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Atlas of Formability,AD-A268 351
Nickelvac K-500,
DTIC... ..... ..... . t % !::-LEC TF... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...A. ............... ... ... ... ... ... .v...... AUG 18 1993...........
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DISCLAIMU NOTICE
THIS DOCUMENT IS BEST
QUALITY AVAILABLE. THE COPY
FURNISHED TO DTIC CONTAINED
A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF
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REPRODUCE LEGIBLY.
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB NO. 0701,0
Public reporting burden for this collection of iformation i estimated to aver age 1 hour par response, inc g the time for revwin instructions. ,.ardcmg existing data sources.gather•ig and maintaining the data nee and coflilt and reviewing the Collection of mnformuatio end comments rearding thus burden estimate or any other aspect of thiscollection of information, including gsu estosns for reducing th .burden to Washington Headquarters Services. Directorate or information Operations and Reports. 1215 JeffersonDavis Highway. Suite 1204. Arlington. V 22202-4302. and to the Office of Management and Budget. Paperwork Reduction Prolect (0704-0188). Washington. DC 20503.
1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 13. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
October 31, 1992 Final, July 31. 1992-October 31. 19924. TITLE AND SUBTITLE S. FUNDING NUMBERS
Atlas of FormabilityNickelvac K-500 C-NOO140-88-C-RC21
6. AUTHOR(S)
Prabir ChaudhuryDan Zhao
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER
National Center for Excellence in MetalworkingTechnology (NCEMT)1450 Scalp AvenueJohnstown, PA 15904
9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/ MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER
Naval Industrial Resources Support Activity
Building 75-2, Naval BasePhiladelphia, PA 19112-5078
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
12a. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)
In this investigation, flow behavior of Nickelvac K-S00 alloy wasstudied by conducting compression tests over a wide range oftemperatures and strain rates. Constitutive relations were determinedfrom the flow behavior, and dynamic material modeling was conducted onthis alloy. Thus, the optimum processing condition in terms oftemperature and strain rate was identified. Microstructural changesduring high temperature deformation were also characterized.
14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES78
Nickelvac K-500, Deformation Processing, High 16. PRICE CODETemperature Deformation, Procssing Map, Metalworking
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT
Unclassified Unclassified UnclassifiedNSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev 2-89)
011b1 by" .1N;i Sid 139-18298 :
ATLAS OF FORMABILITY
NICKELVAC K-500
by
Prabir K. Chaudhury and Dan Zhao
National Center for Excellence in Metalworking Technology1450 Scalp Avenue
Johnstown, PA 15904
for
Naval Industrial Resource Support ActivityBuilding 75-2, Naval Base
Philadelphia, PA 19112-5078
October 31, 1992
The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors andshould not be construed as an official Department of the Navy position, policy, ordecision, unless so designated by other documentation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ................................... 1
Experimental Procedure ............................ 1
R esults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Summ ary .................................... 73
Implementation of Data Provided by the Atlas of Formability ........ 73
Accession For
NTIS GRA&I [e
DTIC TAB flST #A, AUTH USNAVIRSA (MR PLONSKY 8/443-6684) UnannouncedPER TELECON, 17 AUG 93 CB Ju13tfloatio A
i-n-D0 t I .
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1. List of figures, testing conditions and microstructural observationsfor Nickelvac K-500 ....... ............................... 2
ii
Nickelvac K-500
Introduction
K-500 alloy has an excellent combination of high strength, ductility and corrosion resistance.The alloy exceeds nickel in iesistance to sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids, and brine. Handling ofwaters, including sea water and brackish water, is a major area of application. The understanding ofmechanical and microstructural behavior during high temperature deformation is very important forthe forming processes of this alloy. In this investigation, flow behavior of Nickelvac K-500 wasstudied by conducting compression tests at various temperatures and strain rates. Constitutiverelations were determined from the flow behavior and then, a dynamic material modeling for this alloywas performed. Thus, the optimum processing conditions in terms of temperature and strain ratewere determined. Microstructural changes during high temperature deformation were alsocharacterized to aid process design engineers to select processing conditions in terms of resultingmicrostructure.
