Atomic Structure power points

8/11/2019 Atomic Structure power points

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http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com

Prepared byLawrence Kok

Tuto r ial on A tom ic Structu re, Part ic le

Phys ics and Relat ive A tom ic Mass.
http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com/http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com/


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Atomic Structure

Atomic Size radiusOrder of magnitude (10-10 10-12)mRadius Li atom (1.5 x 10-10)mRadius nucleus (1 x 10-14)m

Radius Li

atom

Radius Nucleus

Li atom

Nucleon made up of (protons + neutrons)Protons made up of 2 up quarks + 1 down quark

Neutron made up of 2 down quarks + 1 up quark


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Atomic Structure


1nm 1 x 10-9 m1pm 1 x 10-12 m1A - 1 x 10-10 m

Radius Li

atom

Radius Nucleus

Li atomElementary particles making upnucleon (protons + neutrons)



Unit conversion


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Atomic Structure


Scale/size of matter from smallest to largest

Excellent Flash on scale of universe Excellent Flash on biological cells Video on scale of universe

1nm 1 x 10-9 m1pm 1 x 10-12 m1A - 1 x 10-10 m

Radius Li

atom

Radius Nucleus




Unit conversion


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Atomic Structure


1nm 1 x 10-9 m1pm 1 x 10-12 m1A - 1 x 10-10 m

Radius Li

atom

Radius Nucleus




Unit conversion


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Atomic Structure


1nm 1 x 10-9 m1pm 1 x 10-12 m1A - 1 x 10-10 m

Radius Li

atom

Radius Nucleus




Unit conversion

Structure within atom

Recent discovery particles with help of Large HadronCollider

Video on new particles physics

http://astronomyonline.org/ViewImage.asp?Cate=Home&SubCate=MP01&SubCate2=&Img=%2FScience%2FImages%2FAtomicStructure.jpg&C

pt
http://astronomyonline.org/ViewImage.asp?Cate=Home&SubCate=MP01&SubCate2=&Img=/Science/Images/AtomicStructure.jpg&Cpthttp://astronomyonline.org/ViewImage.asp?Cate=Home&SubCate=MP01&SubCate2=&Img=/Science/Images/AtomicStructure.jpg&Cpthttp://justintymewrites.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/the-standard-model-in-laymans-terms2/http://justintymewrites.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/the-standard-model-in-laymans-terms2/http://justintymewrites.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/the-standard-model-in-laymans-terms2/http://justintymewrites.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/the-standard-model-in-laymans-terms2/http://justintymewrites.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/the-standard-model-in-laymans-terms2/http://justintymewrites.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/the-standard-model-in-laymans-terms2/http://justintymewrites.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/the-standard-model-in-laymans-terms2/http://justintymewrites.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/the-standard-model-in-laymans-terms2/http://justintymewrites.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/the-standard-model-in-laymans-terms2/http://justintymewrites.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/the-standard-model-in-laymans-terms2/http://justintymewrites.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/the-standard-model-in-laymans-terms2/http://astronomyonline.org/ViewImage.asp?Cate=Home&SubCate=MP01&SubCate2=&Img=/Science/Images/AtomicStructure.jpg&Cpthttp://astronomyonline.org/ViewImage.asp?Cate=Home&SubCate=MP01&SubCate2=&Img=/Science/Images/AtomicStructure.jpg&Cpt


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Discovery timeline Democritus to Quantum model

Video on timeline discovery

Discovery of elementary particles


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Discovery of elementary particles Elementary particles




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Discovery of elementary particles Elementary particles



Recent discovery particlesfrom Large Hadron Collider

Higgs boson leftover excitation of particles of Higgs f ield

Discovery of Higgs boson and Higgs field

Particles interact with Higgs field to produce mass

Video on Higgs field part 1

Video on Higgs field part 2

Higgs Boson Discovery Wins Nobel Prize for Physics

Video on NOBEL PRIZE 2013 !!!!!!


