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Atoms and Charge Transfer
• There are four fundamental forces in nature.1. Gravitational2. Electromagnetic3. Strong Nuclear4. Weak Nuclear
• The force that holds atoms together is the strong nuclear force.
AtomsElectrons- orbit nucleusNegative charge of -1.6 x10-19C
Nucleus- Center of an atom
Neutrons- in nucleusNeutral (no charge)
Protons- in nucleusPositive charge of 1.6 x10-19C
• Charge (q or Q) measured in a unit called Coulombs (C).
• Charges of like signs repel.• Charges of opposite signs attract. • Neutral atoms have equal numbers of
protons and electrons. • Electrons are able to move from one place to
another, protons are not.
Charge TransferCharges can be transferred 3 ways
1. Conduction (Friction and Contact)2. Induction (nearness of charged objects)3. Polarization (temporary realignment)
1. Conductors- allow electrons to move freely, usually charge will sit on the surface.2. Insulators- charges are more tightly bound. Even charge distribution.3. Semiconductors- usually mixed with an alloy to turn an insulator into a conductor.4. Superconductors- very low resistance to the flow of charge at certain temps. Can conduct electricity without heating.