances. Suchapplications will cause the use of thesedevices to grow from about 300 million in1989 to 500 million in 1995.

A recent OTA report providesrecommendations on reducing thetremendous costs of spacecraft.Alternatives suggested are:

Fatsars - spacecraft made of heavier,cheaper materials.

Lightsats - smaller spacecraft withfewer capabilities, thereby costing less tobuild and launch.

Microspacecraft small, ruggedsatellites containing very smallinstruments, which can be launchedseveral at a time from cannon-likelaunchers.

The Paris Transit Authority - RATP- has begun testing a new train it hopes toba the "metro of the year 2000." It is notsectioned off into single cars, but a long.single train, nicknamed 'The Boa,"allowing its 890 passengers to walk fromone end to the other. It is expected toreplace all first generation, non-pneumatic trains in the Paris metrosystem between 1998 and 2010.

Seiko Epson Co. Ltd. is producing ahand-held device, about the size of a TVremote control, that translates Englishwords into Japanese. You run it across apage; it looks up each word and matches theEnglish words to 30,889 Japanese words.(Product: Epson -MAN PRO-1000.)

A compact, desktop-size robot armcould help students jot down notes andconduct chemistry experiments. Developedby Systems Control of Middlesborough,England, It can be operated through anIBM-compatible computer and usesstandard, pretaught sequences. Students

1 1

can teach the robot new sequences thoughthe robot's keypad or the computerkeyboard.

An item of note, of interest to NASA people,concerns the development of solarsailcraft. In the column "Future scope' ofthe same issue the following appears:

Solar Seilcraft Will Race to Mars - Tohonor Columbus, racers set sights on a"new world" - Solar sallcraft from sixnations will compete in a race to Mars in1992 to commemorate the 500thanriversary of Christopher Columbus'sdiscovery of the New World. ... Thesails, which fly on the flow of photonsfrom the sun, will be ol various shapesand sizes ... . Most sails will be made ofmaterial that is thinner and lighter thanplastic food wrap. Folded into smallcanisters, the sails will be launched byrocket into high Earth orbit, where theywill unfurl. Source: U.S Inh:rnationalSpace Year Association... .

Let's narrow the field to the mystique ofinformation and its conveyance throughmultimedia.

Electronic City Hall - You win register tovote, sign up for racketball, and lodge acomplaint with the mayor, at an electronickiosk. Currently, in Mercer Island,Washington, an electronic informationbooth, called 'The 24-Hour City Hall; hasbeen set up near a grocery store to givecitizens 24-hour access to their municipalgovernment. Developed by PublicTechnology, Inc. (Pit), it uses an IBMmicrocomputer and multimedia technologyto give information on town meetings andlocal government services. Moreelectronic city halls are being set up inother U. S. communities. (The Futurist,September-October 1990, p.6)

Computer with "Brain Waves' - an IBMscientist and colleagues at ColumbiaUniversity designed a supercomputermodel for studying the area of the braincalled the hippocampus, an area associated

17

with epilepsy. The model unexpectedlybegan producing its own electrical waves,surprisingly similar to the brain waves ofthe hippocampus. If this is an accuratesimulation, 'experiments can be done onthe model as if it were an organism in itsown right." (The Futurist, September-October 1990, p.0)

From the magazine Verbum,' Winter90/91:

Mind Ware - tetc3. and Minds EyeSyn_ergizer (for the IBM). Light & SoundResearch, Pasadena, CA and SynecticSystems, Seattle, WA. These are twobrain-wave controllers, with acombination of special glasses andearphones that deliver strobe lights andsounds to entrain users' brain rhythms.Tile machines are based on the sameresearch that associated different brainwaves with various states of consciousness.Each can induce either the alpha state forquick relaxation or a body-relaxed butbrain-alert theta state for enhancedlearning via cassette tape. LI.Q2 by Light &Sound Research provides a microchip withten preset lighUsound combinations builtinto a controller box that its goggles andearphones hook into. It does not link with apersonal computer system and is not userprogrammable. Synectic Systems'MindsEve Synergizer provides a PC boardthat fits into a slot on an IBMPC/AT/XT/386 or compatible, along withgoggles, headphones and software. Thespecific light/sound combinations areprogrammable by the user. In fact, eacheye and ear may be programmedindependently. A separate kit lets

Verbum 4.3, Journal of Personal ComputerAesthetics, Winter 90/91. 'This is themagazine that helped spawn a revolution in theworld of personal computers by proposing thatthe creative spirit could work its magic throughsilicon, that the human hand and mind could usedigital media in the making of True Art. (Issuecove r)

