Australian barley for pigs: value and opportunityuat.aegic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Hosking-ABTW-China-2018... · World grain production 2017/18 mmt (million metric tonnes)

Australian Barley Quality Technical Workshop – China 20182018中国– 澳大利亚大麦质量技术研讨会

Australian barley for pigs: value and opportunity

Brenton HoskingConsultant to AEGIC


Australian barley

World grain

Australian grain industry

Value and opportunity: applications in pig feeds


Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Ancient grain, many types, grown on all continents except Antarctica

Differs in:• Number of seeds on the head (2- and 6- row)• Presence or absence of hull• Spring or winter (vernalisation)• Starch type (normal or waxy)• Aleurone (seed) colour• Feed, forage and food applications

Barley as a world grain


World grain production 2017/18

mmt (million metric tonnes)

1075

759

486

142

59

0 500 1000 1500

Corn

Wheat

Rice

Barley

Sorghum WASDE, March 2018(mmt)


World barley production and exports

58.78.0

20.28.7

3.27.9

0 20 40 60 80

European UnionAustralia

RussiaUkraine

ArgentinaCanada

6.05.8

5.24.9

2.11.50

0 2 4 6 8

European UnionAustralia

RussiaUkraine

ArgentinaCanada

(mmt) (mmt)

Production Exports


Australian barley industry

Predominantly 2-row, spring type barley – malting characteristics

High quality storage facilities and management

Robust and reliable grading systems for grain trade from paddock to end-user

Generally harvested under low moisture conditions - low risk for mycotoxins and contaminants


Australian barley Domestic feed use and applications

Production typically about 8 Mmt/year

• 5.5 Mmt/year feed grade• 2.5 Mmt/year malt grade• Grown in same regions as

wheat and sorghum • Generally used in combination

with wheat and/or sorghum


Australian stockfeedproduction

(thousand metric tonnes)

761

1406

793

2942

3111

3176

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

OtherPig

LayerBroilerDairyBeef

Feed barley typical use1.3mmt/year domestic consumption

4.2mmt/year exported

SFMA 2016


Raw material use in Australian livestock

feeds %

4024

910

31

1012

WheatBarley

SorghumVegetable protein

Animal proteinFats & Oils

Co-productsMolasses

Minerals & premix

0 20 40 60

SFMCA 2016

Feed barley typical use in pig feeds c.150-200 ktonnes per year

%


Barley is a useful grain for pigs – but it is not wheat and it is not corn

Chemical and physical differences –Composition, grain size, bulk density and hardness contribute to differences in formulation, handling and milling


Concentrations of key nutrients for pigs

Barleya Corna Wheata AusBarleyb AusWheatbMoisture 13.3 13.6 11.8 10.7 10.1Protein % 10.1 8.2 12.7 10.8 12.1Fat % 1.8 3.7 2.4 1.9 2.0Fibre % 4.6 2.2 1.5 3.6 1.8Starch % 52.2 64.1 59.6 57.6 67.6Choline mg/kg

1027 1100 800 nd nd

DE swineMJ/kg

12.8 14.2 15.0 13.2 14.2

a Evapig, 2018; b TSS Grain intake report, 2017


Digestible (SID) amino acid and selected mineral contents of

corn, barley and wheat at typical protein content

Barley Corn WheatProtein % 10.1 8.2 12.7SID essential amino acid1

Lysine % 0.42 0.19 0.29Methionine % 0.18 0.16 0.16M+C % 0.42 0.33 0.34Threonine % 0.34 0.25 0.26Arginine % 0.65 0.35 0.40Isoleucine % 0.37 0.27 0.29Valine % 0.52 0.35 0.42Calcium % 0.09 0.04 0.07Av. phosphorus % 0.36 0.26 0.34

1 Evapig 2018


Physical differences between barley, corn and

wheat

Constituent Barley Corn Wheat100 Grain Weight (g) 4.2 35 4.8Bulk Density (kgm-3) Raw 620 720 750Bulk Density (kgm-3) Milled 630 720 820Particle size (mm)a 0.617 0.894 0.544Gelatinizationtemperature (0C) 52-59 62-72 58-64

a hammered through 3.2 mm screen


Starch Granules are imbedded in a matrix of protein bodies

and cell walls…淀粉颗粒嵌入在蛋白和细胞壁基质内.