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Elementary particlesStructure within atom





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Video on Higgs field

Mass (proton + neutron)- due to interaction betweenup quarks/down quarks with gluons (energy fluatutions)

Proton -2 up quarks 1 down quark

Neutron -1 up quark

2 down quarks

What is Higgs Boson ?What is Higgs Field ?


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Higgs boson leftover excitation of particles of Higgs field



Video on Higgs field

Mass (proton + neutron)- due to interaction betweenup quarks/down quarks with gluons (energy fluatutions)

Proton -2 up quarks 1 down quark

Neutron -1 up quark

2 down quarks

What is Higgs Boson ?What is Higgs Field ?

Excellent videos Particles interact with Higgs field to create MASS

Video (Ted Talk) Video (Minute physics)Video (RI)Video (Veratasium)


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Nuclear reaction vs Chemical reaction

Nuclear reactionInvolve protons/neutrons in nucleusDecomposition of nucleus into smaller nuclei Energy released greaterConservation of charge / atomic mass number

Chemical reactionInvolve outer most electronsTransfer/sharing/loss of electronsEnergy released lessConservation of mass and charge

2Na + CI22NaCI

Nuclear equation- decay of nucleus Chemical equationvalence electrons


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Nuclear reaction vs Chemical reaction

Nuclear reactionInvolve protons/neutrons in nucleusDecomposition of nucleus into smaller nuclei Energy released greaterConservation of charge / atomic mass number

Chemical reactionInvolve outer most electronsTransfer/sharing/loss of electronsEnergy released lessConservation of mass and charge

2Na + CI22NaCI

http://ths.talawanda.net/~BrambleN/classroom/Chemistry/Notes/Section%206A%20and%206B/RadioactiveDecay.htm

http://www.classhelp.info/Biology/AUnit3Biochemistry.htm

Typeradiation

Natureradiation

Symbol Penetration(mass,m/charge,e

)

Ionisingpower

(removing electron)

Alpha Heliumnucleus

Low ratio(high m/e)

High

Beta High energyelectron

Moderate Moderate

Gamma High frequencyelectromagnetic

radiation

High ratio(small m/e)

Low

Type of radiation

Nuclear equation- decay of nucleus Chemical equationvalence electrons

Transfer electrons

Sharing electrons
http://ths.talawanda.net/~BrambleN/classroom/Chemistry/Notes/Section%206A%20and%206B/RadioactiveDecay.htmhttp://www.classhelp.info/Biology/AUnit3Biochemistry.htmhttp://www.classhelp.info/Biology/AUnit3Biochemistry.htmhttp://ths.talawanda.net/~BrambleN/classroom/Chemistry/Notes/Section%206A%20and%206B/RadioactiveDecay.htm


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Nuclear reaction

Alpha Decay Beta Decay

Gamma Decay

Unstable nucleus of atom Decay by emitting ionizing particles


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Nuclear reaction

Alpha DecayLosing an alpha particle helium nucleusDaughter nuclei lower in proton numberMass of 4 (2 proton + 2 neutron)+2 charged (only 2 protons) = +2Decay of uranium, thorium, actinium

Beta DecayLosing beta particle Electron/positronDaughter nuclei higher in proton numberNegative charge (-1)Decay neutron proton + electron


Gamma Decay

Gamma decayLosing a particle - electromagnetic radiation ofhigh frequencyDaughter nuclei no change in atomic mass



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Nuclear reaction

http://ths.talawanda.net/~BrambleN/classroom/Chemistry/Notes/Section%206A%20and%206B/RadioactiveDecay.htm

http://molaire1.perso.sfr.fr/e_radioactiv.html

Alpha DecayLosing an alpha particle helium nucleusDaughter nuclei lower in proton numberMass of 4 (2 proton + 2 neutron)+2 charged (only 2 protons) = +2Decay of uranium, thorium, actinium

Beta DecayLosing beta particle Electron/positronDaughter nuclei higher in proton numberNegative charge (-1)Decay neutron proton + electron


Gamma Decay

Gamma decayLosing a particle - electromagnetic radiation ofhigh frequencyDaughter nuclei no change in atomic mass