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developers program applications in the Clanguage. (Verbum, p.44)

Video - DigiVidea (for the Mac). AappsCo.1.J., Sunnyvale, CA. This color real-time video board allow the user to displayand capture 24-bit images for actualcomputer processing, whether inteleconferencing or multimediaapplications. The board includes animproved tuner and supports 98 channels.It can ak:o display in black and white modeusing 128 gray levels. Also contained inthe package is Prefaced PublishersExposure, a color image grabber and colorpaint CDEV. (Verbum, p.47)

HyperMedia - ADDmotion (for the Mac).Motion Works, Vancouver, BC, Canada.ADDinotion adds mcdules to HyperCard 2.0that allow users to create animatedsequences. The software lets you edit andcreate full-color pictures, animate themand add four-track sound. Object-orientedand interactive animation allow flexibleanimation production. Cues in ADDmotionare passed back to HyperCard, providingcomplete interaction with the HyperTalkprogramming language. (Verbum, p.42)

Verbumalia: Cool Stuff To Order -Verbum Interactive. The first edition ofthe Verbum CD-ROM. Requires MacintoshII with 5 MB RAM and CD-ROM drive.Incredible interactive magazine in colorand sound with a Gallery of animation andmultimedia works . . . software demos,interactive articles, and much more!$4 9.95 (Verbum, p.60) The demoprograms are in part advertisers in themagazine. A two-disc set in interactiveformat. The music on the discs will alsoplay on a regular audio CD player.

In addition to some "brave new world-technologies I have tried to give a smallpanoply of what's going on in the new worldof multimedia - and have barely scratchedthe surface. Not touched here aremultimedia technologies such asMicrosoft's Windows and its extensions,enduser-level authoring systems from

13ILIC1);

Macro Mind, Authorware, and othercompanies, and IBM's magnificenteducational interative multimediaprojects "Ulysses* and "Columbus.*

AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OFMULTIMEDIA IN SCIENTIFIC ANDTECHNICAL INFORMATION

Multimedia is not an end in itself. Its roleis apparent in Grand Challenges: HighPerformance Computing andCommunications, a report issued in 1990by a committee supported by the NationalScience Foundation [CPME90]. Accordingto the committee, challenges facing theUnited States concern high performancecomputing systems, advanced softwaretechnology and algorithms, the creation of aNational Research and Education Network(NREN), and basic research and humanresources. These are the four majorcomponents of the Grand Challengesprogram. They in turn break down furtherinto more specific areas to be researchedand developed.

Multimedia is a result of and will beeffected by the outcome ot research anddevelopment in all four of the programcomponents. The very basic purposes ofthe high performance computing programwill be creation of advanced technologiesfor the collection and storing ofinformation, the accessing andtransmission of the information, theavailability of computer resources (bothlocal and remote) to process and re-process the information, and the collectionand storage of tailored information locallyto fill the needs of the local user. Theinformation will be constituted in all itspossible varieties -- text, numeric,graphic, sensory.

Multimedia means no longer asking forpaper or file output of text and numericdata. Multimedia means building anInformation base that suits its user. Thebase will be comprised of Leaaradinformation. If it includes text, the text

1 3

will be images of the print material, andwill be textually searchable, Le.,hypertext searchable. But the base will becomprised basically of images relevant tothe user's information need. The imageswill be both static and motion, viaanimation and video. The base is furthersupported by sound -- vocal, noise, andmusical; and graphics programs willpresent, process, and enhance theinformation; graphics in itself is anexpansive and distinct universe ofcomputer processing.

It is thus foreseen that a user's primarysource of working information will be themultimedia system information base thatthe user creates to serve his needs. Thiswill be a local system; information andcomputing resources may be accessedremotely, but such activity will besubsidiary in a supporting capacity to thelocal multimedia base.

The NASA Scientific and TechnicalInformation Program (STIP) sees the needfor incorporating new technologies into thehandling of STI. As stated by the Program'sDirector in the STIP strategic plan(ST1P91), "As we approach the year2000, there are many excitingopportunities for revolutionizing the waySTI is managed, thereby increasing itsvalue to NASA, the U.S., and ourinternational partners."

