Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera)

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2006

Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera) Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera)

Department of Agriculture and Food, WA

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Part of the Biosecurity Commons, and the Entomology Commons

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Department of Agriculture and Food, WA. (2006), Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera).

Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia, Perth. Bulletin 4691.

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Bulletin 4691

Replaces Bulletin 4638

ISSN 1833-7236 (Print)

1833-7244 (Online)

Australian Plague Locust((CChhoorrttooiicceetteess tteerrmmiinniiffeerraa))

IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER

The Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Agriculture and Food and the State of Western Australia

and their officers, employees and agents will not be liable, in negligence or otherwise, to any person for

anyloss, liability or damage arising out of an act or failure to act by anyperson in using, relying on or

disseminating any information, representation or statements contained in this publication.

© State of Western Australia, 2006

Australian Plague Locust(Chortoicetes terminifera)

Bulletin 4691

Replaces Bulletin 4638

ISSN 1833-7236 (Print)

1833-7244 (Online)

Page 4

AUSTRALIAN PLAGUE LOCUST

Table of Contents

Page No.

Locust Identification and Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

The Locust Control Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Landholder Locust Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Pastures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Grain Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Horticulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Viticulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Apiculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Organic Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Home Gardens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Insecticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Locust identification and biologyLocusts are particular species of grasshoppers thatoccasionally form dense, migratory swarms. TheAustralian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera)is a native insect found throughout Australia. It usuallyinhabits pastoral regions in relatively low numbers,but with favourable weather conditions, numbersincrease and locusts can migrate into the heart ofagricultural regions.

The Australian plague locust (APL) is the mosteconomically important grasshopper in Australia. Theimmature hopper stage damages mainly pasturesin farming areas, and gardens and lawns indomestic areas. They tend to avoid established greencrops, although the edges of crops can bedamaged. Adult locusts can form swarms and fly intoother areas, damaging pastures, ripening cereal, lupinand pulse crops, grapevines, fruit trees and nativetree seedlings. If crops have completely dried offbefore locusts begin flying, the possibility ofdamage is considerably less.


Description

Adult Australian plague locusts are between 24 and40 mm long; the females are larger than the males.They vary in colour from light to dark shades of greento brown. Adult features that identify the species arethe dark blotch at the outer edge of the hind wing,and the cadmium red colouration on the inside of thehind legs (Figures 1, 2, and 3).

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Figure 1: Adult Australian plague locust (brown form),showing the red inside of the hind leg.

Figure 2: Adult Australian plague locust (green form), showingthe red inside of the hind leg.

Figure 3:Adult Australianplague locust:note the darkblotch on thehind wing.

DEC JANFEB

MA

RA

PR

M

AYJUNJULAUG

SEP

OC

TN

OVFIRSTGENERATION

SECONDGENERATION

Non-diapause eggs

Diapause (resting) eggs

Adults

Laying

Hoppers

Hatching

Flight

Laying

Adults

Hoppers

Hatching

Flight

Life cycle

The Australian plague locust has three stages in itslife-cycle: egg, hopper and adult (Figure 4). In thesouth-west of Western Australia the locust cancomplete two generations each year; the firstgeneration occurring through winter, spring andsummer and the second generation through summerand autumn.

The Egg Stage

Eggs are laid in pods 3 to 8 cm under the ground,usually in bare, compacted soil (Figure 5). Duringwarm conditions, adult locusts are very active andtend to congregate to mate and lay their eggs.Extremely large numbers of egg pods may bedeposited over a small area. This area is called anegg bed. Favoured sites are hard, bare ground areasalong roadsides, sparse pastures, paddocks thathave been uncultivated for a number of years andalong fence lines and entrances to paddocks.

The incubation period depends on the time ofyear, temperature, and soil moisture. During summer,eggs develop very quickly and the incubationperiod may be only two weeks. If, however, the soilis dry, the eggs enter a state of quiescence when alldevelopment stops until the next rainfall.

During winter the incubation period lasts for severalmonths due to low temperatures and the eggsentering a diapause when development stops for aperiod. Over-wintering eggs do not need spring rainsto induce hatching.

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Figure 4: Life cycle of the Australian plague locust.

Figure 5: Australian plague locust pods of eggs

First stage

Second stage

Third stage

Fourth stage

Fifth stage

Sixth stage

Life size

10 mm

The Hopper Stage

The locusts that emerge from the eggs are 3 mm longand white. Within hours, their colour darkens. It takesbetween four and eight weeks for these smalllocusts or nymphs (Figure 6) to develop into adults.During this time they go through five growth stages(Figure 7), shedding their entire external skeleton atthe completion of each stage.

The stage of development is indicated by size andwing bud development (Figure 7). Two small budsfirst appear on either side of the thorax at the thirdstage when the locust is 10 mm long. By the fourthstage, the buds are as long as the collar behind thehead (pronotum) and the locust is 13 mm long. Thefifth and final immature stage is characterised by wingbuds that are twice the length of the pronotum andthe locust is 20 mm long.

The wings are not functional until the adult stage. Thisrestricts the distance the immature stages canmove. Newly-hatched locusts may not move for acouple of days, then they disperse into the sur-rounding fields. If temperatures are high, ground coversparse and there are few physical barriers, the locustscan begin reforming at the third growth stage andmove across the ground in bands with well-definedfronts.

