Ateneo First Aid Lecture

7/27/2019 Ateneo First Aid Lecture

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TACTICAL RESCUE TRAINING SERVICES(PROGRAMOFINSTRUCTION)First Aid & Basic Life Support Training Prepared BY: ALLANG.BERMUDEZEMT,RRT

NATIONAL SAFETY INSTRUCTOR

AM

IntroductionToFirstAid

a) Whatisfirsaid

b) Roles&responsibilitiesofthefirstaider

c) Objectivesoffirstaid

d) Characteristicofagoodfirstaider

e) Hindrancesingivingfirstaid

GuidelinesInGivingEmergencyCare

a) Gettingstarted(howtoapproachintheinjuredperson)

b) Emergencyactionprinciple

Basiclifesupport(cardiopulmonaryresuscitation) Shock

Poisoning

a) Absorbedpoison

b) Injectedpoison

Insectbitespider/scorpionbitesmarinelifestings

Snakebites

PM EnvironmentalEmergencies

a) Mildhypothermiab)severehypothermia

Heatillnesses

a) HeatCrampsc)HeatExhaustion

b) HeatStrokeorSunStroke

Seizure.Epilepsy,convulsion

Bone,joints&muscleinjuries

Immobilizationtechnique

Softtissueinjuries

Kindsofwounds

Dangers

Firstaidmanagement

Bandagingtechnique PatientCasualtyHandling(Carries)

Thank You!!!!


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TACTICAL RESCUE TRAINING SERVICESFirst Aid & Basic Life Support Training ManualPrepared BY: ALLANG.BERMUDEZEMT,RRTNATIONAL SAFETY INSTRUCTOR

FIRST AIDis an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed.

Role and Responsibilities of First Aider

1. Bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.

It is not intended to compete with, or take the place of the services of the physician.

It ends when the services of a physician begin.2. Ensure personal safety and that of patient / bystander.

3. Gain access to the victim.4. Determine any threats to patients life.5. Summon more advanced medical care as needed.

6. Provide needed care for the patient.7. Assist Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) and medical personnel.

8. Record all assessments and care given to the patient.

Objectives of First Aid

1. To alleviate suffering.2. To prevent added/further injury or danger.3. To prolong life.

Characteristics of a GoodFirst Aider1. Gentle - should not cause pain.2. Resourceful- should make the best use of things at hand.3. Observant - should notice all signs.4. Tactful- should not alarm the victim.5. Empathetic - should be comforting.6. Respectable - should maintain a professional & caring attitude.

Hindrances in Giving First Aid1. Unfavorable Surroundings

Night time.

Crowded city streets; churches; shopping malls.

Busy highways.

Cold and rainy weather.

Lack of necessary materials or helpers.


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2. The Presence of Crowds Crowds curiously watch, sometimes heckle, sometimes offer incorrect advice.

They may demand haste in transportation or attempt other improper procedures.

A good examination is difficult while a crowd looks on.3. Pressure from Victim or Relatives

GUIDELINES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE

GETTING STARTEDYou will never see the emergencies you prevent. However, emergencies can and do happen, regardless of attemptsto prevent them. Preparing for an emergency would benefit the provider in giving appropriate care to a victim. Thefollowing are guides to assure the provider to response to an emergency properly.

Plan of Action.To respond most efficiently to certain emergencies, you need a plan of action. A plan of thistype is prepared in advance and rehearsed with personnel. Emergency plans should be established based onanticipated needs and available resources.

Gathering of needed materials. Theemergencyresponsebeginswiththepreparation ofequipmentandpersonnelbeforeanyemergencyoccurs. Remember the initial response as follows:

1. A - Ask for help.In a crisis, time is of essence. The more quickly you recognize an emergency, and the faster you call for medical

assistance, the sooner the victim will get help. Immediate care can greatly affect the outcome of an emergency.

2. I - Intervene.It means to do something for the victim that will help achieve a positive outcome to an emergency. Sometimesgetting medical help will be all you can do, and this alone may save a life. In other situations, however, you maybecome actively involved in the victims initial care by giving first aid.

3. D - Do not further harm.Once you have begun first aid, you want to be certain you dont do anything that might cause the victimscondition to worsen. Certain actions should always be avoided and by keeping them in mind, you will be able toavoid adding to or worsening the victims illness or injuries.

Instruction to helpers. Keep in mind that in providing care you might need the assistance of other

personnel or probably a bystander. Proper information and instruction to a helper/s would provide organized first aid

care.


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4. Check C Circulation. (10)Reminders:if the victim has a sign of circulation, meaning pulse & breathing is present ( B- P) dosecondary survey of the victim

Do a Secondary Survey of the victim.