In summary, I would like to paraphrase anearlier paper [KUHN891: The NASAScientific and Technical InformationProgram Is at the threshold of its entryinto multimedia. Because the business ofSTIP is Information, there is a vastopportunity for looking at multimediaapplications, assessing their relevance tothe handling and processing of scientificand technical information in the NASAresearch and development community, anddeveloping multimedia implementations fordoing so.

As NASA STIP explores this area moreintensively, we find an increasing critical

19

requirement to coordinate and Interface allSTIP multimedia development to assist theNASA user in the quest for information.Multimedia in all its forms is establishingthe contextual handling of user-selected,user-relevant information. Contextualhandling of Information, regardless of itssource and form, and approximating thehuman manner of handling information, isthe reason for implementing multimediasystems.

In doing this paper on the subject ofmultimedia, though, note an irony -- it'spaper, it's without graphics, it's teletype-style sequential. Yet this Is the verge ofthe 21st Century. All the capabilities ofmultimedia expressed in this paper arepresent today.

All we need to do is to make the jump, andtoday that's hardly a large one.

§ § §

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Ms. Gladys A. Cotter, Director, NASAScientific and Technical InformationProgram (Code JTT), is thanked for herprogressive outlook on the informationworld today, thereby allowing our lookinginto the application of multimedia for theNASA Scientific and Technical InformationProgram.

Mr. Thomas A Wheeler, Multimedia DesignCorporation, Alexandria, Virginia, isthanked for providing planning and marketplace information that otherwise wouldhave had to be xtensively researched.

Ms. Karen M. Kays, of the STIP Office (CodeJTT), is thanked for leading the way withher extensive knowledge in multimediatechnologies.

CAVEAT

in this paper is by no means anendorsement. The companies and productsnoted simply serve to illustratepragmatically the many multimediaprograms and systems in use in privateindustry.

The mentioning of companies and products

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REFERENCES

[AMBR90] Sueann Ambron and KristinaHooper. Learning with InteractiveMultimedia: Developing and UsingMultimedia Tools in Education. MicrosoftPress, Redmond, Washington. 1990.

[BLAD91) Walter R. Blados. Duo Vadimus?Coming to Grips with the Information World.National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration, Scientific and TechnicalInformation Program, Washington, DC. May1991. NASA Technical Memorandum105138.

[CATL88) T. J. 0. Catlin, and K. E. Smith."Anchors for Shifting Tides: Designing a'Seaworthy' Hypermedia System? OnlineInformation 88, Proceedings, 1988 (See(ONLINE881).

[CHEN88] Ching-chih Chen. "HypermediaInformation Delivery: The Experience ofPROJECT EMPEROR I." Online Information88, Proceedings, 1988 (See [ONLINE88]).

[CHEN90) Ching-chih Chen. 'OnlineHypermedia Information Delivery.'National Online Meeting Proceedings - 1990(See [ONLINE90)).

(CPME901 Committee on Physical,Mathematical, and Engineering Sciences;Federal Coordinating Council for Science,Engineering, and Technology; Office ofScience and Technology Policy. GrandChallenges: High Performance Computingand Communications. The FY 1992 U.S.Research and Development Program. ToSupplement the President's Fiscal Year1992 Budget. [19901. Available fromCommittee on Physical, Mathematical, andEngineering Sciences, Go National ScienceFoundation, Washington, DC.

[CHRI901 Linda A Christman, Nam V. Hoang,and David R. Proctor. 'Life Sciences On-Line: A study in Hypermedia Application?SEPEC Conference Proceedings, 1990 (See[SEPEC90]).

[DAVIN] Randal L. Davis. "Hypertext As aModel for the Representation of ComputerPrograms. SEPEC ConferenceProceedings, 1990 (See [SEPEC90D.

(FISH91) Scott S. Fisher. 'VirtualEnvironments: Personal Simulations &Telepresence.' Virtual Reality: theory,practice, and promise. Ed. by Sandra K.Helsel and Judith Paris Roth. MocklerPublishing, Westpon, Connecticut. 1991.

[GRAM91) Ralph R. Grams, Final Report forNAG10-0041. 1990-1991, ClinicalPractice Library of Medicine - Librarianand Tutor. Volume I. University of Florida,College of Medicine, Department ofPathology, Medical Systems Group,Gainesville, Florida, 1991.

[HASH90] Safaa H. Hashim. "Ai Germ: A LogicProgramming Front End for Germ.' SEPECConference Proceedings, 1990 (See[SEPEC90]).

[HELS91) Sandra K. Helsel and Judith ParisRoth. Virtual Reality: theory, practice, andpromise. Meckler Publishing, Westport,Connecticut. 1991.