The Adult Stage

Adult female locusts need a green food source tobecome sexually mature. Egg laying will be delayedin hot, dry periods but begins immediately after asignificant fall of rain. The delay may last several weeks.During this time the locusts use vital fat reserves tomaintain themselves and so fewer eggs are laid.

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Figure 6: Nymphs orhoppers are immaturelocust without functional wings.

Figure 7: Stages of development of the Australian plaguelocust, showing the development of wing buds.

The number of pods a female locust can laydepends on the amount of rainfall during thedevelopment period and the availability of green food.Given dry conditions, no eggs may be deposited,while three or more pods can be deposited if thedevelopment period is wet.

The number of eggs in each pod also depends onrainfall. If conditions are favourable, up to 72 eggsper pod will be laid, but in dry conditions, thedeveloping eggs are reabsorbed. The drier theconditions, the fewer eggs laid.

Adult locusts commonly make daytime flights overshort distances, moving a locust population up toseveral kilometres in a day. Night migrations, whichcan move a population 100 kilometres or more in oneevening, are less frequent. Migrations can be at anyangle to the prevailing wind but the swarm isdisplaced downwind.

Natural enemiesThere are several natural enemies of the Australianplague locust, such as birds, spiders, and wasps.Except for scelionid wasps, none of these naturalenemies are able to regulate locust numbers duringan outbreak. The scelionid wasps, parasitise locusteggs, and levels of parasitism in excess of 90 percent have been recorded at some egg bed sites.However, in Western Australia these wasps have beenfound only in the extreme south-western corner ofthe State.

The Locust Control ProgramA coordinated control program will be conducted bythe Department of Agriculture and Food, WesternAustralia, to reduce the formation of large, high densityswarms which, if left unchecked, could move largedistances and cause widespread damage.

Landholders will need to control hoppers and flyinglocusts that are causing damage on their ownproperties.

The Department has enough pesticide to sprayapproximately 400,000 hectares within areasdesignated as Priority Target Zones.

Other areas needing locust control will have to besprayed by landholders. It is envisaged that the totalarea treated for locust control by landholders will begreater than the area treated by the Department.

The main aim of control operations will be to kill locustsin the hopper stage. There is little potential to killswarms of flying locusts.

Control in Priority Target Zones

Priority Target Zones are areas of 200 squarekilometres or less that have the potential to producelarge, high-density swarms.

• The Department will apply the insecticidefenitrothion to areas of pasture 100 hectares orgreater with the most severe infestations withinthese Priority Target Zones. Sensitive areasinclude dwellings and farm buildings, farmdams used for aquaculture, permanent orrunning water bodies, organic farms, naturereserves and other environmentally sensitive areas.

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• Buffer zones of greater than 1.5 km upwind ofsensitive areas will be recognised by theDepartment when aerial spraying. Considerationwill also be given for a downwind buffer for highrisk sensitive areas, eg aquaculture facilities willhave a downwind buffer of 300 metres.

• Buffer zones of greater than 50 metres upwind ofsensitive areas when using a boomsprayer.Consideration will also be given for a downwindbuffer for high risk sensitive areas, eg aquacul-ture facilities will have a downwind buffer of50 metres.

• The Department will not spray within bufferzones.

• No spraying will occur near water bodies if a run-off event is expected within 72 hours.

Control in areas outside Priority Target Zones• All control measures outside designated Priority

Target Zones will be the responsibility oflandholders.

• Landholders will be responsible for controlmeasures to protect their own farming operations.In this way, it is anticipated that landholders willcollectively treat a larger area than theDepartment, which will contain more dispersedlocust populations.

• A number of products are available for use bylandholders for locust control (see Insecticidessection).

Communications• It is essential to maintain good communication

between the Department, landholders and thecommunity throughout the campaign for asuccessful management program.

• Landholders will be advised by their localDepartment office of the Local OperationsCoordinator who will be their contact personthroughout the campaign.

• The Department will provide landholders with aproperty number that will be required forcontacting and reporting in relation to the APLcampaign.

• Locust numbers for each property will be enteredon a database and the results used to definePriority Target Zones.

• Weekly and daily reports will also be available viaall regional and metropolitan mainstream andcommunity media channels (print, radio and TV),industry, community and environmentalpublications.

Further Information

• A statewide freecall 1800 084 881 is available torespond to enquiries.

• The Department’s website is updated daily(www.agric.wa.gov.au).

Monitoring

Landholders in the agricultural area will be asked tohelp define Priority Target Zones by participating ina monitoring program coordinated by the Departmentin September and October.

The procedure for the monitoring program is asfollows:

• Landholders will be asked to contact their LocalOperations Coordinator by telephone to report thecommencement of locust-hatching on theirproperty.

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• Local Operations Coordinators will adviselandholders when to begin formal monitoring.

• Details will be supplied on how to conductformal monitoring by using a Locust MonitoringSheet obtainable from the Local OperationsCoordinators.

• Results of the monitoring should be faxed orphoned to the Local Operations Coordinator onthe same day.

Landholders should monitor their properties atleast twice a week during September and Octoberand inform their Local Operations Coordinator of anysignificant increases in locust numbers. The LocalOperations Coordinator may carry out follow-upinspections to confirm information provided bylandholders.

The information provided by landholders will also beused to determine Priority Target Zones for controlactivities.