Figures, after Black et al., 2010, Svihus, 2010

• Digestion only commences when cell walls are disrupted • Cell walls are the fibrous/structural components of grain -

non-starch polysaccharides (NSP)


Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) affect hydration,

enzymolysis and digestion

In corn - insoluble NSP pose a physical barrier to hydration and enzymolysis

In barley and wheat - the presence of soluble NSP alter viscosity in the gut

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/Cellulose_spacefilling_model.jpg


Non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content of common

feedstuffs

Feedstuffs Ax β-glucan Cellulose Mannan Pectin Total NSPCorn 5.2 - 2.0 0.2 0.6 8.0Wheat 8.1 0.8 2.0 0.1 0.5 11.5Barley 7.9 4.3 3.9 0.2 0.5 16.8Soybean meal 6.0 6.7 6.0 1.6 11.0 31.3

Canola meal 4.0 5.8 8.0 0.5 11.0 29.3

Palm Kernel meal 1.3 0.1 5.0 32.8 0.1 42.0

after Choct et al., 2006NSP are found in all feedstuffs


Typical non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content

of barley, wheat and corn

NSP-Type Barley Corn WheatSoluble 4.5 0.1 2.4Insoluble 15.4 9.0 10.8Total 19.9 9.1 13.2

Same cultivar – different years; blue colour indicates effects of season and environment on cell wall content

NSP are associated with the cell walls of grains

after Black 2010


Enzyme addition can reduce variability in

performance

NSP enzyme Ug.g-1 0 4 8 16Intake gd-1 1270 1253 1352 1314

Daily gain gd-1 552 580 704 722

Feed:Gain ratio 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.8

Feed:Gain SEM 0.25 0.21 0.07 0.06

after Hosking, 2014; laboratory study, n=8 pigs


Applications of barley grain in pig feeds

The ideal amino acid pattern of dietary protein for growers and breeders

Amino acids Weaners5-20 kgGrowers20-50 kg

Finishers50-100 kg

Lactating sows

Pregnant sows

Lysine 100 100 100 100 100Methionine 30 30 30 30 30Methionine + cystine 55 60 65 55 55

Threonine 63 67 70 60 60Tryptophan 18 18 18 18 18DE MJkg-1 15.0 14.0 13.2 14.0 13.0Available lysine:DE 0.75 0.65 0.55 0.55 0.4

Australian barley can be used in any type of pig feed if attention given to SID formulation after www.daf.qld.gov.au


Indicative composition (%) and analysis of Australian pig feedsComposition Grower FinisherWheat 10% 40.07 36.16Barley 11% 25 35Vegetable proteins 26.1 22

Animal proteins 5.1 2.6Tallow 2 2Macro minerals 1.15 1.65Synthetic AA 0.426 0.39Grower Premix1 0.2 0.2 1 includes NSP and phytase enzymes

Analysis Grower FinisherDE MJ/kg 14.2 14Protein % 18.4 15.8Fat % 5.2 5.0Fibre % 4.53 4.72Calcium % 0.94 0.91Av. Phos % 0.43 0.39Av. Lysine % 1.0 0.85Av. Lys: DE gm/MJ 0.7 0.6

Key features: more than one grain; formulated to SID amino acids; use of NSP and phytase enzymes; only 4% soy bean meal; no corn after Edwards, 2014

Applications of barley grain in pig feeds


Particle size differs with grain-type and hammermill screen size

Grain-type Screen size (mm)3.2 2.0 1.6

Barley1 0.617 - -Corn2 0.894 - -Wheat1 0.544 0.529 -Wheat3 0.614 - 0.39Ulceration3 2% 21%

Gidley et al., 20101, Briggs et al., 19992; Hansen et al., 20053

Influence of processing


Barley particle size distribution

after milling

Milling increases the surface area available for hydration and digestion

after Gidley, 2010

Particle Size (mm) Starch (g/100 g)