Once you are certain that the victim has no life-threatening

conditions, you can begin the fourth EAP. The secondary survey is a systematic method of gathering additionalinformation about injuries or conditions that may need care. These conditions are not immediately life threatening butcould become so if not cared for. The following are not in order; it will depend on the condition of the victim or

situation of the accident.

Interview the victim.By asking the victim and bystanders simple questions, you learn more about what happened and the victims

condition. Ask the following questions: Ask the victims name.

Ask what happened.

Ask the SAMPLE history.

And also do a head to toe examination

What If the victims pulse & breathing is absent (P-B). so you have to perform CPR)

Adult (30 compressions; 2 breaths do it for 5 cycles) then recheck pulse.

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 1-2 breaths1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 2-2 breaths1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 3-2 Breaths1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 4-2 breaths1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 5-2 breaths

Do not give any thing by mouth including water. If medical care is delayed and patient complaining of intensethirst, you may wet his/her lips by using cotton.

Elements of the SAMPLE historyare:

1. Signs and Symptoms of the episode.2. Allergies, particularly to medications.3. Medications, including prescription, over-the-counter,

and recreational (illicit) drugs.

4. Past medical history, particularly involving similar

episodes in the past.5. Last oral intake, including food and/or drinks. This is

particular important if the patient may need surgery.6. Events leading up to the episode.


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Recheck for the breathing and signs of pulse for 10 seconds (LLF). If the victim is revived put it inthe recovery position (side lying) because it might be vomit. then continue monitor the victim andtransport the nearest hospital immediately.

SHOCK is a depressed condition of many body functions due to the failure of enough blood tocirculate throughout the body following serious injury.

Basic Causes1. Pump failure. Poor pump function occurs when disease or injury damages the heart. The heart does

not generate enough energy to move the blood through the system. Causes: Heart attack, trauma toheart.

2. Hypovolemia. Blood or fluid loss from blood vessels decreases blood volume, usually a result ofbleeding, and results in adequate perfusion. Causes:Trauma to vessels or tissues, fluid loss from GItract (vomiting/diarrhea can also lower the fluid component of blood).

3. Relative hypovolemia, The blood vessels can dilate enough that the blood within them, even thoughit is of normal volume, is inadequate to fill the system and provide efficient perfusion.

DangersofShock

1. Lead to death.2. Predisposes body to infection.3. Lead to loss of body part.

Factors which contribute to shock

1. Pain2. Rough handling.

3. Improper transfer.4. Continuous

bleeding.

5. Exposure toextreme cold or

excessive heat.6. Fatigue

Signs and Symptoms of Shock1. Early stage:

Face pale orcyanotic in color.

Skin cold andclammy.

Breathing irregular.

Pulse rapidand weak.

Nausea andvomiting.

Weakness Thirsty

2. Late stage: If the condition deteriorates, victim may become apathetic or relatively unresponsive. Eyes will be sunken with vacant expression. Pupils are dilated. Blood vessels may be congested producing mottled appearances. Blood pressure has very low level. Unconsciousness may occur, body temperature falls.


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First Aid and Preventive Management of Shock

1. Proper body Position Keep victim lying down flat. Elevate the lower part of the body a foot or so if injury is severe, from eight to twelve inches high. Place the victim who is having difficulty in breathing on his back, with his head and shoulder raised.

Head injury apply pressure on the injury and keep the victim lying flat. Do not elevate head or lowerextremities. When the color of the face return to normal, elevate head and shoulder and continue givingcare to the injury. In chest injury, raise the head and shoulder slightly.

When there are symptoms of nausea and vomiting or unconsciousness keep the victim lying onone side preferably opposite from his injury except for sucking wound and stroke. The position isknown as recovery, coma or lateral position.

2. Proper body heat Maintain body temperature and victim must not be neither perspiring nor chilling. If the weather is warm, the victim need not be covered. If the victim is cold, in spite of the weather, a blanket may be placed underneath him and cover the

Application of blanket

Proper Transfer Proper handling of patient would prevent further injury to the patient. Refer proper techniques on transfer method on Patient Handling

Transport of patient


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Whenever chemical poisons comein contact with the skin, flush theaffected area continuously withlarge amounts of water.

POISONis any substance: solid, liquid or gas that tends to impair health or causes death whenintroduced into the body or onto the skin surface. A poisoning emergency can be life threatening.

Causes:

1. Common in suicide attempts.2. Occasional accidental poisoning

.