If a landholder’s property is in a Priority Target Zone,the landholder will be asked to identify sensitive areason his property and give permission for DAFWA tocarry out spraying operations. Department staff willthen carry out detailed surveys to identify paddocksthat have large enough locust infestations to warrantcontrol measures being undertaken. If a landholder’sproperty is not in a Priority Target Zone, thelandholder should continue monitoring on a regularbasis and inform their Local Operations Coordinatorwhenever locust numbers increase significantly. Theyshould also treat locusts on their own property if thereis a high risk of economic damage (see ManagementOptions under relevant industry sections).

Landholder Locust ControlThe control of infestations of locusts that cause localdamage to farming operations are the responsibilityof individual landholders, while the Department’scontrol program aims to reduce the formation of large,high density swarms that could fly and causemajor damage at other locations. The earlier adecision to control locusts is made, the greater thefinancial return.

The application of an insecticide over entirepaddocks is necessary to prevent extensivedamage from locusts. To achieve effective control,the best time to apply an insecticide is whenlocusts are at the hopper stage, and the majority areat the third and fourth growth stages (refer toFigure 7 on page 7 Stages of development of theAustralian plague locust). Treating small areas ofdense masses of nymphs immediately after hatchingcan also be worthwhile, but will only control a relativelysmall proportion of the total numbers within apaddock and may involve several sprays ashatching times are staggered. Sprays must beapplied directly onto the locusts and the vegetationon which they are feeding. Hoppers can becontrolled by applying an insecticide using a boomsprayer, mister or from an aircraft. Adult locusts aredifficult to control because of their mobility. The mosteffective means of controlling flying swarms is withultra-low volume (ULV) insecticide formulationsapplied through micronairs from an aircraft.

If locust swarms do form, they should be controlledwhen they first fly into an area where their feedingwill cause damage. It is important that landholdersare aware of the likelihood of locusts flying onto theirproperty and for them to stay vigilant.

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Barrier spraying to keep locust hoppers out of an areais not effective. Spraying as an anti-feeding deterrentto prevent damage from locusts that may fly into anarea is untested.

Care must be exercised when applying insecticideand property owners should use buffer zonesaround sensitive areas, such as dwellings anddams. There is also a risk with run-off into dams ifrain falls within four days after the application ofinsecticide. All insecticides are toxic to crustaceans.

Only insecticides that are registered or have specialpermits for use against the Australian plague locustcan be used. These are listed in the table on the backpage along with the rates at which they must beapplied. It is important that directions relating to ratesof application, safety issues, and withholdingperiods for harvest, grazing and slaughter of stockare followed. If stock is unavoidably over-sprayedor is being sent for export markets, contact Safemeatto determine the relevant withholding period.

A naturally occurring fungus, Metarhiziumanisopliae, known commercially as Green Guard®,has shown potential in the control of the Australianplague locust and would be appropriate for use insensitive areas and on organic farms. The fungusshould be applied when the locust hoppers are inthe early instars so there is time for it to kill a largeproportion of the locusts. Unlike other pesticides ittakes several days to have an effect and it will notprotect plants if significant damage is alreadyoccurring or is imminent.

It is recommended that landholders observe the bufferzones as per chemical label, around sensitiveareas. The Department will be observing thefollowing buffer zones when applying fenitrothion:

• Buffer zones of greater than 1.5 km upwind ofsensitive areas will be recognised by theDepartment when aerial spraying.

• Buffer zones of greater than 50 metres upwind ofsensitive areas when using a boomsprayer.

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• Adult locusts may fly into a paddock andalthough their stay may be short, they can stillconsume a considerable amount of pasture. It maynot be possible to effectively protect pasture inthese situations.

• Perennial pastures such as lucerne, long-seasonannual pastures and newly-sown pastures are atgreater risk of attack later in the season, since theytend to remain greener longer. Summer-activeperennial pastures can remain green over theentire APL incident and will be susceptible toattack for an extended period from Novemberonwards.

• Locust attack has the potential to destroy one totwo year old tagasaste and to strip older trees.

• Growers need to identify high value pasturepaddocks for special emphasis on controlmeasures. These include newly sown pastures,pastures set aside for specialist seed productionand lucerne.

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Pastures


Control Issues

Hopper and adult locusts can cause considerabledamage to pastures. It is estimated that 20 hoppersper square metre eat the equivalent of three to fivesheep per ha each day. Damage to pastures bylocusts will affect both the quantity and quality ofpasture.

• Locusts will consume green pastures andpastures that have begun drying off.

• Hoppers develop over six to eight weeks,depending on temperature. If green or dryingpasture is available over this period, hoppers maycomplete their development at one locality andconsume most of the pasture.

• Any degradation to pastures caused by locustsmay subsequently result in erosion in pronepaddocks. Consideration needs to be given to theincreased erosion risk on sandy soils if vegetativecover is removed. This may subsequently limitopportunities for grazing.

• Treatment of locust swarms will need to bewithin hours of them arriving, which meansfrequent monitoring from mid October onwards,if large infestations are in your area.

• Withholding periods for livestock grazing andslaughter should be observed at all times.

Management OptionsThe following management options should be takeninto account for pasture management during thelocust incident:

• Hopper control in pastures is economic if hopperdensities exceed 20 units per square metre, ifpasture is valued at the cost of replacement feedfor livestock.

• Adult locust control in pastures is economic iflocust densities exceed 10 units per square metre.

Other factors to consider in the decision to spraylocust hoppers in pasture include:

• Pasture availability – whether there is a surplusor deficit of pasture on the farm.

