ATP

• Adenosine Triphosphate• This is the fuel for a cell that powers almost all

reactions inside a cell.• It is manufactured by photosynthesis at Thylakoid

membranes in Chloroplasts by using light energy, and used to build sugars.

• It is also manufactured in mitochondria using energy released when sugars are broken down, and then used to power the cell.

• Diffuses through the cytoplasm.

Chloroplasts

• An organelle found in plants.• Has its own DNA, and replicated independently

of the cell.• Is filled with green thylakoid membranes that

use light energy to make ATP.• Uses ATP energy to build sugars.• Found in a cell’s cytoplasm.• Uses light, water and carbon dioxide to make

glucose sugars.

Chromosome

• A large chain of DNA that is bundled together.• Becomes visible during replication, when it

condenses or bundles up tightly.• Found in the nucleus.• Tight bundles are easier to move during cell

division.• It means colored body, because it is visible

when stained using a microscope.

Colony

• A group of unicellular organisms that live together, but replicate, live and die independently.

• By sharing food and protection, colonies of cells are more likely to survive.

Cytoskeleton

• A web of rigid chains of molecules.• Found in the cytoplasm.• Gives a cell shape and structure.• Can act as a rail system for certain proteins to

crawl along.• By changing the shape of the cytoskeleton, the

cell can change the shape of its membrane, sometimes to create pseudopodia.

Cytosol

• The solution of water, nutrients and other molecules that is synonymous with cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• A large membrane that creates a system of tunnels throughout the cell.

• Is attached to the Nucleus.• This is where proteins are manufactured by

ribosomes.• Has enzymes that can modify proteins.• Acts as a delivery system for proteins.

Enzymes

• These are proteins• They are found throughout a cell• They act like tiny machines, and can modify

other molecules by changing their shape, cutting them up, or connecting molecules to build new, larger and more complex molecules.

• Are made of chains of amino acids.• What they do depends on their shape.

Eukaryote

• A large, more complex type of cell.• Can be plant, animal, fungi or protist.• Always has a nucleus• Has organelles like mitochondria and

endoplasmic reticulum.

Golgi Body

• This is a eukaryotic organelle.• It has its own membrane.• It accepts proteins.• It can modify certain proteins by adding

molecular “tags”• It has enzymes that can grabs tagged proteins

and move them to new places inside or outside of the cell.

Lysosome

• This is a large container with its own membrane.

• It stores enzymes that can break other proteins apart (called proteases.)

• Molecules that are shipped to the lysosome are broken down so the parts can be recycled.

Messenger RNA

• This is a chain of RNA that is built in the nucleus.

• During the process of transcription, the information in DNA is rewritten to into mRNA.

• mRNA then carries the information out of the nucleus to a ribosome, where the information is translated into a chain of amino acids: a protein.

Multicellular

• When a single organism is made of more than one cell, typically with different cells specialized to accomplish specific tasks.

Mitochondria

• These are organelles with their own membranes and their own DNA.

• Probably were bacteria that moved inside a larger eukaryotic cell.

• Uses glucose and breaks it apart in the presence of oxygen and water to release energy to make ATP. (Respiration)

• Is the opposite of a chloroplast in some ways.

Nuclear Membrane

• The membrane that surrounds and separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell.

Nuclear Pore

• A small opening in the nuclear membrane that allows some molecules in and out of the nucleus.

Nucleus

• Has own membrane and pores, molecules can enter and leave, central structure, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) attached. Contains DNA/chromosomes.

• Stores information (DNA) to build proteins, and it is where DNA turned into mRNA.

• Proteins copy the DNA to mRNA.

Organelle

• A smaller structure inside a cell that accomplishes a specific task.

• Usually but doesn’t always have its own membrane

Plant Cell

• Eukaryotes: plants can be multicellular, have cell walls, have chloroplasts, make their own food (glucose) using light energy. Has complex structures inside, much larger than bacteria.

Animal Cell• A eukaryotic cell that does not have a cell wall

or chloroplasts.

Ribosomal RNA

• rRNA is a form of RNA that is made in the nucleus, and then is moved to the ER or the cytoplasm.

• Is made of RNA which can store genetic information, but can also act like an enzyme to stitch amino acids together.

• Is what makes proteins when assembled into a ribosome.

Ribosome

• Made of rRNA• Found in the membranes of the ER and

floating in the cytoplasm.• Translates information in mRNA with the help

of tRNA to make amino acid chains/proteins.

Transcription

• The process where enzymes copy the information in DNA into mRNA in the nucleus before a protein can be made.

Translation

• The process where the information in mRNA is used to build a chain of amino acids at a ribosome using tRNA to make a protein.

Vacuole

• A large membrane covered container, usually found in plants.

• Acts a storage container, mainly for water and sometimes for other nutrients.