Experimental Procedure
The material used in this investigation was commercially available Nickelvac K-500 heattreated and aged wrought bars. The typical microstructure of the as-received materials had equiaxedgrains with a uniform grain size of approximately 11 pm (IOASTM). The microstructure presentedextensive twinning and, intragranular precipitates. which are presumably titanium carbides andcomplex carbonitrides. Figure 1 shows the typical microstructure of the as received material. Thechemical composition is as follows:
C S Mn Si Co Ti A] Fe Cu Ni P
0.142 0.0002 0.76 0.11 0.01 0.54 3.05 0.82 30.27 64.76 0.011
Cylindrical compression test specimens with a diameter of 12.7 mm and a height of 15.9 mmwere machined from the bars. Isothermal compression testing was conducted on an MTS testingmachine. The test matrix was as follows:
Temperature, C (F): 800 (1472), 900 (1652), 950 (1742), 1000 (1832), 1050 (1922), 1100 (2012),1150 (2102), and 1200 (2192);
Strain rate, s-1: 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 20.
The tests were conducted in vacuum. Load and stroke data from the tests were acquired by acomputer and later converted to true stress-true strain curves. Immediately after the compressiontest, the specimens were quenched with forced helium gas in order to retain the deformedmicrostructure. Longitudinal and transverse sections of the specimens were examined by opticalmicroscopy. The photomicrographs presented were taken from the center of the longitudinal sectionof the specimens.
Results
Table I shows a list of the figures, test conditions and the observed microstructures. The truestress-true strain flow curves with selective corresponding deformed microstructure are shown inFigure 2 to Figure 65. True stress versus strain rate was plotted in log-log scale in Figure 66 at a truestrain of 0.3. The slope of the plot gives the strain rate sensitivity m, which is not constant over therange of strain rate tested. Log stress vs. l/T at the same true strain is shown in Figure 67. Aprocessing map at this strain was developed and is shown in Figure 68. The optimum processingcondition from the map is 1125 C and 10 -3 s-1 for this material.
I
Table 1. List of figures, testing conditions and microstructural observations for Nickelvac K-500
Figure I Temperature Strain Rate Microstructure 1 PageNo C (F) s- 1 Optical Microscopy _ NoI As received Equiaxed grains with a uniform grain size of 4
approximately 11.0 pm (IOASTM). Thestructure presents extensive twinning and, thereare intra-granular precipitates.
2 800 (1472) 0.001 Recrystallized equiaxed grains (100%) with a 5uniform size (4.8pm). Some twinning and fineintragranular precipitation.
3 800(1472) 0.01 64 800 (1472) 0.05 Equiaxed recrystallized grains (100%) with a 7
uniform size (-5 pm) some twinning and fineintragranular precipitates.
5 800 (1472) 0.1 Same as above 86 800 (1472) 0.5 97 800(1472) 1 Same as above, but there is an extensive 10
, twinning8 800(1472) 5 119 800 (1472) 20 100 % recrystallized grains with a uniform size 12
of approximately 5pm, extensive twinning andfine intragranular precipitation.
10 900 (1652) 0.001 1311 900(1652) 0.01 100% recrysiallized structure, the equiaxed 14
grains have a duplex size. The grain size is9.3pm and 27.2pm for the small and the largegrains respectively. There is also anintragranular precipitation
12 900 (1652) 0.05 1513 900(1652) 0.1 Recrystallized equiaxed grains with a duplex 16
size. -40% of large grains (-17.2pm).Intragranular precipitation is also present.
14 900 (1652) 0.5 1715 900 (1652) 1 Same as above, but the proportion of larger 18
grains (<17pm) is bellow 30%.16 900 5 1917 900 (1652) 20 Equiaxed recrystallized grains with small grain 20
size (-5.2pm) and -5% of larger grains(-15.7rm).
18 950 (1742) 0.001 Equiaxed grains with a duplex size. The large 21
and small grains have a size of 32.5 pm and 9.1pm respectively. The larger grains show thepresence of a substructure. There is twinningand intragranular precipitation.
19 950 (1742) 0.01 2220 950 (1742) 0.05 Twimied equiaxed recrystallized grains. -5% of 23
the grains are larger than average. Theintragranular precipitation is still present.
21 950 (1742) 0.1 2422 950 (1742) 0.5 25
2
23 950 (1742) 1 Recrystallized equiaxed grains with a duplex 26size. The large and small grains have a size of19 and 6.9 pm respectively. These show twinsand intragranular precipitation.
24 950 (1742) 5 2725 950 (1742) 20 Recrystallized equiaxed grains with very large 28
proportion of small grains (95%) with an averagesize of 8.6gm, fewer grains are large (-21.7pro).Twinning and intragranular precipitation arepresent.