• Stage of pasture growth – green pastures andpastures that are drying off are very susceptibleto hopper attack, but pastures that havecompletely dried off are not favoured.

• When the pasture has completely dried off,other green plant material in the paddock ornearby may be damaged, for example, treeseedlings.

• If you consider it necessary to spray for locustsrefer to Insecticides, for chemical options andrates.

• Abide by the withholding period in sprayedpaddocks.

• Where possible, the over-spraying of stockshould be avoided. Otherwise, withholdingperiods apply.

• Consider spray-topping or hay-freezing additionallow-value pasture paddocks. You will need toconsider the relative costs of these pasturemanagement treatments versus spraying locusts– which is the cheapest?

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• Consider grazing or spraying established lucerneor other perennial pastures prior to locust attack.

• Producers in Priority Target Zones shoulddevelop strategies to cope over a summerwithout any dry pasture. Producers outsidethese areas should be considering strategies tocope with a 50 per cent reduction in pasturequantity (Note – whilst it is impossible toaccurately predict losses, previous experiencesuggests producers should be planning for theworst case).

Strategies to consider include:

• Reducing carrying capacity by selling livestockand/or agistment.

• Fodder conservation by making silage, hay andsacrificing crops.

• Supplementary feeding in conjunction withestimates of feed reserves, feed budgeting,retaining grain and lot feeding.

Grain CropsControl Issues

Crops such as wheat, barley and particularly oatsare susceptible to damage from locusts. Thesusceptibility of lupins, canola, chickpeas, field peasand faba beans is uncertain, but all could potentiallybe attacked while they remain green.

• Established green crops tend to be avoided byhoppers, although the edges of crops can bedamaged.

• Crops that are beginning to dry off when locustsbegin to fly are susceptible to damage.


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• Locusts cause little if any damage to crops thathave dried off.

• Even slight damage to grain crops could justifythe costs of control.

• As a general rule, hopper and adult numbersshould be closely monitored, and if any damageis seen, then spraying should be commencedimmediately.

• Cooperative Bulk Handling (CBH) has receivalstandards for locust body parts and graindamaged by locust feeding.

• Comply with withholding periods for anyinsecticides sprayed on crops.

Management Options

• Assess how much of the cropping program andindividual crops are at risk.

– Canola after leaf drop – low risk.

– Lupins Pod bronzing – low risk.

– Pulses Pod yellowing – low risk.

– Cereal completely dried off – low risk.

• Conduct a cost/benefit analysis of locust control.

• Take into consideration the cost of running overthe crop (crop damage) with a boomsprayerversus application by a mister or aircraft.

• Consider how long it will take to spray using aboomsprayer versus application by a mister oraircraft.

• Limit swath width of misters to 50 metres.

• Consider crop desiccation in mid-October in aneffort to make crops unattractive to swarmingadults.

Horticulture

Control Issues

Horticultural enterprises most susceptible to hopperattack include cultivated turf, including playing fields,parklands and golf courses, and vegetable crops.

• Other horticultural enterprises are mainlysusceptible to adult locusts rather than hoppers.However, horticultural enterprises such as cutflowers, nurseries, grape vines and fruit treesshould be monitored for damage.

• Comply with withholding periods for anyinsecticides sprayed on crops.

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Management Options

• Control in horticultural crops should be initiatedas soon as any hopper damage becomesevident. The cost of control is almost certain tobe less than the cost of even minor locustdamage.

• Due to the high value of horticultural crops,landowners will have to act immediately if a swarmof locusts arrives.

ViticultureControl Issues

This spring and summer large numbers of locustswill be produced in the eastern, south-central andsouth-coastal agricultural areas of the South-Westagricultural region. Locusts will begin flying inOctober.

• Although grapevines do not appear to be afavoured host plant, when large numbers of insectsare present extensive damage may occur,particularly on boundary rows.

• Damage to vineyards is erratic in that locusts willfly over some vineyards and then land and feedon others.

• Damage to vineyards can be extensive with adultlocusts stripping vines off leaves in hours.

• Vines planted this year are more likely to be killedthan mature vines. They have little carbohydratereserves in their stem and root systems. If asignificant proportion of the leaves are eaten,particularly if the locust attack occurs in earlyspring, the young vines are likely to die.

• If the leaves of mature vines are eaten the vinewill usually recover. If damage occurs early in theseason, yields will be decreased and fruit qualitymay suffer. These vines should however producenormally the following year.

• Where insecticide treatment is considerednecessary, it is likely that treatment will not be 100per cent effective and that repeat treatments maybe required.

• Over a period of two to three weeks, locustscan fly up to 200 kilometres.

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Management Options

• Monitoring for locusts should be undertaken fromearly September onwards.

• Control in vineyards should be initiated as soonas any hopper damage becomes evident. The costof control is almost certain to be less than the costof even minor locust damage.

• Due to the high value of vineyards, landownersshould act immediately if a swarm of locustsarrives.

• In areas containing high locust egg numbers,consideration should be given to postponing anynew vine plantings until the following year.

• Locust hatchings are not likely to be in vineyardsmore than one year old. Treating areas of highlocust concentration in adjoining pasturepaddocks before they attack.

• Vines is likely to be more effective. Whereimmature hoppers are invading vineyards fromadjacent pastures, an insecticide barrier shouldbe applied across the line of advance.

• Where damage to vines is likely to result fromnymphs originating near the vineyard, sprayingwith insecticides registered for locust control invines (see back page - Insecticides) should beeffective.