[KAYE91] Karen M. Kaye and Allan D. Kuhn.'Hypertext and Hypermedia in InformationRetrieval.' Bringing Down the Barriers toInformation Transfer/L'Abaissement deBarriéres s'Opposant au Transfer del'Information. Specialists Meeting,Technical Information Panel, AdvisoryGroup for Aerospace Research andDevelopment (AGARD), Held at the InstitutoNacional de lndustria, Madrid, Spain, 8-9October 1991; pp. 6-1 to 6-5.

[KUHN89] Allan D. Kuhn. Hypermedia: OurEntry into the Intenwingling Zone. DefenseApplied Information Technology Center,Alexandria, Virginia. DAITC HypermediaLaboratory Report Number 5, August 1989.Available from NTIS, AD-212 604.

(MOOR90) Jane Moorhead and Henry Brans."Experiment Document Information System(EDIS) Evolution." SEPEC ConferenceProceedings, 1990 (See [SEPEC90D.

[NELS87) Ted Nelson. Dream Machines (...the flip side of) computer Lib. TempusBooks of Microsoft Press, Redmond,Richmond. 1974, 1987.

[ONLINE88) Online Information 88, 12International Online Meeting, London 6-8December 1988. Learned Information(Europe) Ltd., Oxford, England.

(ONLINE90) National Online Meeting,Proceedings -1990, New York, May 1-3,1990. Learned Information, Inc., Medford,New Jersey.

[0S130901 Hugh Osbom. 'Media Computers,Motivation, and Informal Education:Gutenberg 2000? Learning withInteractive Multimedia: Developing andUsing Multimedia Tools in Education.Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington.1990.

[POCK90) Tony Pocklington and Lui Wang. 'AKnowledge Base Browser UsingHypermedia.' SEPEC ConferenceProceedings, 1990 (See [SEPEC90D,

(SEPEC90] SEPEC Conference Proceedings.Hypermedia & Information Reconstruction:Aerospace Applications & ResearchDirections, December 3-5, 1990, Houston,Texas. University of Houston-Clear Lake,NASA/Johnson Space Center, HypermediaWorking Group.

(STIP911 A Strategic Direction. NASAScientific and Technical InformationProgram (Code JTT), Washington, DC.1991.

[WALS91) Randal Walser. 'The EmergingTechnology of Cyberspace.' VirtualReality: theory, practice, and promise. Ed.by Sandra K. Helsel and Judith Paris Roth.Meckler Publishing, Westport, Connecticut.1991.

[WHEE91) Thomas A. Wheeler, MultimediaDesign Corporation, Alexandria, Virginia.Private Communication, June 18, 1991.Benefits of Multimedia and sample businessplan for multimedia program.

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...IPopitc reunno otoden for this coMection of mlonnauon n estunated toavet pIt I hour ow tespoine, mewling thi. tint* I or tretweng imtrucuom. WIIClung mop data 15101wCet,oathenns my tniantatatml the data netitd, and toandttling andfrotrong the collemon of iMormatton Send comendntstrefror cl,notthn !widen (Mune,' or any wee, ancx za Mfgti*iyiK" i flrurrt:tiro4,nr" ulntjcg2 1.4414:2:Xt90 (114 t8u,m, ,,,TAWa omP " C T aV V0=7 a:et;::: ftireteCX1'1 P rt ON'ta lnillt 4146 S). W:: ken 11g m. Z .11'1'1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE

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Quo Vadimus? Me 21st Century and Multimedia5. FUNDING NUMBERS

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Allan D. Kuhn

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13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)This paper relates the concept of computer-driven multimedia to the NASAScientific and Technical Information Program (STIP). Multimedia is defined hereas computer integration and output of text, animation, audio, video, and graphics.Multimedia is the stage of computer-based information that allows access toexperience. This paper also draws in the concepts of hypermedia, intermedia,interactive multimedia, hypertext, imaging, cyberspace, and virtual reality.Exasples of these technology developments are given for NASA, private industry,and academia. Examples of concurrent technology developments and implementationsare given to show how these technologies, along with multimedia, have put us atthe threshold of the 21st century. The STI Program sees multimedia as anopportunity for revolutionizing the way STI is managed.

14. SUBJECT TERMSMultimedia, Hypermedia, Computer integration, Computer output,Technology, Experience, Information Management, Scientific andW?slanlolrimfoffipion, STI, Scientific and Technical Informa -

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