26 1000(1882) 0.001 2927 1000 (1882) 0.01 Large equiaxed grains with a uniform size, 30
(57pm). Extensive twinning and theintragranular precipitation is decreasing, but theparticulates are coarsening.
28 1000(1882) 0.05 3129 1000 (1882) 0.1 Large equiaxed grains with a relatively uniform 32
grain size, extensive twinning and someintragranular corse precipitates.
30 1000(1882) 0.5 3331 1000 (1882) 1 Same as above, but smaller grain size (25.5ptm). 3432 1000(1882) 5 3533 1000 (1882) 20 Same as above, but the grain size is decreasing, 36
(16.3/am).34 1050 (1922) 0.001 Equiaxed grains with an extensive irregular grain 37
growvth. the average grain size is -65.4pm. Thelarger grains present a substructure and theintragranular precipitates have sufferedcuarseijng.
35 1050 (1922) 0.01 3836 1050 (1922) 0.05 Large equiaxed grains with twins. They are 39
irregular in size with approximately 10% oflarger grains than average.
37 1050 (1922) 0.1 100% recrystallized equiaxed grains with a 40uniform size (-42.6pm). An intragranularprecipitation is observed.
38 1050(1922) 0.5 4139 1050 (1922) 1 Equiaxed recrystallized grains with a uniform 42
size. some twinning and intragranularprecipitates are present.
40 1050(1922) 5 4341 1050(1922) 20 100% recrystallized equiaxed grains with a 44
uniform size (-21.6pm). A coarse intragranularprecipitation is observed.
42 1100(1212) 0.001 4543 1100 (1212) 0.01 Equiaxed recrystallized grains with an extensive 46
grain growth (>55pm). The larger grains showthe presence of a substructure. There is anextensive twining and coarsening of the
I intragranular precipitates.44 1100(1212) 0.05 1 47
3
45 1100 (1212) 0.1 Equiaxed 100% recrystallized grains with an 48extensive twinning. A small proportion (<5%) oflarger than average grains is present, and a smallfraction of coarsen precipitates is also present.
46 1100(1212) 0.5 4947 1100(1212) 1 100% recrystallized equiaxed grains (27pm). 50
The fraction of grains larger than the average isgreatly reduced (<1%).
48 1100(1212) 5 5149 1100 (1212) 20 100% recrystallized grains with a uniform size 52
(23 pm), extensive twinning and, still thepresence of intragranular precipitation.
50 1150 (2102) 0.001 Extensive grain growth, equiaxed grains with an 53average size of 181.4pm. The larger thanaverage grains show a substructure and theintragranular precipitates are becoming finer(dissolution).
51 1150 (2102) 0.01 5452 1150 (2102) 0.05 100% of large equiaxed grains with a uniform 55
size. Twinning is present and fine intragranularprecipitation
53 1150(2102) 0.1 100% of large equiaxed grains with a uniform 56size (-61.2 pm) Twinning is present and fineintragranular precipitation
54 1150(2102) 0.5 Same as above, but a smaller grain size 5755 1150(2102) 1 Same as above, but a smaller grain size and 58
extensive twinning.56 1150(2102) 5 5957 1150(2102) 20 100% equiaxed grain with a uniform size 60
(-52.5 jm). Twinning and a small proportion offine precipitates is present.
58 1200(2192) 0.001 6159 1200(2192) 0.01 Excessively grow\%n equiaxed grains with an 62
average size >150pm. Twinning is present andthe precipitates are practically dissolved.
60 1200(2192) 0.05 6361 1200 (2192) 0.1 Large equiaxed grains showing twins and a very 64
small proportion of fine intragranularprecipitates.
62 1200(2192) 0.5 6563 1200 (2192) 1 Recrystallized equiaxed grains with a size of 66
-61 pm. Twinning and a very small fraction offine intragranular precipitates are present.
64 1200(2192) 5 6765 1200(2192) 20 100% recrystallized equiaxed grain with a 68
uniform size of-47pm, there a few twins and theI_ intragranular precipitation is practically absent.
4
Figure 1. As-received microstructure of Nickelvac K-500.
5
Nickelvac Monel K-500200
150
U)U)
Q 100
0)
H-- 50Temperature: 800 e
Strain Rate: 0.001 s-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 2. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograp1 from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 800 C snd 0.001 s- .