• Chemicals:

– Read the label carefully.

– Do not spray chemicals which have no registration to control locusts on vines;

– Observe withholding periods.

– Grape growers and winemakers who are exporting wine should refer their enquiries to the Australian Wine Research Institute.

– Grape growers should seek advice from their chosen winemaker regarding the suitability of insecticides to use on their vines.

• During the 1990 APL incident, some vineyardswere frequently treated with insecticides whichwere not registered for use in vines. In thefollowing years these vineyards had severe rustmite infestations.

• Where locusts fly into an area, damage can bevery swift and severe and it may not be possibleto effectively protect the vines. Any decision totreat in these circumstances must be made oncommercial grounds. Treatment of locusts willneed to be within hours of them arriving, whichmeans frequent monitoring from Septemberonwards.

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TreesControl Issues

Locusts eat green plant material – their preferredfoods are green grass and green cereals. Theimmature hoppers will initially emerge from anddevelop in pasture paddocks. When the pastures areeither eaten out or dry-off, any other green plantmaterial is susceptible.

• Most tree species are susceptible to attackfrom locusts, including native (eucalypts, she-oaksand wattles) and introduced (pines, olives,pistachio, etc.) species.

• Some species appear to be more susceptible todamage and death from attack than others, e.g.Allocasuarina huegeliana and some provenancesof Eucalyptus camaldulensis.

• Damage to trees during the APL outbreak mayresult from immature locusts (hoppers) which havedeveloped on site or nearby (hoppers cannot flybut can travel hundreds of metres) or from adultlocusts which fly into a site.

• Locusts are less likely to do significant damagein plantations with closed canopies.

• Damage to trees can be unpredictable from bothimmature hoppers and adult locusts that fly in.

• Trees remain green over the entire period thelocusts are active and could be susceptible toattack over an extended period from Novemberthrough to next autumn (if summer rainfall allowsthe locusts to produce another generation oversummer).

• Where insecticide treatment is considerednecessary, it is likely that treatment will not be 100

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per cent effective and that repeated treatmentsmay be required. This is especially the case withtrees given that they are susceptible over a longperiod.

• In recent years, large numbers of Landcare, natureconservation and commercial tree species havebeen planted. All of these trees are also at riskof damage by locusts.

• Younger trees (less than three years-old) are atgreatest risk of attack and are more likely to bekilled than mature trees.

• Plantation trees are at reduced risk of attack fromimmature locust hoppers once the trees havedeveloped a closed canopy.

• Trees planted individually or in narrow bands areat increased risk of damage from immaturehoppers.

• Most damage to trees will be from adult locusts.

• Greatest risk of damage will be in areas wherethe highest numbers of locust eggs were knownto occur over winter.

• Any setback of growth could have an adverseeconomic impact on commercial tree plantings.

• Seed collection may be affected.

Management Options

The following actions and management of treesshould be taken into account during the APLcampaign:

• Monitoring for locusts should be undertaken fromearly September onwards.

• In areas of high risk of locust attack, considera-tion should be given to postponing any new treeplantings.

• Locust hatchings are not likely to be inrevegetation areas more than one-year-old, andtherefore most control will not be on revegetationareas. Treating areas of high locust concentrationin adjoining pasture paddocks before theyattack trees is likely to be more effective.

• Consideration should be given to grazingtagasaste to capture the grazing value prior tolocust damage.

• Consideration should be given to netting high-value trees such as pistachio where it iseconomically viable. However, there have beenreports of locusts ‘eating’ shade cloth andnetting.

• Where there is a market, oil mallee trees could beharvested prior to a predicted attack.

• Where damage to trees is likely to result fromnymphs originating near the trees, sprayingwith approved insecticides may be effective (seeInsecticides section).

• Where locusts fly into an area, damage can bevery swift and severe and it may not be possibleto effectively protect the trees. Any decision totreat in these circumstances must be made oncommercial grounds. Treatment of locusts willneed to be within hours of them arriving, whichmeans frequent monitoring is a necessity, fromNovember onwards.

• Tree plantings may be protected from locusts inthe hopper stage invading from adjoining pastureareas by treating a band of pasture around theedge of the planting. Several treatments may berequired.

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AquacultureControl Issues

• Spraying locusts will commence in early October.

• The chemical being used for the bulk of theDepartmental spraying is fenitrothion, which istoxic to crustaceans such as yabbies andmarron and may possibly affect the health of otherfish.

• Aquaculturists need to ensure they takeappropriate action to safeguard their animals.

• Any dam or tank containing crustaceans or fin fishmay be at risk from chemical spraying to combatlocusts.

• Early liaison and communication with your LocalOperations Coordinator and neighbours isessential.

Management Options

• In Priority Target Zones located in Shires with anextreme locust risk, the Department will bedistributing maps of individual properties tolandholders prior to the commencement ofspraying. It is important that you clearly mark onthis map any areas that are “sensitive” and shouldnot be sprayed.

• The areas identified should include all dams orponds containing aquaculture stock and anysensitive catchment areas.

• A Department surveyor will mark on the map thelocation of locust infestations to be sprayed. Thepilot will use the map to spray the locusts whileavoiding the sensitive areas marked in it.

• A buffer zone of 1.5 km upwind and 300 metresdownwind and to the side will be maintainedaround these sensitive areas to minimize the riskof spray drift. Consideration will also be given fora downwind buffer for high risk sensitive areas,eg aquaculture facilities will have a downwindbuffer of 300 meters.