NDF (g/100 g) WSI (%)

0.25 30.9cd ± 1.9 35.1a ± 0.6 8.0b ± 0.192.8 51.1a ± 1.0 14.0d ± 0.01 0.7g ± 0.11

Unsieved 49.9a ± 0.25 20.1c ± 0.03 4.2d ± 0.16

Barley milled through 3.8mm screen; mean particle size 1.03 mm

28% 26% 27%

10% 8% 1%


1.00 mm

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Time (h)

Sta

rch

Dig

estib

ility

(g/1

00g)

Barley 1.00mmSorghum 1.00 mm

2.80 mm

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Time (h)

Sta

rch

Dig

estib

ility

(g/1

00g)

Barley 2.80mmSorghum 2.80 mm

Large particles – contain more starch • digested more slowly & less

completely than small particles

• show big differences between grains

Barley vs sorghum -particle size

60%

10%

after Gidley et al., 2010

Chart10

00

0.50.5

11

22

66

2424

Barley 1.00mm

Sorghum 1.00 mm

Time (h)

Starch Digestibility (g/100g)

1.00 mm

0.2380503082

0.1801563283

3.6089551205

1.991692727

5.3407454713

3.3406101365

10.5267784304

5.975656693

25.3787410745

16.6209649409

62.0706491871

32.8023336674

Sheet1

sorghum

hour0.45mm0.125mm0.250mm0.5mm1mm1.7mm2.8mmControl

0.01.10.80.80.30.20.10.20.2

0.58.66.45.02.72.01.20.83.5

1.014.311.68.24.73.32.00.95.8

2.024.520.515.48.96.03.41.710.3

6.062.261.143.824.516.68.63.129.2

24.092.792.981.350.532.817.24.956.0

barley

Hour0.045mm0.125mm0.250mm0.5mm1.00mm1.7mm2.8mmcontrol

02.6259442894.48419100083.38203172870.7392646470.23805030820.10302697040.11109654240.3793969785

0.523.152094075522.999454264617.71241478769.26274339813.60895512051.6669167370.91334356685.8913911433

133.274070109834.00022841127.633560258614.97487695395.34074547132.76084952431.320944192810.0507577019

259.031287533757.410810237647.350481429926.02416768210.52677843045.08331956732.59544794218.1856404503

693.687200926191.668754887789.436763946561.449407734825.378741074512.73565169186.13137805833.9886371891

24100.3325921137100.1197303764101.126520869499.58294998362.070649187126.620451380910.459550798864.8478077965

Sheet1

Barley 1.00mm

Sorghum 1.00 mm

Time (h)


1.00 mm

Sheet2

Sheet3

Chart12

00

0.50.5

11

22

66

2424

Barley 2.80mm

Sorghum 2.80 mm

Time (h)


2.80 mm

0.1110965424

0.152936282

0.9133435668

0.7593219043

1.3209441928

0.886172457

2.595447942

1.7181555013

6.131378058

3.0876189724

10.4595507988

4.9331239324

Sheet1

sorghum

hour0.45mm0.125mm0.250mm0.5mm1mm1.7mm2.8mmControl

0.01.10.80.80.30.20.10.20.2

0.58.66.45.02.72.01.20.83.5

1.014.311.68.24.73.32.00.95.8

2.024.520.515.48.96.03.41.710.3

6.062.261.143.824.516.68.63.129.2

24.092.792.981.350.532.817.24.956.0

barley

Hour0.045mm0.125mm0.250mm0.5mm1.00mm1.7mm2.8mmcontrol

02.6259442894.48419100083.38203172870.7392646470.23805030820.10302697040.11109654240.3793969785

0.523.152094075522.999454264617.71241478769.26274339813.60895512051.6669167370.91334356685.8913911433

133.274070109834.00022841127.633560258614.97487695395.34074547132.76084952431.320944192810.0507577019

259.031287533757.410810237647.350481429926.02416768210.52677843045.08331956732.59544794218.1856404503

693.687200926191.668754887789.436763946561.449407734825.378741074512.73565169186.13137805833.9886371891

24100.3325921137100.1197303764101.126520869499.58294998362.070649187126.620451380910.459550798864.8478077965