Ways in Which Poisoning May Occur:1. Absorption - by skin contact2. Injection - by animal bites, stings etc.

Absorbed Poisons a poison that enters the body through the skin.

Signs and Symptoms:- History of exposures.- Liquid or powder on the skin.- Burns.- Itching, irritation.- Redness, rash, blisters

First Aid- Remove the clothing that came in contact with the poison.- Then with a dry cloth blot the poison from the skin. If the poison is a dry powder, brush it

off.- Flood the area with copious amounts of water. A shower or garden hose are ideal for this

purpose. Continue until medical personnel arrived.- Continually monitor the patients vital signs. Be alert for sudden changes. Seizures and

shock are not uncommon.

Injected Poisons a poison that enters the body through a bite, stings, or syringe.1. Insect Bites Signs and Symptoms:

- Stinger may be present.- Pain- Swelling- Possible allergic reaction.

Most stinging insects inject venom.The stinger of the honeybee is barbedand cannot be withdrawn once the beehas stung someone.

Millions of people

suffer from contactwith poisonous

plants whose poisonare absorbed intothe body.


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First Aid for Insect Bites

- Removes stinger - scrape it away or use tweezers.- Wash wound.- Cover the wound.-

Apply a cold pack.- Watch for signals of allergic reaction.

2. Spider Bite / Scorpion Sting Signs and Symptoms:

- Bite mark.- Swelling- Pain- Nausea and vomiting.- Difficulty breathing or swallowing.

First Aid:- Wash wound.- Apply a cold pack.- Get medical care to receive antivenin.- Call local emergency number, if necessary.

3. Marine Life Stings Signs and Symptoms:

- Possible marks.- Pain- Swelling-

Possible allergic reaction.First Aid:- If jellyfish - soak area in vinegar.- If sting rays - soak in non-scalding hot water until pain goes away. Clean and bandage wound.- Call local emergency number if necessary.

A. B.

C. D.

The painful sting of some marine animals can cause serious problems.A. stingray, B. sea anemone, C. man-of-war, D. jelly-fish.


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4, Snake Bites Signs and Symptoms

- Bite mark.- Pain

There are four kinds of poisonous snakes:A. rattlesnake, B. copperhead, C. water moccasin, D. coral snakeComparative Characteristics of a Snake

VENOMOUS NON-VENOMOUSMovement

Semi-cortinacurvature

Cortina, sidelocomotion winding

HeadSemi-triangular Oblongated

BodyRectangular Circular

SkinRough Smooth

PupilVertical Round

Ways/Manner of attackNon-constrictor Constrictor

Bite marksWith fang marks Horseshoe shape

First Aid:- Wash wound.- Keep bitten part still, and lower than the heart.- Call local emergency number.


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Frostbitten parts are often identified as hard and firm to touch.

ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIESThe human body is equipped to withstand extremes of temperature. Usually, its mechanisms for regulatingbody temperature work very well. However, when the body is overwhelmed by extremes of heat and cold,illness occurs.

COLD EMERGENCIESNormal body temperature must be maintained within a very narrow range for the bodys chemistry to workefficiently. If the body, or any part of it, is exposed to cold environments, these mechanisms may beoverwhelmed. Cold exposure may cause injury to individual parts of the body, such as the feet, hands,ears, or nose, or to the body as a whole. When the entire body temperature falls, the condition is calledhypothermia.

Hypothermia. Exposure to extreme cold for a short time or moderate cold for a long time can causehypothermia.

1. Mild Hypothermia. The patient will present with cold skin and shivering and will still be alertand oriented.

Signs and SymptomsIncreased breathing rate.Increased pulse rate and blood pressure.Slow, thick speech.Staggering walk.Apathy, drowsiness, incoherence.Sluggish pupils.Uncontrollable shivering.

First AidCheck responsiveness, if patient is alert and able, allow him/her to drink warm fluids. Never give a

confused or lethargic patient anything to drink.Cover the patient with a warm blanket.Apply hot compress.Check vital signs.Refer to a physician.


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2. Severe Hypothermia. Patients may become unresponsive. This is a true medical emergency that

can lead to death.

Signs and Symptoms

Extremely slow breathing rate.Extremely slow pulse rate.UnresponsivenessFixed and dilated pupils.Rigid extremities.Absence of shivering.

First AidCheck responsiveness.Check ABC, perform CPR if needed.Care for shock.

Refer to a physician.