• Buffer zones of greater than 50 meters will bemaintained upwind of sensitive areas whenusing a boomsprayer. Consideration will also begiven for a downwind buffer for high risk sensitiveareas, eg aquaculture will have a downwind bufferof 50 meters.

• Where landholders are conducting their ownspraying, aquaculturalists should liaise withneighbours and discuss sensitive areas and bufferzones and how they affect intended sprayingprogrammes, well before spraying commences.

• A small risk has been identified associated withrun-off into dams and tanks. If rain falls within four

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days of application and sediments from areas thathave been sprayed washes into dams, it isimportant not to harvest from these damsimmediately. Fenitrothion breaks down rapidly inwater and is unlikely to result in residues in stock,however recommended withholding periodsshould be observed.

Other management options aquaculturists maywish to consider include:

• Transferring aquaculture stock to several maindams that are to be quarantined from sprayingto minimise the number of dams that need to beexcluded from spraying; and

• Harvesting stock from dams that may bethreatened and transferring them to alternativeholding facilities before replacing back intodams at least four days after spraying.

• Should you have any concerns regarding thespraying procedures for your property, pleasecontact your Local Operations Coordinator in thefirst instance.

• For advice on aquaculture please contact theAquaculture Council of WA on (08) 9492 8888 or the Department of Fisheries on (08) 9482 7333.

ApicultureControl Issues

This spring and summer, insecticides will be usedover a large area of the South-West agricultural regionto control locust infestations. These chemical sprayswill also kill bees.

• Beekeepers need to keep informed about theDepartment’s and landholders’ spray programsif bee losses are to be avoided.

• Horticulturists are likely to spray their crops eventhough many are netted. Locusts have beenreported as ‘eating’ shade cloth and netting.

• The Department and farmers may only be ableto provide a 24 to 48 hour warning to beekeepers

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of their intention to spray insecticides andtherefore it may not be possible for beekeepersto move all their apiaries out of an affected areain time.

• Beekeepers may need to avoid some honey flowsthis season due to spraying for locusts.

• Beekeepers contracting pollination services togrowers in locust-affected areas will need to takeinto consideration the possibility of having to movetheir bees during the pollination period, due tothe application of insecticides, which may affectthe conditions of their pollination contract.

Management Options• Keep yourself informed on APL issues and

planned spraying programs.

• Consider moving hives to honey flows in theGoldfields, if nectar resources are available, toavoid the risk of pesticide sprays that kill bees.

• In susceptible areas, liaise with the Department’sLocal Operations Coordinators and local farmerswithin a 7 km radius of apiaries (15 km ifattractive crops such as canola are flowering) ofintended spraying programs. Move bees awayfrom affected areas before they are likely to besprayed.

• If more than one apiary is located in a susceptiblearea, arrange for another beekeeper to assist withmoving the apiaries at short notice to analternative safe area.

• Beekeepers involved in pollination services mayneed to consider changing the condition oftheir pollination contract to permit the movementof hives, if their bees are threatened by theapplication of insecticides to control locusts duringthe pollination period.

Organic FarmsControl Issues

Organic farms are considered sensitive areas by theDepartment and no insecticide will be sprayed inthese areas by the Department.

• It is the responsibility of the landholder toidentify the organic farm for the Department.

• Spraying locusts will commence in early October.

• Early liaison and communication with your LocalOperations Coordinator and neighbours isessential.

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Organic farming management options• In Priority Target Zones located in Shires with an

extreme locust risk, the Department will bedistributing maps of individual properties tolandholders prior to the commencement ofspraying. Organic farming operations either onor neighbouring the property should be clearlymarked.

• A Department surveyor will mark on the map thelocation of locust infestations to be sprayed. Thepilot will use the map to spray the locusts whileavoiding the sensitive areas marked in it.

• A buffer zone of greater than 1.5 km upwind willbe maintained around homesteads when aerialor mister spraying. Consideration will also be givenfor a downwind buffer for high risk sensitive areas,eg aquaculture facilities will have a downwindbuffer of 300 meters.

• Buffer zones of greater than 50 meters upwindwhen using boomsprayers for fenitrothionapplications will be maintained around thesensitive areas. Consideration will also be givenfor a downwind buffer for high risk sensitive areas,eg aquaculture facilities will have a downwindbuffer of 50 meters.

• Where landholders are conducting their ownspraying, organic farmers should liaise withneighbours and discuss sensitive areas and bufferzones and how they affect intended sprayingprograms, well before spraying commences.

• It is not possible to spray a protective buffer zonearound organic farming operations becauseregistered insecticides do not have any residualproperties beyond two or three days and it willbe very difficult to predict when locusts will arriveon a particular property and from which direction.

• A naturally occurring fungus, Metarhiziumanisopliae, known commercially as GreenGuard®, has shown potential in the control of theAustralian plague locust and would beappropriate for use on organic farms. The fungusshould be applied when the locust hoppers arein the early instars so there is time for it to kill alarge proportion of the locusts. Unlike otherpesticides it takes several days to have anaffect and it will not protect plants if significantdamage is already occurring or is imminent.

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Home GardensControl Issues

• This spring and summer large numbers oflocusts will be produced over a large area of theSouth-West agricultural region.