Sheet1

Barley 2.80mm

Sorghum 2.80 mm

Time (h)


2.80 mm

Sheet2

Sheet3


Disc Setting Fine (0.5 mm) Coarse (1.7 mm)Dgw Sgw SD Dgw Sgw SD

Average 0.6 0.41 2.0 1.1 0.96 2.3Dgw = geometric mean diameter; Sgw = geometric standard deviation of particle diameter SD = standard deviation of the mean diameter

• Particles >2.8mm were shown to be digested less than particles >1mm

• Wheat-barley diets disc milled at different settings to create “fine” (500 – 600 micron) and “coarse” (1000 –1100 micron) products. The diets were fed ad libitum as pellets.

after Edwards, 2014

Particle size effects barley digestion


Particle size matters: disc milled barley

Fine Medium Coarse P-Value SEMGrower Pigs

ADG gd-1 810 836 839 0.228 7.58ADFI kgd-1 1.71 1.77 1.81 0.116 0.02Feed:Gain 2.09 2.11 2.15 0.154 0.012

Finisher PigsADG gd-1 961 951 960 0.709 5.38ADFI kgd-1 2.41a 2.52b 2.56b 0.011 0.021Feed:Gain 2.51a 2.64b 2.60b 0.001 0.019

after Edwards, 2014

Mortality 1.5%; N>3400 pigs


Key findings: disc mill study

Adjusting grind size from 1100 to 600 micron had no effect on ADG but reduced feed intake

Reminder - processing can have as much effect on feed performance as grain selection – similar

outcome to US work with corn-based diets

Feed saving of $3.50 per pig or c.AUD20 per tonne

2.6% improvement in Feed:Gain in the grower phase and 5.6% improvement in the finisher phase


Barley: value and opportunity

• Barley is a world grain in cultivation and use• Australian barley is clean, low moisture and low risk

• Barley is relatively high in fibre – with advantages and disadvantages depending on how you use it

• It is suitable for all types of pigs

• Barley provides more amino acids and more P than corn

• It mills easily and generally yields a more favourableparticle size than corn (< 1mm)


Take the opportunity!

Buy to a standard

Don’t buy a problem

Check what you bought

Test for DE & nutrient

content –NIRs

and adjust formulations if necessary

Use digestible nutrientsSID amino

acids – think nutrients not ingredients

Use more than 1 grain

Manage risk –

using 2 or more grains assists to minimize product variation

Monitor process

conditionsTarget

particle size c.500um;minimize particles

800um

Consider using an enzyme complexMultiple

glucanaseand xylanase activities can

reduce product variation


Thank you

Slide Number 1Australian barleyBarley as a world grainWorld grain production �2017/18�mmt (million metric tonnes)World barley production �and exports�Australian barley industryAustralian barley �Domestic feed use and applicationsAustralian stockfeed �production�(thousand metric tonnes)Raw material use in �Australian livestock �feeds %Barley is a useful grain for pigs – but it is not wheat and it is not cornConcentrations of key nutrients for pigsDigestible (SID) amino acid and selected mineral contents of corn, barley and wheat at typical protein contentPhysical differences between barley, corn and wheatStarch Granules are imbedded in a matrix of protein bodies and cell walls…�淀粉颗粒嵌入在蛋白和细胞壁基质内.�Non-starch polysaccharides �(NSP) affect hydration, �enzymolysis and digestionNon-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content of common feedstuffsTypical non-starch �polysaccharide (NSP) content �of barley, wheat and cornEnzyme addition can reduce variability in performanceApplications of barley �grain in pig feeds Indicative composition (%) and analysis of Australian pig feedsParticle size differs with grain-type and hammermill screen sizeBarley particle size distribution �after milling �Barley vs sorghum - particle size�Slide Number 24Particle size matters: �disc milled barleyKey findings: �disc mill study�Barley: value and �opportunityTake the �opportunity!Slide Number 29

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Australian barley for pigs: value and opportunityuat.aegic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Hosking-ABTW-China-2018... · World grain production 2017/18 mmt (million metric tonnes)