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ATTENTION STUDENTS
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!ONLINE LECTURE!!!
!!!PROCEDURE!!!(1) COPY ONLINE NOTES TO YOUR NOTEBOOK
AS YOU WOULD DO IN LECTURE
(2) THEN USE SUPPLEMENT SLIDES
AS YOU WOULD DO IN LECTURE
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ENZYMES REQUIRE MODERATE TEMPERATURES & pH LEVELS!!!
***REDUCTION-OXIDATION RXTS**
= REDOX RXTS
-- REDOX RXT = BIO-CHEM E- TRANSFER OCCURS -->
REDUCTION RXT & OXIDATION RXT
-- R.RXT = BIO-CHEM CMP GAINS E- & GAINS EGY
-- O.RXT = “ -“ “ LOSES E- & LOSES EGY
!!!REDUCTION RXTS ---COUPLED--- OXIDATION RXTS!!!
***EXERGONIC VS ENDERGONIC RXTS***
-- EXERGONIC RXT = RELEASES EGY
-- ENDERGONIC “ = REQUIRES EGY INPUT
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY
PSYN ------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY
RESP ------------------> ATP = BIO-EGY MOLECULE
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY
PSYN ------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY
RESP ------------------> ATP = BIO-EGY MOLECULE
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY
PSYN ------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY
RESP ------------------> ATP = BIO-EGY MOLECULE
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
SYNTHESIZE
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY
RESP ------------------> ATP = BIO-EGY MOLECULE
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
SYNTHESIZE
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY
RESP ------------------> ATP = BIO-EGY MOLECULE
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY INPUT
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY
RESP ------------------> ATP = BIO-EGY MOLECULE
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY INPUT
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY
RESP ------------------> ATP = BIO-EGY MOLECULE
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY INPUT
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY
RESP ------------------> ATP = BIO-EGY MOLECULE
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY INPUT
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY
RESP ------------------> ATP = BIO-EGY MOLECULE
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY INPUT
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
BREAKS-DOWN
GLUCOSE ---------------------> CO2 RELEASED
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY INPUT
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
BREAKS-DOWN
GLUCOSE ---------------------> CO2 RELEASED
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY INPUT
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY RELEASE
GLUCOSE ---------------------> CO2 + ATP
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY INPUT
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY RELEASE
GLUCOSE ---------------------> CO2 + ATP
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY INPUT
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY RELEASE
GLUCOSE ---------------------> CO2 + ATP
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY INPUT
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY RELEASE
GLUCOSE ---------------------> CO2 + ATP = BIO-EGY MOLECULE
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
!!!EXERGONIC RXTS ---COUPLED--- ENDERGONIC RXTS!!!
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION**
-- LT EGY INITIAL EGY SOURCE
-- “ “ CONVERTED TO CHEM EGY FOR METABOLISM
---PSYN---
CHEM EGY INPUT
CO2 --------------------> GLUCOSE - STORES CHEM EGY -->
ANABOLIC PATHWAY
ENDERGONIC RXTS
---RESP---
CHEM EGY RELEASE
GLUCOSE ---------------------> CO2 + ATP = BIO-EGY MOLECULE
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
EXERGONIC RXTS
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!PHOTOSYNTHESIS ---COUPLED--- RESPIRATION!!!
***ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE***
-- ATP = DELIVERS CHEM-EGY TO BIO-CHEM RXTS
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXTS
**ATP STRUCTURE**
---ATP COMPONENTS---
-- RIBOSE
-- ADENINE
-- TRIPHOSPHATE = 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ATP HYDROLYSIS**
-- 3RD PHOSPHATE BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ HYDROLYSIS -->
CHEM EGY RELEASED
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CONDENSATION RXT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
-- EXERGONIC RXT
-- DRIVES ENDERGONIC RXT
-- ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) = 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
**ADP CONDENSATION**
-- 3RD P BOND HOLDS BIO-CHEM EGY
-- “ “ “ CONDENSATION -->
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---ADP CONDENSATION RXT: SUMMARY---
CHEM EGY INPUT
-- P + ADP ----------------> ATP
ENDERGONIC RXT
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
*PHOSPHORYLATION*
-- OCCURS DURING PSYN
-- LT RXT - W/IN CHLOROPLAST
-- OCCURS DURING RESPIRATION
-- GLYCOLYSIS - W/IN CYTOSOL
-- KREBS CYCLE - “ MITOCHONDRION
-- E- TRANSPORT - “ “
!!!PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL CELL METABOLISM!!!
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
*PHOSPHORYLATION*
!!!PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL CELL METABOLISM!!!
