Audio and Visual Technologies

Allyn and Bacon 2002Teaching and Learning with Technology

Audio and Visual Technologies

Chapter 9

Teaching and Learning with Technology

Teaching and Learning with Technology Allyn and Bacon 2002

Audio in Teaching and Learning

• Listening includes both hearing and comprehending audio

• Effective listening for learning includes• Accurate hearing• Focused listening• Reinforcement to stimulate neural

connections


Traditional Audio Media

Audio Cassette• Economic, durable, and easy-to-use• Uses magnetic tape to record voice, music,

and other sounds• Can be used in centers, small groups, or

large group instruction to add audio elements• May be used for talking books, multimedia

kits, oral histories and journals


Traditional Audio Media

Broadcast Audio• Received via radio or cable audio channels• Enhances content with current events, music,

and foreign language

Telephone• May be used to bring speakers in via phone• Can also be used to include home-bound

students in class activities


Digital Audio Media

Optical Media (CD-ROMs)• Offer better clarity and greater storage

capacity when compared with traditional audio media

• Easier to directly access target audio for replay

• With CD-Rs and CD-RWs you can also record audio


Digital Audio Media

Internet Audio• You can download audio rather than acquire

CDs• While audio clips in Wav and MP3 formats

are widely available, MP3 is gaining popularity because it require smaller files

• You will need media players (typically free) to play back these files


Digital Audio Media

MP3 Files• Sometime include visualizations (graphics or

video) displayed during audio playback• MP3 players usually include recording and

playback controls to enhance quality and control sequences

• Typically music but may also include any other audio elements


Digital Audio Media

Internet Radio• Using streaming media, many radio stations

simultaneously broadcast via the Web as well as the airwaves

• National and international stations outside the local area are now available via the Web

• Include music, news and talk stations from around the world


Visual Communication

• Visual literacy is the ability to correctly interpret visual signals

• Visual experiences in education should be designed to encourage visual literacy

• Awareness of effective visual design helps to impart visual literacy skills to students



Visual Design Basics• Visual design includes text, visual elements,

and affective elements• Text refers to all aspects of text including

fonts, spacing, color, and sizes• Visual elements include graphics, symbols,

real objects, and organizational elements• Affective elements are visual components that

can elicit responses from viewers



Visual Design Guidelines• Relevance

• All elements should add clarity to the visual• Graphics should accurately illustrate the

intended concept

• Coherence and Consistency• Include only those elements that support the

message• All elements should be consistent with each

other and with the message



Visual Design Guidelines• Proportion and Contrast

• Proportion refers to relative size of elements• Contrast refers to the arrangement and

balance of the various elements• Use proportion and contrast to draw attention

to the most significant aspects of the message

• Unity and Direction• Elements must work together to communicate

the focus of the message and then to direct the viewer to subsequent components


Traditional Visual Media

Non-Projected Visuals• Real objects include all objects that can be

brought into the classroom and used as a visual enhancement

• Models are 3-D representations of real objects or concepts

• Exhibits are displays or dioramas that are created or arranged to illustrate instructional concepts



Non-Projected Visuals• Print Materials include commercial and

teacher-made paper materials• Graphics and Photos are pictorial images

used to illustrate and clarify

Technologies for Non-Projected visuals include•Bulletin Boards•Flip Charts•Magnetic Boards

•Chalk Boards•White Boards•Electronic White Boards



Projected Visuals and their Technologies• Overhead Projectors

• Shine light through transparencies for large group projection of the images

• Transparencies can be drawn or printed with ink jet or laser printers – the right transparency film must be used with each

• Commercial transparencies are frequently available with texts or in supplemental books

• Transparencies can also be created with common software such as word processors



Projected Visuals and their Technologies• Slide Projectors

• Slides are small film images mounted in cardboard which are typically organized in trays

• Photographic slides remain popular because they offer the most accurate, high resolution color images

• Slides require limited equipment for projection but may deteriorate with age


Non-traditional Visual Media

Digital Projectors • Used to project digital images from computers,

digital cameras, and photo CDs• Allow for large group display of anything

digital

• Document Cameras• Video camera mounted on a stand to capture

and display live video images• May use monitor or digital projector for display• Can be use to zoom in on a real time

demonstration or to share images of small objects


Multimedia

• Combining multiple media into a single integrated whole

• Multimedia includes audio and visual elements typically stored on a CD-ROM with hyperlinks between the elements

• Multimedia must be carefully evaluated for good design and appropriate and meaningful audio and visual elements

Documents

Audio and Visual Technologies