HEAT EMERGENCIESOur body functions properly within only a limited internal temperature range. A victim of heat illness maystart by experiencing muscle cramps (heat cramps). These are brought on by the loss of salt from heavyperspiring. If the victim does not cool off at this point, he or she may develop heat exhaustion because ofdehydration. Being in a hot environment is only one factor that can lead to heat illness. There is alsointernal factor: certain medications or alcohol intake before or after vigorous exercise may increase the riskof heat illness. Children and older people are more susceptible, and they tend to go from feeling fine to

sudden collapse. Even succumb to heat illness if he or she ignores the warning signs.

Three general types of heat emergencies1. Heat Cramps. A muscular pain and spasm due largely to loss of salt from the body in sweating or

too inadequate intake of salt. The cramps are more severe if the victim has drunk a large quantity oftap water or softdrinks without replacing the salt deficiency, in which case severe mental confusion andeven convulsions may develop. Heat cramps may be associated with heat exhaustion.

Keep the victimwarm by applyingblanket.


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Massage and flex the injured area.

Elevate the lowerextremities forgood circulationand giveelectrolytes.

Signs and SymptomsMuscle cramps, often in the abdomen or legs.Heavy perspiration.Lightheadedness; weakness.

First AidHave the victim rest with his/her feet elevated 8 to 12 inches.Cool the victim. Do not use an alcohol rub.Give the victim electrolyte beverages to sip (for example, Gatorade or Pedialyte) or make salted

drink by adding 1 teaspoon of salt to 1 quart of water. Try to give a half-cup every 15 minutes.(If electrolyte beverage or salts are not immediately available, give the victim cool water.)

To relive muscle cramps massage the affected muscles gently but firmly until they relax.

2. Heat Exhaustion. A response to heat characterized by fatigue, weakness, and collapse due toinadequate intake of water to compensate for loss of fluids through sweating.

Signs and SymptomsCool, pale or red, moist skin (Even if the victims internal temperature is rising, his or her skin may

still be cool).Dilated pupils.HeadacheExtreme thirst.Nausea; vomiting.Irrational behavior.Weakness; dizziness.Unconsciousness

First AidHave the victim rest with his or her feet elevated 8-12 inches.

Cool the victim. Do not use an alcohol rub.Give the victim electrolyte beverages to sip (for example. Gatorade or Pedialyte) or make a salted

drink by adding 1 teaspoon of salt to 1 quart of water. Try to give a half-cup every 15 minutes.

(If electrolyte beverages or salt are not immediately available, give the victim cool water.)Monitor the victim for signs of shock, including bluish lips and fingernails and decreasing alertness.If the victim starts having seizures, protect him/her from injury and give first aid for convulsions.If the victim loses consciousness, give first aid for unconsciousness.


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3.Heat Stroke or Sunstroke. A response to heat characterized by extremely high body temperatureand disturbance of sweating mechanism.

Signs and SymptomsRaised body temperature (above 102 degrees Fahrenheit).

Dry, hot, red skin.Dark urine.Small pupils.Rapid, shallow breathing.Extreme confusion.WeaknessSeizuresUnconsciousness

First AidCool the victim. Do not use an alcohol rub.

Give First Aid for shock. Lay the victim flat and elevate his/her legs 8 12 inches. Do not suspectany head, neck, back or leg injury; if he or she is having breathing problems; or if the positionmakes the victim uncomfortable.

If the victim starts having seizures, give first aid for seizures.Keep the victim cool as you await medical help.

Bones , Joints & Muscle Injuries

Bone, Joint, and Muscle Injuries

Ligaments connects bones to bones by stabilizing band of elastic fibrous connective tissues.Tendons- connect muscle to bones.Synovial fluid- lubricating fluidSynovium were the lubricating fluid came fromArticular cartilage -provides smooth surface for movement

Wrap casualty in wetsheet and continuallysprinkle sheet withwater.


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Common Causes1. Vehicular accidents.2. Motorbike accidents.

3. Mishandling of tools & equipment.4. Falls5. Sports

1. Muscle cramp (or spasm) is the sudden, painful tightening of a muscle.Painful spasms often lasting only a few minutes make the affected muscle become hard andtender. It may occur in any muscle in the body but they are most common in leg muscles. If theabdominal muscles are affected, the condition is also known as a stitch

First Aid

- Have the victim stretch out the affected muscle to counteract the cramp.- Massage the cramped muscle firmly but gently.- Apply heat. (Use a heating pad or a hot water bottle wrapped in cloth.) Moist heat is more

effective than dry heat. Do not apply direct heat to the skin.- Get medical help if cramps persist.

2. Muscle StrainIs sudden, painful tearing of muscle fiber during exertion.

When a muscle or tendon is over-stretched or forcefully shortened, it can result in a stretch or tear injury

called a strain. There is bleeding through a damaged area of a muscle fiber, causing pain, swelling andmuscle spasm. A bruise usually appears a few days after the injury.