+
http://ths.talawanda.net/~BrambleN/classroom/Chemistry/Notes/Section%206A%20and%206B/RadioactiveDecay.htmhttp://molaire1.perso.sfr.fr/e_radioactiv.htmlhttp://molaire1.perso.sfr.fr/e_radioactiv.htmlhttp://ths.talawanda.net/~BrambleN/classroom/Chemistry/Notes/Section%206A%20and%206B/RadioactiveDecay.htm


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Difference Between Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiation

Alpha DecayLose alpha particle helium nucleusMass He- 4 (2 proton + 2 neutron)+2 charged (2 proton + 2 neutron + 0 e)Daughter nuclei lower in proton number

Beta DecayLose beta particle Electron/beta Negative charge (-1)-1 charged ( or electron)Daughter nuclei higher in proton number

Gamma decayLose a particle electromagnetic radiation ofhigh frequencyDaughter nuclei no change in atomic mass

Nucleus > 84 protonsUnstable, radioactive decayDecay depends on ratio neutron/proton

Mass number always Conserved/Same


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Difference Between Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiation

Alpha DecayLose alpha particle helium nucleusMass He- 4 (2 proton + 2 neutron)+2 charged (2 proton + 2 neutron + 0 e)Daughter nuclei lower in proton number

Beta DecayLose beta particle Electron/beta Negative charge (-1)-1 charged ( or electron)Daughter nuclei higher in proton number

Gamma decayLose a particle electromagnetic radiation ofhigh frequencyDaughter nuclei no change in atomic mass

Nucleus > 84 protonsUnstable, radioactive decayDecay depends on ratio neutron/proton

Decay depend on ratio neutron/protonNeutron/proton ratio LOW Proton richDecay to reduce proton-Alpha decay, (proton number )

Mass number always Conserved/Same

Decay depend on ratio neutron/protonNeutron/proton ratio HIGH Neutron richDecay to reduce neutron-Beta decay ( Neutron Proton + electron)-Ratio decrease

Decay depend on ratio neutron/protonNeutron/proton ratio HIGH /LOW-Gamma decay , is associated along with Alpha and Beta

Video on decay Video on decay Video on decay


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Isotopes

Stable IsotopesUnstable Isotopes

Unstable Isotopes emits radiation

RADIOISOTOPES

RadioisotopesHalf-life timetaken for conc/amt isotope to fall to half of its original value.Half life decay always constant

Emit radiation form unstableisotope

I


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Radioactiveisotopes

Half-life

Uranium 238 4.5 x 109

Carbon-14 5.7 x 103

Radium-226 1.6 x 103

Strontium-90 28 years

Iodine-131 8.1 days

Bismuth-214 19.7minutes

Polonium-214 1.5 x 10-4

Isotopes



RADIOISOTOPES


Shorter half-lifeMore unstable, decay fast

Long half-lifeMore stable, decay slowly

www.sciencelearn.org.nz


Half-life

I


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Radioactiveisotopes

Half-life

Uranium 238 4.5 x 109

Carbon-14 5.7 x 103

Radium-226 1.6 x 103

Strontium-90 28 years

Iodine-131 8.1 days

Bismuth-214 19.7minutes

Polonium-214 1.5 x 10-4

Isotopes



RADIOISOTOPES

Simulation isotope 12C, 13C, 14C


Shorter half-lifeMore unstable, decay fast

Long half-lifeMore stable, decay slowly

www.sciencelearn.org.nz


Simulation isotope 1H, 2H, 3H

Video on Half life

Simulation half life C-14/uranuim

Half-life

C b I t


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Carbon 3 Isotopes Radiocarbon/carbon dating

Carbon -12 Carbon -14Carbon -13

Abundance 99% (Stable) Abundance 1% (Stable) Abundance trace amt(Unstable , radioactive)

Carbon 3 Isotopes


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Carbon 3 Isotopes Radiocarbon/carbon dating

Half life C-14 = 5730 yearsBeta (/electron ) decay

Carbon -12 Carbon -14Carbon -13

Abundance 99% (Stable) Abundance 1% (Stable) Abundance trace amt(Unstable , radioactive)

How is form?C-14 produce in stratosphere when.. neutron hit a nitrogen atom to form C-14C-14 to N-14 by converting neutron proton (proton stay in nucleus), electron emit as radiation

emit as ray.

(proton in nucleus increase proton number)

emit as ray.

Ratio C14/C12- constantif aliveTAKEin C14 (C12 constant)

Ratio C14/C12- dropif dead- NOTtaking C14. (C12 constant)

How it is form?


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R di b / b d i


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Radiocarbon/carbon dating


Carbon -14

Abundance trace amt(Unstable , radioactive)

How is form?C-14 produce in stratosphere when.. neutron hit a nitrogen atom to form C-14C-14 to N-14 by converting neutron proton (proton stay in nucleus), electron emit as radiation

emit as ray.

(proton in nucleus increase protonnumber)

emit as ray.

Ratio C14/C12- constantif aliveTAKEin C14 (C12 constant)Ratio C14/C12- dropif dead- NOTtaking C14. (C12 constant)

R di b / b d ti

H R di b d ti k ?


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Carbon -14


How is form?C-14 produce in stratosphere when.. neutron hit a nitrogen atom to form C-14C-14 to N-14 by converting neutron proton (proton stay in nucleus), electron emit as radiation emit as ray.


emit as ray.


Simulation C-14 (Half life)At 100% (Starting)


Click toview simulation

How Radiocarbon dating works?

R di b / b d ti

H R di b d ti k ?
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/radioactive-dating-gamehttp://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/radioactive-dating-game


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Carbon -14


How is form?C-14 produce in stratosphere when.. neutron hit a nitrogen atom to form C-14C-14 to N-14 by converting neutron proton (proton stay in nucleus), electron emit as radiation emit as ray.


emit as ray.


Video on C-14 Carbon Dating Video on C-14 Carbon Dating/Fossil Video on C-14 Half life Carbon Dating



Video on Radiocarbon dating

Click toview simulation


Uses of radioactive isotopes
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/radioactive-dating-gamehttp://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/radioactive-dating-game


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Carbon -14


Radiotherapy/cancer/tumour Tracers/studying metabolic pathways

Cobalt-60Iodine-131



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Half life C-14 = 5730 years

Carbon -14

Beta (/electron) decay




Cobalt-60

Half life Co-60 = 5.27 years Half life I-131 = 8 days

How Gamma rays works?How Radio tracer works?

Iodine-131

Sterilization killing bacteria/germRadiotherapy kill tumor cellsHigh energy electromagnetic ray

Gamma + decay

Carbon datingAge of fossil remains

Radio tracerTrace the pathway in bodyBeta (90%) and (10%) decay

Gamma + decay



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Half life C-14 = 5730 years

Carbon -14

Beta (/electron) decay

Video on C-14 Carbon Dating

Video on Radiocarbon dating




Cobalt-60

Half life Co-60 = 5.27 years Half life I-131 = 8 days

How Gamma rays works?How Radio tracer works?

Iodine-131

Sterilization killing bacteria/germRadiotherapy kill tumor cellsHigh energy electromagnetic ray

Video on Radio tracerVideo on Radiotherapy

Gamma + decay

Carbon datingAge of fossil remains

Radio tracerTrace the pathway in bodyBeta (90%) and (10%) decay

Gamma + decay

No isotopes are present

Atomic /Mass number


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6 protons + 6 neutrons

8 protons

Proton number = proton

Mass number = proton + neutron

Z

A

6 protons



Atomic /Mass number


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8 protons



Z

A

6 protons

Atomic Weight With isotopes present


Proton number = proton Z

Mean relative mass (atomic weight) A

Video on weighted average

Relative Atomic Mass N i t t


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Relative Atomic Mass, (Ar) of an element:Number of times one atom of the element is heavier than one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12Relative atomic mass = Mass of one atom of element 1/12 x mass of one carbon-12Relative atomic mass for sulphur = 32 (one sulphur atom is 32 x heavier than 1/12 of mass of one (C12)

Relative Atomic Mass

Relative Atomic Mass is used :Impossible to weigh an atom in gramsCompare how heavy one atom is to carbon (standard)One sulphur atom 32x heavier than 1/12 carbon -12Carbon -12 used as standard



Proton number = protonZ

AMass number Average atomic mass (atomic mass unit)

Relative Atomic Mass No isotopes are present


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Relative Atomic Mass, (Ar) of an element:Number of times one atom of the element is heavier than one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12Relative atomic mass = Mass of one atom of element 1/12 x mass of one carbon-12Relative atomic mass for sulphur = 32 (one sulphur atom is 32 x heavier than 1/12 of mass of one (C12)

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-i/atoms-molecules/atom.php


Carbon-12 as standard1/12 of C12 = 1 unit

Sulphur 32x heavier

1/12 x = 1 unit

32 unit



Relative Atomic Mass is used :Impossible to weigh an atom in gramsCompare how heavy one atom is to carbon (standard)One sulphur atom 32x heavier than 1/12 carbon -12Carbon -12 used as standard

12

6

32

16



Proton number = protonZ

A

Assuming No isotopes present!

Mass number Average atomic mass (atomic mass unit)

Relative Molecular Mass No isotopes are present


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Relative Molecular Mass, (Mr):Number of times one molecule is heavier than one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 Relative molecular mass = Mass of one molecule 1/12 x mass of one carbon-12Relative molecular mass for H2O= 18 (one H2O is 18 x heavier than 1/12 of mass of one(C12)

Relative Molecular Mass is used :Impossible to weigh an molecules in gramsCompare one molecule to carbon (standard)One H2O is 18 x heavier than 1/12 carbon -12Carbon -12 is used as standard




Z

AMass number Average atomic weight (atomic mass unit)



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Relative Molecular Mass, (Mr):Number of times one molecule is heavier than one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 Relative molecular mass = Mass of one molecule 1/12 x mass of one carbon-12Relative molecular mass for H2O= 18 (one H2O is 18 x heavier than 1/12 of mass of one(C12)


Relative Molecular Mass is used :Impossible to weigh an molecules in gramsCompare one molecule to carbon (standard)One H2O is 18 x heavier than 1/12 carbon -12Carbon -12 is used as standard

Relative Molecular Mass

Carbon-12 as standard1/12 of C12 = 1 unit

H2O 18x heavier

1/12 x = 1 unit

16 unit

2 unit

18 unit

+






Z

A

Assuming No isotopes present!

Mass number Average atomic weight (atomic mass unit)

2 protons

Relative Isotopic Mass Presence of isotopes


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Relative Isotopic Mass

Isotopes Atoms of same element withDifferent number of neutronsSame number of protons and electronsDue to presence of isotopes, when calculating RAM,

weighted average/mean of all isotopes present is used.


Proton number = proton Z = 29 protons

A= 29 protons + 35 neutrons = 64

Z

Presence of isotopes

A

Z

A



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X - No isotopes

RAM/Ar X = 11Mass of 1 atom X Mass of 1/12 of 12CMass of 1 atom X relative to

1/12 mass of 1 atom 12C Relative Abundance 75% 25%




Isotopes Y - TWOisotopes

RAM/Ar Y = 10.5AverageMass of 1 atom Y Mass of 1/12 of 12CAveragemass of 1 atom Y relative to

1/12 mass of 1 atom 12C

CI - TWOisotopes

Relative Abundance 50% 50%

Z


A

Z

A

11

3

17

35

17

37

3 3

10 11



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X - No isotopes

RAM/Ar X = 11Mass of 1 atom X Mass of 1/12 of 12CMass of 1 atom X relative to

1/12 mass of 1 atom 12C Relative Abundance 75% 25%




Isotopes Y - TWOisotopes

RAM/Ar Y = 10.5AverageMass of 1 atom Y Mass of 1/12 of 12CAveragemass of 1 atom Y relative to

1/12 mass of 1 atom 12C

RAM /Ar, CI = 35.5Weighted average mass of 2 isotopes present= (mass 35CI x % Abundance) + (mass 37CI x %

Abundance)= (35 x 75/100) + (37 x 25/100)= 35.5

CI - TWOisotopes

Relative Abundance 50% 50%

Z


A

Z

A

11

3

17

35

17

37

3 3

10 11

Relative Atomic Mass Isotopes are present


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p p

Weighted average mass- due to presence of isotopes

RAM = 12.01

Relative Abundance 98.9% 1.07%

13

Why RAM is not a whole number?

12



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p p


Relative Isotopic Mass, (Ar) of an element:Relative isotopic mass = Average mass of one atom of element 1/12 x mass of one carbon-12Relative isotopic mass, carbon = 12.01

RAM = 12.01


13


RAM, C := (Mass 12C x % Abundance) + (Mass 13C x % Abundance)= (12 x 98.9/100) + (13 x 1.07/100) = 12.01

12



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Relative Isotopic Mass, (Ar) of an element:Relative isotopic mass = Average mass of one atom of element 1/12 x mass of one carbon-12Relative isotopic mass, carbon = 12.01

Video on Isotopes

RAM = 12.01


13


RAM, C := (Mass 12C x % Abundance) + (Mass 13C x % Abundance)= (12 x 98.9/100) + (13 x 1.07/100) = 12.01

Video on weighted average Weighted average calculation

Video on Isotopes

RAM calculation

12



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Mg - 3 Isotopes

24 Mg (100/127.2) x 100% -78.6%25 Mg (12.8/127.2) x 100% -10.0%26 Mg (14.4/127.2) x 100% -11.3%

RAM for Mg :

= (Mass 24Mg x % Abundance) + (Mass 25Mg x % Abundance) + (Mass 26Mg x % Abundance)= (24 x 78.6/100) + (25 x 10.0/100) + (26 x 11.3/100) = 24.30

Relative Abundance % Abundance

Convert relative abundance to % abundance



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Mg - 3 Isotopes

24 Mg (100/127.2) x 100% -78.6%25 Mg (12.8/127.2) x 100% -10.0%26 Mg (14.4/127.2) x 100% -11.3%

RAM for Mg :

= (Mass 24Mg x % Abundance) + (Mass 25Mg x % Abundance) + (Mass 26Mg x % Abundance)= (24 x 78.6/100) + (25 x 10.0/100) + (26 x 11.3/100) = 24.30


Pb - 4 Isotopes

204Pb (0.2/10) x 100% -2%206Pb (2.4/10) x 100% -24%207Pb (2.2/10) x 100% -22%208Pb (5.2/10) x 100% -52%RAM for Pb :

= (Mass 204Pb x % Abundance) + (Mass 206Pb x % Abundance) + (Mass 207Pb x % Abundance) + (Mass 208Pb x % Abundance)= (204 x 2/100) + (206 x 24/100) + (207 x 22/100) + (208 x 52/100) = 207.20




Additional Resources


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Simulation C-14 dating (Half life) Simulation U-238 dating (Half life)

Video on isotopes using mass spec Video on Particle Physics (Higgs Field)

Simulation on atomic model

Periodic Table from webelement

Simulation isotope 1H, 2H, 3H

and 12C, 13C, 14C

Excellent Video on scale of universe


Excellent Video Higgs Field (Ted Talk)


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Acknowledgements

Thanks to source of pictures and video used in this presentationhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/nucnot.html

http://www.m2c3.com/chemistry/VLI/M3_Topic2/M3_Topic2_print.htmlhttp://www.universityneurosurgery.com/index.php?src

http://www.medwow.com/med/cobalt-linear-accelerator/radon/tr-cobalt-60/42865.model-spec

http://endocrinesurgery.ucla.edu/patient_education_adm_tst_radioactive_iodine_uptake_test.html

Thanks to Creative Commons for excellent contribution on licenseshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/

Prepared by Lawrenc e Kok

Check out more v ideo tutor ials f rom my si te and hop e you enjoy th is tutor ia lhttp://lawrencekok.blogspot.com

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Atomic Structure power points