• Initially locusts will be distributed in paddocks onfarms but hoppers and adult locusts in particularare very mobile and will move to homesteads andrural towns. Because of the concentration ofirrigated plants in gardens relative to surroundingareas, locusts can quickly build up to highnumbers in gardens causing damage. Locusthoppers and adult locusts may enter gardens overa number of weeks.

• Homesteads and rural towns have beendesignated sensitive areas and will not besprayed by the Department.

• A buffer zone of greater than 1.5 km upwind willbe maintained around homesteads when aerialor mister spraying, and greater than 50 metresupwind when using boomsprayers for fenitrothionapplications. Consideration will also be given forhigh risk sensitive areas.

• Buffer zones of 1.5 km will be maintained aroundtownships for fenitrothion applications.

Management Options• The damage that large numbers of locusts can

do to gardens can only be stopped by the use ofinsecticides.

• Because gardens can be damaged quickly,landowners would have to act immediately if aswarm of locusts arrives.

• Nurseries and hardware retailers can supply thesmall quantities of insecticides for individual homegardens and advise on their safe use.

• It is important that label directions relating to ratesof application of insecticides in gardens arefollowed.

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Health and SafetySeveral control options have been explored,including bio-control, but the only effective way toreduce the locust population is through the use ofinsecticides.

The Department has decided to use fenitrothion,which is recommended for use by the AustralianPlague Locust Commission and is used throughoutAustralia.

The Department’s application of fenitrothion isgoverned by strict control regimes including bufferzones around residences and sensitive areas suchas waterways and public water supply dams.

Professional contract sprayers, who are licensed bythe Department of Health, will combine with farmersto undertake the control program, which includes bothaerial and ground spraying.

A training program is underway to ensure fenitrothionis used safely and responsibly. The training coverssafe preparation and use, disposal of containers,chemical rates, buffer zones and other labelrequirements.

Farmers will also use other common insecticides tohelp control locusts on their properties.

What is fenitrothion?

Fenitrothion is an organophosphate insecticidethat is regularly used to protect stored grain frominsect damage and to control insects in crops andpastures.

It is registered by the Australian Pesticides andVeterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) for the control

of locusts and has recently been reviewed by theAuthority as part of its regular chemical reviewprogram.

Is it toxic?

The acute toxicity of chemicals, where there is a one-off high dose exposure, is categorised according toa scale of low, moderate and high.

In this regard, fenitrothion as a concentrated productis regarded as having moderate acute toxicity (one-off high dose exposure).

However, when the product is diluted for applicationin the field, the toxicity decreases markedly.

While people preparing and applying the spray haveto wear protective clothing according to labelrequirements, the chemical can be used safelywithout risk to the health of the operator or the nearbypublic.

Chemicals are also categorised according to chronictoxicity, where there is low dose exposure over anextended period of time.

Fenitrothion when sprayed in the field is not a threatto human health in relation to chronic toxicity (low doseexposure over an extended period of time).

Although fenitrothion can be absorbed into thebody, it is rapidly broken down and quickly excreted.

Scientific data from the APVMA shows thatfenitrothion does not cause cancer.

Like all organophosphates, fenitrothion can affect thenervous system – but in the case of fenitrothion thisis only seen at high doses. An antidote is available

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to treat organophosphate poisoning effectively andmedical attention should be sought immediately ifthis occurs.

Chemicals registered in WA for use against theAustralian Plague Locust

The following chemical information table is providedas a guide for control of Australian plague locust, butproduct labels should be carefully read inconjunction with this information. Rates ofapplication must not exceed the label rate for eachcrop.

Observe ‘buffer zones’ around sensitive areas suchas farm buildings, dams, aquaculture dams,wetlands etc. The buffers for aerial application offenitrothion are greater than 1.5 km upwind ofsensitive areas. For boomspraying applications offenitrothion, the buffer zone is to be greater than 50metres upwind. Consideration will also be given fora downwind buffer for high risk sensitive areas, egaquaculture facilities will have a downwind buffer of300 metres for aerial spraying, and 50 metres forboomspraying. For information on buffer zones forother chemicals please refer to the label of thechemical that is being used.

Avoid overspraying stock. If overspraying does occur,observe the ‘Withhold from slaughter’ periods.

Producers of export livestock should seek advice ongrazing export animals on treated pastures.

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If you need more information andadvice you can contact:

• Australian Pesticides and VeterinaryMedicines Authority websitewww.apvma.gov.au

• Department of Agriculture and Food:

– local offices throughout the State

– website: www.agric.wa.gov.au

– Pest and Disease Information Service- Phone: 1800 084 881

• Department of Health: – Pesticide Safety Unit

- Phone: 9383 4244

• Poisons Information Centre - Phone: 131 126

• Rural Financial and Family Counselling - Phone: 1800 198 231

• Safemeat - information on ExportSlaughter Intervals and Export GrazingIntervals and Export Animal FeedIntervalswww.safemeat.org

• Your family doctor

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Grazing withholding periods1. Export Animal Feed Interval (EAFI)

The minimum period that must elapse between theapplication of a chemical and grazing or harvestingthe crop/pasture for animal feed.

2. Export Slaughter Interval (ESI)

The minimum period that must elapse betweenremoval of grazing livestock to clean pasture or feedand slaughter, where the livestock have beengrazing the crop/pasture prior to expiry of theexport animal feed interval.

3. Export Grazing Interval (EGI)

The minimum period that must elapse between theapplication of a chemical and slaughter of the stock,where grazing has continued on the crop/pasture fromthe time the chemical was applied.