Some causes of strains include:o Sudden pulling or twisting of a muscle.

o Poor body mechanics during lifting.o Not warming up muscles before physical activity.

Repetitive, long-term overuse of a muscle and/or tendon.


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Signs and Symptomso Sudden sharppain in the strained muscle

o Swellingof the muscles causing severe crampso Bruisingand muscle stiffnesso Casualty may not be able to use the affected body part, loss of efficient movement.

First Aid Management

o Apply cold compress at once.o Elevate the limb to reduce swelling and bleeding within the muscle. Rest the pulled muscle

for 24 hours.o Place the patient / casualty in a position of comfort and assess the injury. If there is loss of

function, immobilize the injured part.

o Get medical help if necessary.

3. SprainIs cause by torn fibers in a ligaments.

Tearing or stretching of the ligament that hold together the bone ends in a joint, caused by a sudden pull.The fibrous capsule that encloses the joint may also be damaged.

Signs and symptomso Pain that may be severe and increase with movement of the joint.

o Loss of functionSwelling, bruising and discoloration

First Aid Managemento Remove any clothing or jewelry from around the joint.o Apply cold compress over the affected area.

o Apply compression bandage, use a pillow or blanket splint to the injury. Loosen the bandage if the

swelling increases.o Keep the injured part elevated above the level of the heart and keep the victim from walking if

possible (24 hrs).o Analgesic of pain killers may be taken to relieve the pain.

o After the first 24 hours, apply heat to the area or soak it in warm water periodically for severalminutes at a time.

o If the wrist, elbow or shoulder is sprained, place in an arm sling and apply supporting bandages.

ImmobilizationIs a technique using splints and bandages to secure the broken or fractured bone and dis-located bone.


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Soft Tissue InjuryWound

Is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external.

Types of Wounds:

Close woundIt involves underlying tissue without break / damage in the skin or mucous membrane.

Causes:

Blunt object result in contusion or bruises. Application of external forces such as motor vehicle accidents and falls.


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Sign and Symptoms:

First Aid Management

I - ICE ice or cold packs will slow down the flow of blood due to the constricting of blood vessels.C - COMPRESSION manual compression over the area of injury will compress the blood vessels

and decrease bleeding.E - ELEVATION - decreases the amount of swelling.

S - SPLINTING immobilizing the soft tissue injury with a splint.

Open Woundit is a break in the skin or mucus membrane; or the protective skin layer is damage.

Classification of Open WoundNAME CAUSES CHARACTERISTICS

PUNCTURE Penetratingpointedinstrumentssuch as nails,ice picks,daggers, etc

Deep and narrow; seriousor slight bleeding.

Pain and tenderness. Swelling Discoloration (black or blue which is called ecchymosis.) Hematoma may occur (pool of blood collected within the damaged tissue.) Uncontrolled restlessness.

Thirst Symptoms of shock. Vomiting or cough-up blood. Passage of blood in the urine or feces. Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear canal.


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ABRASION Scrapping orrubbingagainstroughssurfaces.

Shallow; wide; oozing ofblood; dirty.

LACERATION Bluntinstrumentssuch asshrapnels,rocks, brokenglasses, etc.

Torn with irregular edges;serious or slight bleeding.

AVULSIONExplosion,animal bites,mishandlingof tools, etc.

Tissue forcefullyseparated from the body.

INCISION Sharp bladed

instrumentssuch asblades,razors, etc.

Clean cut; deep; severebleeding wound is clean.

Dangers:- Hemorrhage lost of 1 glass (approximately 250 cc) is normal; 2 to 4 glasses victim

becomes anemic and predisposes to infection; and 4 to 6 glasses will be fatal.- Infection delays the healing of the wound; gangrene may develop; amputation may be

necessary to prolong life; may lead to unnecessary death.- Shock predisposes body to infection; may lead to loss of body part; may itself lead to death.

First Aid ManagementWound with severe bleeding

C - Control BleedingDirect pressureElevationPressure pointPressure bandage

C - Cover the wound with dressing and secure with a bandage.C - Care for Shock.C - Consult or refer to physician.

Bandaging Technique

Wound at top of the head


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Arm sling sprain ankle (shoe on & shoe off technique

Wound at the forehead Ear, Cheek, Jaw Arm or Leg

Patient Casualty Handling

Assist to walk Packstrap Carry Hand as a Litter

Carry by extrimities Hammock Carry Improvised Streacher

Documents

Ateneo First Aid Lecture