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---QUESTIONS---
-- IN WHICH METABOLIC PATHWAYS DOES ATP PHOSPHORYLATION OCCUR?
-- WHERE WITHIN THE CELL DOES ATP PHOSPHORYLATION OCCUR?
!!!COPY!!!
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING PSYN---
-- LT RXT - W/IN CHLOROPLAST
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING RESPIRATION---
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
*PHOSPHORYLATION*
!!!PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL CELL METABOLISM!!!
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---QUESTIONS---
-- IN WHICH METABOLIC PATHWAYS DOES ATP PHOSPHORYLATION OCCUR?
-- WHERE WITHIN THE CELL DOES ATP PHOSPHORYLATION OCCUR?
!!!COPY!!!
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING PSYN---
-- LT RXT - W/IN CHLOROPLAST
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING RESPIRATION---
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
*PHOSPHORYLATION*
!!!PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL CELL METABOLISM!!!
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---QUESTIONS---
-- IN WHICH METABOLIC PATHWAYS DOES ATP PHOSPHORYLATION OCCUR?
-- WHERE WITHIN THE CELL DOES ATP PHOSPHORYLATION OCCUR?
!!!COPY!!!
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING PSYN---
-- LT RXT - W/IN CHLOROPLAST
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING RESPIRATION---
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
*PHOSPHORYLATION*
!!!PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL CELL METABOLISM!!!
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---QUESTIONS---
-- IN WHICH METABOLIC PATHWAYS DOES ATP PHOSPHORYLATION OCCUR?
-- WHERE WITHIN THE CELL DOES ATP PHOSPHORYLATION OCCUR?
!!!COPY!!!
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING PSYN---
-- LT RXT - W/IN CHLOROPLAST
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING RESPIRATION---
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
*PHOSPHORYLATION*
!!!PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL CELL METABOLISM!!!
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---QUESTIONS---
-- IN WHICH METABOLIC PATHWAYS DOES ATP PHOSPHORYLATION OCCUR?
-- WHERE WITHIN THE CELL DOES ATP PHOSPHORYLATION OCCUR?
!!!COPY!!!
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING PSYN---
-- LT RXT - W/IN CHLOROPLAST
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING RESPIRATION---
!!!COPY!!!
!!!ADP CONDENSATION = PHOSPHORYLATION!!!
*PHOSPHORYLATION*
!!!PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL CELL METABOLISM!!!
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
---QUESTIONS---
-- IN WHICH METABOLIC PATHWAYS DOES ATP PHOSPHORYLATION OCCUR?
-- WHERE WITHIN THE CELL DOES ATP PHOSPHORYLATION OCCUR?
!!!COPY!!!
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING PSYN---
-- LT RXT - W/IN CHLOROPLAST
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING RESPIRATION---
-- LT RXT - W/IN CHLOROPLAST
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING RESPIRATION---
-- GLYCOLYSIS - W/IN CYTOSOL
-- KREBS CYCLE - “ MITOCHONDRION
-- E- TRANSPORT - “ “
!!!PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL CELL METABOLISM!!!
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
-- WHY IS ATP PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL TO CELL METABOLISM?
-- LT RXT - W/IN CHLOROPLAST
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING RESPIRATION---
-- GLYCOLYSIS - W/IN CYTOSOL
-- KREBS CYCLE - “ MITOCHONDRION
-- E- TRANSPORT - “ “
!!!PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL CELL METABOLISM!!!
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
-- WHY IS ATP PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL TO CELL METABOLISM?
-- LT RXT - W/IN CHLOROPLAST
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING RESPIRATION---
-- GLYCOLYSIS - W/IN CYTOSOL
-- KREBS CYCLE - “ MITOCHONDRION
-- E- TRANSPORT - “ “
!!!PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL CELL METABOLISM!!!
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
-- WHY IS ATP PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL TO CELL METABOLISM?
-- LT RXT - W/IN CHLOROPLAST
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING RESPIRATION---
-- GLYCOLYSIS - W/IN CYTOSOL
-- KREBS CYCLE - “ MITOCHONDRION
-- E- TRANSPORT - “ “
!!!PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL CELL METABOLISM!!!
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
-- WHY IS ATP PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL TO CELL METABOLISM?
-- LT RXT - W/IN CHLOROPLAST
---PHOSPHORYLATION: OCCURS DURING RESPIRATION---
-- GLYCOLYSIS - W/IN CYTOSOL
-- KREBS CYCLE - “ MITOCHONDRION
-- E- TRANSPORT - “ “
!!!PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL CELL METABOLISM!!!