For further information see the SAFEMEAT brochuresthat can be obtained from their website atwww.mla.com.au

Key Points• ESIs & EGIs do not appear on the product label

– see the above table.

• On the National Vendor Declaration form, answerYes to Q5 (sheep) and/or Q6 (cattle) if the stockmay have been exposed to locust sprays and arestill within the ESI or EGI.Warning! For the synthetic pyrethroid group ofchemicals used on drying pasture the EGI doesnot commences until the next break of theseason unless no feed is left. Syntheticpyrethroids include: alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lamda-cyhalothrin and gammacyhalothrin.

• If feed is drying or dried off – these intervals areinsufficient. If stock remain on sprayed areas, thenneed to comply with the ESI (ie 42 days on cleanfeed before slaughter). If cattle are expected tobe turned off before the break of the next seasonand alternative feed is unlikely to be available,then it best not to use synthetic pyrethroids.

• Farmers should refer to chemical labelwithholding periods (WHP), which only apply todomestic markets. Animals destined for domesticmarkets need not comply with export standards.


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InsecticidesCHEMICALS REGISTERED FOR THE CONTROL OF THE AUSTRALIAN PLAGUE LOCUST IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Read chemical label before application

• There are many products with different trade names that contain the same active ingredient. This list is not exhaustive and does not imply any specific recommendations of brand names.

• EC - Emulsifiable concentrate, ULV – Ultra low volume.• Withholding period (WHP) - number of days are given for: (H) - Harvest withholding period. For grazing WHP’s refer to

chemical label and export withholding periods (ESI, EGI, EAFI) intervals are listed below in days.• Avoid overspraying stock. Refer to labels for withholding grazing periods for domestic markets. For animals destined for

export: if overspraying does occur, withhold stock for slaughter until the export slaughter interval (ESI) on clean feed ismet. Or the export grazing interval (EGI) on treated crops/pasture.

• Many products are dangerous to fish and crustaceans. Do not contaminate ponds, rivers or waterways and do not sprayflowering crops when bees are foraging.*** Subject to APVMA application for temporary permit 1/9/2004 - 31/12/2006

• Use of chemicals will be restricted to crops for which there are current registrations for other pests. Rates of application must not exceed the label rate for each crop.

• Rates of application in the table are given in mL/ha

Chemical formulation Trade name Pastures Cereals Canola or Forest trees Harvest and Grazingand concentration Lupin or or Agricultural Withholding

Pulse crops Non-crop period

Alpha-cypermethrin ***

EC 100 g/L Alpha-cypermethrin, Alpha Duop, 160 160 160 - 200 300 7-28(H)Alphamax100, Alpha100, ESI 42Alphasip Duo, Alpha-Cyp100 Duo, EGI 56Alpha-Scud Elite, Astound Duo, Buzzard, Centaur, Dictate Duo, Dominex 100, Dominex Duo, Fastac Duo, Ken-Tac 100, Unialphacyper.

ULV 16 g/L 1000 1000 1000 - 1250 1250 - 2500

Beta-cyfluthrin ***

DUO 25 g/L Bulldock Duo 200 400 400 7-14(H)ESI 42EGI 56

ULV 8 g/L Bulldock 8UL - 625 - 1250 625 - 1250

Carbaryl

Flow 500 g/L Bugmaster, Carbaryl 1200 -1400 1200 -1400 3(H)EAFI 7ESI 7EGI 7

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Insecticides (table cont.)

Chemical formulation Trade name Pastures Cereals Canola or Forest trees Harvest and Grazingand concentration Lupin or or Agricultural Withholding

Pulse crops Non-crop period

Chlorpyrifos

EC 300 g/L Lorsban 300 600 600 or 950 10(H)EAFI 10ESI 21EGI 28

EC 500 g/L Agricultural Insecticide, Bar, 350 350 10(H)Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrimax, Fortune, EAFI 10Generifos, Kensban, Lorsban, ESI 21Pest Controller, Profos, Strike Out. EGI 28

Diazinon

EC 800 g/L Diazinon, Diazol 700 700 700 14(H)EAFI 14ESI 14EGI 28

Fenitrothion

EC / ULV 1000 g/L Fenitronthion 270 – 325 270 – 325 14(H)EAFI 14ESI 14EGI 14

Fipronil

SC 200 g/L Regent 200SC 6.25 14(H))EAFI 14ESI 14EGI 21

UL 3.0 g/L Adonis 3UL (Restricted use) 420

Lamda-cyhalothrin ***

CS 250 g/L Karate with Zeon 20 20 24 -36 7-14(H)Matador with Zeon ESI 42

EGI 56

Gamma cyhalothrin ***

CS 150 g/L Trojan 20 20 24 -36 7-14(H)ESI 42EGI 56

Maldison

EC 500 g/L Maldison 1200 - 1700 1200 - 1700 1200 - 1700 3(H)

EC 1150 g/L Hy-Mal 750 750 750

Biological control – naturally occurring Australian fungusMetarhizium anisopliae var. acridum

SC 150 g / 1.8kg Green Guard SC 75 g of spores / 75 g of spores / 75 g of spores / 75 g of spores /150-450 L 150-450 L 150-450 L 150-450 L

water water water water

ULV 300 g/L Green Guard ULV 40 - 250 40 - 250 40 - 250 40 - 250

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Documents

Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera)