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Basic aerodynamics / controls
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Flight Dynamics
AAE 6710
Lesson 01-1
Aircraft Components & Nomenclature
Earth Atmosphere
Aircraft Components
Flight Controls
A330 IL-96-300
F-22 Raptor SU-30 MKM
Rudder
Angle of Attack
Angle of Attack, πΌ, positive nose up, and generally in radians, is the angle between a convenient body-fixed reference line and the tangent to the flight path at the airplane center of gravity. It is the difference between where the aircraft is pointed and where it is going.
Flight Path Angle & Pitch Angle Flight path angle, πΎ, positive upward from the horizontal, the angle of
the path traced by the airplane center of gravity. It is where the aircraft is going.
Pitch angle, π, positive nose up, is the angle between the reference line and the horizontal. It is where the airplane is pointed.
Sideslip Angle
Angle of Attack & Side Slip Angle
Lift
π³ = πͺπ³πΈπΊ
π = ππ¦πππππ ππππ π π’ππ =1
2ππ2
Symbol Quantity English Units
SI Units
πΏ Lift πππ π
π Dynamic Pressure ππ/ππ‘2 π/π2
π Air Density π ππ’π/ππ‘3 ππ/π3
π Free stream Velocity ππ‘/π π/π
π Wing Area ππ‘2 π2
Typical Lift Forces
F16C ( F100 PW engine)
β’ Weight empty = 8 433 kg
β’ Takeoff Weight = 12 138 kg
Airbus A380-800
β’ Empty : 277,000 kg
β’ Max Takeoff : 560,000 kg
β’ Fuel Capacity : 260,900 kg
β’ Max Payload : 84,000 kg
Axis System
Axis System
β’ For flight dynamics and control the axis system or reference frame is fixed to the flight vehicle
β’ The convention for flight dynamics is to place the origin at the centre of mass of the aircraft with
β The positive x axis points towards the nose
β The positive y axis points towards the right wing
β The positive z axis points downwards
β’ NB : Aerodynamics, propulsion & structures use different conventions
Axis System
Aircraft Motion
Forces and Moments
πΊ = Wing planform area π = Wing span for the rolling and yawing moments π = Mean chord for the pitching moment
πΏ = πͺππΈπΊ axial force π = πͺππΈπΊ side force
π = πͺππΈπΊ normal force
π³ = πͺππΈπΊπ rolling moment π΄ = πͺππΈπΊπ pitching moment π΅ = πͺππΈπΊπ yawing moment
Nomenclature & Symbols
β’ πΌ : angle of attack (AOA) β’ π½ : sideslip angle β’ πΏπ : aileron deflection β’ πΏπ : elevator deflection β’ πΏπ
: rudder deflection β’ π : air density β’ π, π,Ξ¨ : roll, pitch and yaw angles β’ πΏ,π,π : roll, pitch & yaw moments β’ π, π, π : roll, pitch and yaw angular rates β’ π’, π£, π€ : velocity X,Y & Z components
Types of Motion
β’ Longitudinal motions are described by the velocities π’ and π€ and rotations about the y-axis, described by π
β’ Lateral/directional motions are described by the velocity π£ and rotations about the x and/or z axes, described by π and/or π
END