6
Nickelvac Monel K-500300 , , ,
250
Q'- 200
q> 150Cl)
• 100
50 Temperature: 800 C
Strain Rate: 0.01 s-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 3. True stress-true strain curve, 800 C and 0.01 s-1.
7
Nickelvac Monel K-500
2300 *
250
a.200
150
0100
50 Tempe ratu re: 800 CStrain Rate: 0.05 s-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0ý3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
A* %~ il '4.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -..... .....
Figure 4. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressed
sample cut through the compression axis, 800 C and 0.05 s-1.
8
Nickelvac Monel K-500300 *
250
~- 200
U)
~j150
0ý
:3 100
50 Temnperature: 800 CStrain Rate: 0.1 s-'
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
4 ........ ... O ~ ~* c. .. . ..... ...
Figre . Tuestrss ruestaincure ad n oticl IcrgahfoNh eteftecmrse
sapecttruhth opeso xs,80Cad01s" ;%9
Nickelvac Monel K-500400 , , ,
300
ff, 200
- 1 O0Temperature: 800 C
Strain Rate: 0.5 s-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 6. True stress-true strain curve, 800 C and 0.5 s-1 .
10
Nickelvac Monel K-500400
- 300
s-_
(nU)
o, 200
03
-- 100Temperature: 800 C
Strain Rate: 1 .0 s-I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 015 0,6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 7. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 800 C and 1 s-1
II
Nickelvac Monel K-500500 , , , ,
400
300
200
:3H--
1 00 Temperature: 800 C
Strain Rate: 5.0 s-I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 8. True stress-true strain curve, 800 C and 5 s- 1 .
12
Nickelvac Monel K-500500 *
400
300(n
200
1 00 Temnpera~ture: 800 CStr'ain Rate: 20.0 s-i
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
ZýN ~ 5y .~o
:ýM.
~A . .. ......
-~20 L~m
Figure 9. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 800 C and 20 s-1.
13
Nickelvac Monel K-5001 Go
80
'- 60cn
0I 40()
20 Temperature: 900 e
Strain Rate: 0.001 s-i
0 I_ -- I .I I_ I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 10. True stress-true strain curve, 900 C and 0.001 s-1 .
14
Nickelvac Monel K-500200 *
150
()100.4_0
H- 50Tempe ratu re: 900 CStrain Rate: 0.01 3-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
15~
Nickelvac Monel K-500200 , , ,
150
O~o 100
50I- 50
Temperature: 900 CStrair Rate: 0.05 s-I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 12. True stress-true strain curve, 900 C and 0.05 s-1.
16
Nickelvac Monet K-500200 *
150
100
U)
5 00
Temperature: 900 CStraln Rate: 0.1 s-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
x..
...........WZ -1
_N~
Figure 13. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 900 C and 0. 1 s-1.
17
Nickelvac Monel K-500300 , ,
250
a_ 200
150
3 100
50 Temperature: 900 C
Strain Rate: 0.5 s-I
0 f I *I I , I ,
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 14. True stress-true strain curve, 900 C and 0.5 s-1.
18
Nickelvac Monel K-500
300 *
250
a. 200
~, 150~4-A
S 100
50 Temperature: 900 C
Straln Rate: 1 .0 s-i
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 15. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 900 C and I s-
19
Nickelvac Monel K-500400 , , ,
-30002U_
63 200oU)
I- 1 00
Temperature: 900 CStrain Rate: 5.0 s-I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 16. True stress-true strain curve, 900 C and 5 s-1.
20
400
Nickelvac Monel K-500
'' 300
a-
Uj 200
I- 100Temperature: 900 C
$train Rate: 20.0 s-
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
AMv-
P-Aj7'
JI-~
Figure 17. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 900 C and 20 s-1 .
21
Nickelvac Monel K-500100 *
80
60
U3U3
4-0
20 Temperature: 950 CStrafn Rate: 0,001 s-I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
.4............
............ ~
'~.-.
:.. x.~~2 LLM
Figure ~ 'O 18 True stes-tu strai curve an notclmcogahfo h ete ftecmrse
sample~$ cut thrug th copeso xs 50Cad001s1
22,~
Nickelvac Monel K-500100
"80
60U)
Cl) 4-0a)
20 Temperatu re: 950 C
Strafn Rate: 0.01 s-1
0 1 1 10.0 0.1 0.2 0,3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 19. True stress-true strain curve, 950 C and 0.01 s- 1.