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
-- WHY IS ATP PHOSPHORYLATION ESSENTIAL TO CELL METABOLISM?
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
__________________________________________________________________
****PHOTOSYNTHESIS****
__________________________________________________________________
***HETERO- VS AUTOTROPHS***
-- H. = INCAPABLE CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
-- A. = CAPABLE “ “
---AUTOTROPH TYPES---
-- CHEMOSYNTHESIS
-- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
***PSYN: DEFINED***
-- PSYN = CONVERSION LT EGY --> CHEM EGY
***PLT ORGANS***
-- ROOT
-- STEM
-- LEAF
-- STEM
-- LEAF
**LEAF**
-- LF = PRINCIPLE PSYN ORGAN
EG MAPLE
NUMEROUS EXCEPTIONS
EG CACTI
*LF ANATOMY*
!!!CONSULT: LF ANATOMY NOTES!!!
!!!H2O RETENTION: VITAL PLT METABOLISM!!!
***CHLOROPLAST***
-- C. = SITE: PSYN
---ULTRASTUCTURE---
-- DOUBLE MEMBRANE
-- THYLAKOID “ = PIGMENTED INNERMOST MEMBRANE
-- STEM
-- LEAF
**LEAF**
-- LF = PRINCIPLE PSYN ORGAN
EG MAPLE
NUMEROUS EXCEPTIONS
EG CACTI
*LF ANATOMY*
!!!CONSULT: LF ANATOMY NOTES!!!
!!!H2O RETENTION: VITAL PLT METABOLISM!!!
***CHLOROPLAST***
-- C. = SITE: PSYN
---ULTRASTUCTURE---
-- DOUBLE MEMBRANE
-- THYLAKOID “ = PIGMENTED INNERMOST MEMBRANE
-- STEM
-- LEAF
**LEAF**
-- LF = PRINCIPLE PSYN ORGAN
EG MAPLE
NUMEROUS EXCEPTIONS
EG CACTI
*LF ANATOMY*
!!!CONSULT: LF ANATOMY NOTES!!!
!!!H2O RETENTION: VITAL PLT METABOLISM!!!
***CHLOROPLAST***
-- C. = SITE: PSYN
---ULTRASTUCTURE---
-- DOUBLE MEMBRANE
-- THYLAKOID “ = PIGMENTED INNERMOST MEMBRANE
-- STEM
-- LEAF
**LEAF**
-- LF = PRINCIPLE PSYN ORGAN
EG MAPLE
NUMEROUS EXCEPTIONS
EG CACTI
*LF ANATOMY*
!!!CONSULT: LF ANATOMY NOTES!!!
!!!H2O RETENTION: VITAL PLT METABOLISM!!!
***CHLOROPLAST***
-- C. = SITE: PSYN
---ULTRASTUCTURE---
-- DOUBLE MEMBRANE
-- THYLAKOID “ = PIGMENTED INNERMOST MEMBRANE
-- STEM
-- LEAF
**LEAF**
-- LF = PRINCIPLE PSYN ORGAN
EG MAPLE
NUMEROUS EXCEPTIONS
EG CACTI
*LF ANATOMY*
!!!CONSULT: LF ANATOMY NOTES!!!
!!!H2O RETENTION: VITAL PLT METABOLISM!!!
***CHLOROPLAST***
-- C. = SITE: PSYN
---ULTRASTUCTURE---
-- DOUBLE MEMBRANE
-- THYLAKOID “ = PIGMENTED INNERMOST MEMBRANE
-- STEM
-- LEAF
**LEAF**
-- LF = PRINCIPLE PSYN ORGAN
EG MAPLE
NUMEROUS EXCEPTIONS
EG CACTI
*LF ANATOMY*
!!!CONSULT: LF ANATOMY NOTES!!!
!!!H2O RETENTION: VITAL PLT METABOLISM!!!
***CHLOROPLAST***
-- C. = SITE: PSYN
---ULTRASTUCTURE---
-- DOUBLE MEMBRANE
-- THYLAKOID “ = PIGMENTED INNERMOST MEMBRANE
-- STEM
-- LEAF
**LEAF**
-- LF = PRINCIPLE PSYN ORGAN
EG MAPLE
NUMEROUS EXCEPTIONS
EG CACTI
*LF ANATOMY*
!!!CONSULT: LF ANATOMY NOTES!!!
!!!H2O RETENTION: VITAL PLT METABOLISM!!!
***CHLOROPLAST***
-- C. = SITE: PSYN
---ULTRASTUCTURE---
-- DOUBLE MEMBRANE
-- THYLAKOID “ = PIGMENTED INNERMOST MEMBRANE