23
Nickelvac Mona] K-500200 *
150
C13CI, 100
50 Temperature: 950 CStroln Rat~e: 0,05 s-'
0.0 0.1 012 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7True Strain
..... .....
-. ...-. ):
V -i
.. ........ ~f.. ... ...,.ýý
~..........
Figre 0. ruestrss ru staincure ad a oticl mcrorap frm.te.entr.o.th.coprese
Figure samplre cutresthrough sthei comrvessndon opiaxl 950ogap C ro and 0ete 05 shoprse
24
Nickelvac Monel K-500200 , , ,
150
ff3 100L_.
1- 50Temperature: 950 C
Strafn Rate: 0.1 s-I
0' A I I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 21. True stress-true strain curve, 950 C and 0.1 s-1.
25
Nickelvac Monel K-500200 *
150
0' 100
L5.
1& ..5....
M .4
............... .......
IMF. ..
Figue 2. Tre sres-tru staincurv.an.anoptial icrgrap frm te ceterof he.cmprss.
sample .. cu/.ouhte opesinaxs 50Cad..5s
26.. . .. . ..~
Nickelvac Monel K-500
3 00 *
250
'- 200
) 1.50
S 100
50 Temperature: 950 CStroln Rate: 1 .0 s-'
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Cý:: ~ .......
4as
... ... ...
S20 L
Figure 23. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 950 C and I s-1.
27
Nickelvac Monal K-500
300 , , ,
250
a- 200
• 1504 -'
• 100
50 Temperature: 950 CStraln Rate: 5,0 s-1
0I 1 - I , I ,_
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 24. True stress-true strain curve, 950 C and 5 s-1.
28
400* I *
Nickelvac Monel K-500
-' 300
Q 200
H- 100Temperature: 950 C
Strain Rote: 20.0 s'i
010.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
K.S... ..... .' ... 4 ...
.................. .e t4. >.... ....
Figure 25. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 950 C and 20 s-1.
29
Nickelvac Monel K-5001 00
80
v. 60
ci)
Cl) 40
20 Temperature: 1000 C
Stra[n Rate: 0.001 s-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 26. True stress-true strain curve, 1000 C and 0.001 s-1.
30
Nickelvac Monel K-500100
80
IL
60
~4-a0) 40
20 Temperature: 1000 C$train Rate: 0,01 s-I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
.........................
w, N
.......... ..... ~... ..
~............... ....
.- .
.. .... ...
..............
. ......... .... . . ,2*
............ . ........ 2 0.....
Figure 27. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1000 C and 0. 0 1 s-.
31
Nickelvac Monel K-500200 , , ....
150
( 1 Go
- 50Temperature: 1000 C
Stroin Rnte: 0.05 s-I
0 - .I I II I I * I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 28. True stress-true strain curve, 1000 C and 0.05 s- 1.
32
Nickelvac Monel K-500200 *
150
r)
Cl)c) 100
50
Temperature: 1000 CStraln Rate: 0.1 s-'
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
S~...4.....
.. .. . . ....
...... c.. t
..... .... .........
Figure 29. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1000 C and 0. 1 s-.
33
Nickelvac Monel K-500200 , , ,
150
- 50Temperature: 1000 C
Strain Rate: 0.5 s-'
0 1 - . I I I I
0.0 0.1 0,2 0,3 0.4- 0.5 0,6 0.7True Strain
Figure 30. True stress-true strain curve, 1000 C and 0.5 s-1.
34
Nickelvac Monel K-500200 *
150
U)100
40
I- 50Temperature: 1000 CStrain Rate: 1 .0 s-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7
True Strain
K R
................ .. "... .
. ., . . . . . .
ROiim
*v.....,.n.v,. a.- r ~ .. ;..r ~N ...... LLM~~..
Figure 3 1. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1000 C and I s-
35
Nickelvac Monel K-500300 , , ,
250
a_ 200
S, 150L/
(D 100:)
50 Temperature: 1000 CStrafn Rate: 5.0 s-1
0 ' 1 1 1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 32. True stress-true strain curve, 1000 C and 5 s-1.
36
Nickelvac Monel K-500300 *
250
a- 200
U)
150
:3 100
50 - Tem peratu re: 10000CStrain Rate: 20.0 s-I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7True Strain
A. .
................................... K.....". ; ~ ~
•2 <: ........... \......I UR
..........................I...
.... . .... 2 U7 L
Figure 33. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1000 C and 20 s-1
37
50 1 F g
Nickelvac Monet K-500
40
30
4-,U1) 20
:3
10 Temperature: 1050 C
Straln Rate: 0,001 s-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
......... A.W
.. . . ... . ..4. . ......... .
Fiur 34.... TrueX strss-ru stancre.n.notca..rgap.rmtecetro hecmrsesample ~ ~ ~ ~ w<. cu thog th copeso axis,1050..and ..0 .. .1............. .. .. ..3 8.
Nickelvac Monel K-500100 *
80
S 60
CI)
4 _1
0 40
20 Temperature: 1050 C
Strafn Rate: 0.01 s-10 o l i I I I I I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 35. True stress-true strain curve, 1050 C and 0.01 s- 1.
39
Nickelvac Monel K-500100 *
80
60U3
0 4-0
20 Temperature: 1050 C
Strain Rate: 0.05 s-i
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 36. True stress-true strain curve, 1050 C and 0.05 s- 1.
40
Nickelvac Monel K-500100 *
80
a_
60cn
40
20 Temperature: 10,500C
Strain Rate: 0.1 s-'
0 _ _0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
` .2 , ........
.::..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......
S½ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ......
. . . . . . . . . . . .....
..........................s..,
......................~
..........
410
Nickelvac Monel K-500200 , ,
1.50a_
50T a 1 00
L..
I- 50Temperature: 1 0500C
Strafn Rate: 0.5 s-I
0 1 C.I I ,I - I I I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 38. True stress-true strain curve, 1050 C and 0.5 s-1 .
42
Nickelvac Monel K-500200
150
U)
100
0. 150_. I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7True Strain
...............
An 10 ....
......9 ..... . .. . . . .
..... k .. ...
..... .......
W * *
.................g~9,
Figure 39. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1050 C and I s-1
43
Nickelvac Monel K-500200 ,
,'-, 150
110
"I 50Temperature: 1050 C
Strofn Rate: 5.0 8-1
0 J I - . I ,'
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 40. True stress-true strain curve, 1050 C and 5 s- 1.
44
Nickelvac Monel K-500300 *
250
150
100
50 -Temperature: 10500CStrafn Rate: 20.0 s-t
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
~v.~..c................ .... *.......... .. ... ... -
.. .....-. .. ..
....... .... 4...........
17. ............
.s A . ........
.5.
............ . . .........
.... .... .... ... .... .... m~
Figure 41. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the c~mpression axis, 1050 C and 20 s-1.
45
Nickelvac Monel K-50050
40
0~
CO) 20
10 VTem peratu re: 11000C
St~rafn Rate: 0,001 s-
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.23 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 42. True stress-true strain curve, 1 100 C and 0. 00 1 s- .
46
Nickelvac Monel K-50050
40
Cn 20
10 Temperature: 11000C
Strafn Rate: 0.01 s-1
00 01 0.2 0.23 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
4' ý
..........
20 / ~ .
474
Nickelvac Monel K-500100 0 , ,
80
CL..
44-AC) 40
20 Temperatu re: 1100 C
Strain Rate: 0.05 s-I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 44. True stre.s-true strain curve, 1100 C and 0.05 s-.
48
Nickelvac Monel K-500100 *
80
0~
M) 40(D)
20 Temperature: 11000CStraon Rate: 0.1 a-
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0,6 0.7
True Strain
.~¼ ... \..'.4 .. ..... .
,.,g.
... ............ . . . .
...................... .
Figure 45. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1 100 C and 0. 1 s-*
49
Nickelvac Monel K-500200 , ,
1500•
cn
1 100:L05
1- 50
Temperature: 1100 CStrain Rate: 0.5 8-I
0 i I - . 1 1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 46. True stress-true strain curve, 1100 C and 0.5 s-1.
50
Nickelvac Monel K-500200 *
1.50
U3
10040
50Temperature: 11000CStrafn Rate: 1 .0 8-1
0.0 0)C).1 0.2 0.3 0O4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
.... ......
... .. .. ..
...................
... ... ...
.4. ...
..........
4 . 20
Figue 4. Tue tres-tue srai cuve nd n otica mirogaphfro th cener f te cmprsse
sampli cut thog th comresio axs,100Can s1
51
200 , , ,
Nickelvac Monel K-500
'-• 150
03(DI
H- 50Temperature: 1 1 00 CStrain Rate: 5,0 s-1
0 1 l I , I I I I I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 48. True stress-true strain curve, 1100 C and 5 s-1.
52,
200 1 1 1 1 ,
Nickelvac Monel K-500,'-, 1 50
1- 50Tem0perture:1 1 00 C
Strafn R<ate: 20.0 6-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
• !~... ........ ....
...............
:.:-:-:.:;:-;... . . . ..... . :: : : :: : : :: :: : :: :
. ......... . ;; . ..
::::: ::::::::::::::.. .]: -::::: : ...: .........
Figure 49. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1100 C and 20 s-
53
25 ..... ,
Nickelvac Monel K-500
20
v 15
af)
(1> 10
0)
F.-5 Temperature: 1 1 50 C
Strain Rate: 0.001 s-I
0.0 0,1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 50. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1 150 C2 and 0.001 s"1
54
Nickelvac Monel K-50050
40
03_
4_30
20 3
1 0 Temper'<ture: 1150 C
Strain Rate: 0.01 s-'
o . -I -I I - I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 51. True stress-true strain curve, 1150 C and 0.01 s" 1.
55
Nickelvac Monel K-500100 *
80
-~60
a) 40
20 Tom peratu re: 11500C- Strafn Rate: 0.05 s-I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7True Strain
.7?
.. .. ....
-- ~~2 am - 4
Fiur 5. ru sres-ru sran ure ndanotialmirorah ro te enerofth cmpese
sapl cu thrug th o peso-xs 15 n .5s1
56*
100 *
Nickelvac Monel K-500
80
a_v 60C,,cn
• 4.U1) 40(D
20 Temperature: 11 50 CStrain Ra•te: 0.1 s-I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 53. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1150 C and 0.1 s-
57
100 0 , ,
Nickelvac Monel K-500
80 _
a3_
60U)
M 4-0
20 Temperature: 11 50 C
Strain Rate: 0.5 s-i
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 . _ I ._ I _ _ _ I I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 54. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1150 C and 0.5 s-1.
58
200 *
Nickelvac Monel K-500
-'150
50
0~ 100 I -I _
L;.
Temperature511 5Stan R0e 1.
0 . . A 0. 0. .. 0. .. 0..7.I
TrnSri
Figre 5.Tru sres tue tran urv ad a oticl mcrgrah.romth.ceterofthecoprese
sapl ct hrug te omresiNaxs15Can1s... .... ...
200 , , , ,
Nickelvac Monel K-500
150
:3.0~
5- 0
Temperature: 11 50 C
Stroin Ra•te: 5.0 s-l
0 1 I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 56. True stress-true strain curve, 1150 C and 5 s-1
60
200 *
Nickelvac Monet K-500
S.4150
Cn(D 100
H- 50Temperature, 11 50 C
Straln Rote: 20.0 3- 1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
41.
A4,
-.. . ....
44 .. ... .' . ...
Figure~5. 57. Tresrs-resri uv ada pia irgahfomtecne.ftecmrse
sampe ct thoug th comresion xis 110 C nd 0 s
61 5.
25
Nickelvac Monel K-500
20
15U)
0 10
5 Temperature: 1 200 C
Strain Rote: 0.001 3-1
0 L I . I I I I I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 58. True stress-true strain curve, 1200 C and 0.001 s- 1 .
62
50 1 1 1 1 1-
Nickelvac Monel K-500
40
s-30
Q>
0 20
10 Temperature: 1 200 C
Strain Rote: 0.01 S-i
0111 1 10.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
- e- ,sý
...................- ** ........ *
....... ......
Figure~~~~ 59Tu testu tancreada pialmcorp rmtecne ftecmrs
sape u hruhth om rsio xs,10 C. an 0.0 s-1.
63-
50 1 1 1 1 1 1 *
Nickelvac Monel K-500
40
03
v 30U)
( 20
F--10 Temperature: 1200 C
Strain Rote: 0.05 s-i
{0 1 I _I , I .. I I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 60. True stress-true strain curve, 1200 C and 0.05 s- 1.
64
100 *
.Nickelvac Monel K-500
80
a_
S60
01 4-0
20 Temperature: 12000 CC
Strafn Rate: 0.1 a-'
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
M .~ ". '
. . .......... .. . .~ 4
. X ffim~
A '.. ........
~~..........
S. ...... ... . ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., .#,q . .
. .. '.
~~~~~2 I.. . . .. . . ... . . .
sml cut. thrug th comresio axs 20Cad0 -1
S'..'65
100 1 1 ,
Nickelvac Monel K-500
80
60U)
L_-4--,
M 40
20 Temperature: 1200 C
Strain Rate: 0.5 s-i
00.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 62. True stress-true strain curve, 1200 C and 0.5 s-1.
66
Nickelvac Monel K-500
80
S 60
C',
4-0
20 Tem peratu re: 1200 C
Strcfn Rate: 1 .0 a-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
..........
.. . .. .. . . . ..
0N... .. ....
..... ..
.N ...
Figure 63. True stress-true strain curve and an optical micrograph from the center of the compressedsample cut through the compression axis, 1200 C and 1 s-1
67
200
Nickelvac Monel K-500
,-, 150
I 50Temperature: 1200 C
Stroin Rate: 5.0 s-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
Figure 64. True stress-true strain curve, 1200 C and 5 s-1.
68
200 *
Nickelvac Monel K-500
-'150
a-I.
I- 50Tem peratu re: 1 200 C
Straln Rate: 20.0 s-
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True Strain
I.P
Sp..... . ~..
............
S\'~6c9 .
0 LN.
69 6
Nickelvac Monel K-5003 a
1 42 ,
102 & Y
o X 4 0 C
A 1050
cn 3 ± • BOO C€• 2 I 0 900 C
i_ 950 CS 1 01 ' 10000C
0 1150 C2 0 1200 C
1 0 Innl I I . |.nnil n n . .i n*~n 1.n1,1n, I * .Sill1 0-3 10-2 10-1 100 2 101 2
Strain Rate (s-1)
Figure 66. Effect of strain rate on stress in log-log scale at a true strain of 0.3 for Nickelvac K-500.
70
103 ,
Nickelvac Monel K-500
2 " x
" " 102 " 4
a xCL xX _
3 - x OS2 x 0.01 s- 1
S• 0.05 s-1
c 101 0.1 s-IQ ,5 s-1
• 1.0s-1
.° 5.0s-12 • 20.0 s-l
100 *
0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30
1/T (1000/C)
Figure 67. Effect of temperature on stress at a true strain of 0.3 for Nickelvac K-500.
71
Nickelvac Monel K-5001.5
TU)
"<D 00 • UNSTABLE
C)
0
-J
-2.
800 900 1000 1100 1200
Temperature (C)
Figure 68. Processing map of Nickelvac K-500 at a true strain of 0.3.
72
Summary
Compression tests have been performed on Nickelvac K-500 over a wide range oftemperatures and strain rates. The experimental conditions used in this work are representative ofthose used in metalforming practices. From the stress-strain curves, the flow behavior wascharacterized and a processing map indicating the optimum processing condition was generated. Thiscondition is approximately 1125 C and 10-3 s-1.
*The deformed microstructures were characterized from the quenched specimens by opticalmicroscopy and are presented for selective testing conditions together with the stress-strain curves.
Implementation of Data Provided by the Atlas of Formability
The Atlas of Formability program provides ample data on flow behavior of various importantengineering materials in the temperature and strain rate regime commonly used in metalworkingprocesses. The data are valuable in design and problem solving in metalworking processes ofadvanced materials. Microstructural changes with temperature and strain rates are also provided inthe Bulletin, which helps the design engineer to select processing parameters leading to the desiredmicrostructure.
The data can also be used to construct processing map using dynamic material modelingapproach to determine stable and unstable regions in terms of temperature and strain rate. Thetemperature and strain rate combination at the highest efficiency in the stable region provides theoptimum processing condition. This has been demonstrated in this Bulletin. In some metalworkingprocesses such as forging, strain rate varies within the workpiece. An analysis of the process withfinite element method (FEM) can ensure that the strain rates at 'the processing temperature in thewhole workpiece fall into the stable regions in the processing map. Furthermore, FEM analysis withthe data from the Atlas of Formability can be coupled with fracture criteria to predict defectformation in metalworking processes.
Using the data provided by the Atlas of Formability, design of metalworking processes,dynamic material modeling, FEM analysis of metalworking processes, and defect prediction arecommon practice in Concurrent Technologies Corporation. Needs in solving problems related tometalworking processes can be directed to Dr. Prabir K. Chaudhury, Manager of FormingDepartment, by calling (814) 269-2594.
73