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T h i s s t u d y which d e n l s w i t h t h o a t r u o t u r o and
i u n o t i o n i n p o f t h e VncrnnnivR rnonontic o r ~ l z a t i o n , f n l l n
b r o n d l y unde r t h e r u b r i c o f S o c l o l o f l o f R o l i r i o n , A t tho
srr~latiIU0 it mnrka R mnjor B a p n r t i ~ r a from t h e u s n n l a t u d i o n
o n 3 o c i o l o p y o f R o l i r i o n which h ~ v a oldo om boon ooncorncd
w i t h t h o monoat ic o r r n n i z a t i o n . On t h e o t h e r hnnd, t h e i r
f o c u s hns boon on t h o r o l i p i o i t n idona, b c l i e f v nnd p r n o t i c o a ,
f o r m a t i o n o f sects, d s n o m i m t i o n a and p r o t o n t croupn w i t h i n
r e l i g i o n and on t h o inf l r lonco o f r c l i p i o n on o t h a r i n ~ t i -
t u t i o n s w i t h i n t h a q o c i e t y qacb nu economy, e d u c n t q n , fnrnily
end p o l i t i o n 1 i m t i t u t i o n n . ~ o v o r t h e l a n n it is impor t an t
t o r e c o m i w t h n t r o l i ~ i o n cnn nevor ba p r o p e r l y undore tood
e x c e p t t n tormn o f An uncler*nnclinp o f t h e monas t i c o r d o r l
and t h i o i n e s p a c i n l l y s o i n t h e cnso o f tho80 r e l i p i o n s which
a r e c h a r s c t o r i z o d by a mol l c s ~ u b l i s h o d monnotic o r d c r , bocnum
the monna t i c o r f l n i t n t i o n c o n 3 t i t u t o s t h o mainapr in& o f t h o
institution of r e l i p i o n . 30 t h i n s t u d y bg focu.leinl: i t s e l f
upon t h o monnat ic o r p n i z n t i n n , n t t c m p t s t o undcrotnnd r n l i c i o n
from a new snt-la.
Tho e o c i o l o p i c n l nppronch t o t h o fltudy o f r o l i r r i o n
hsa bcon o f r c c o n t o r i ~ i n , n o t cxtondinp; t o marc thnn n hundrod
y e a r s . H i t h a r t o r o l l g l o a a b a l i o f ~ nml p r n c t i c c 3 hnd beon
s t u d i e d by v n r l o u a dicrcipZim 3, l l k o philocrophy, t hoo lopy
and a t t i m e s by comparRtivc r e l i ~ ~ i o n . hrt t h o nppronch o f
s o c l o l o r y o f r e l l r i o n l a d i f f o r e n t from t h n t o f t h o nbovo
d l s c i u l l n o s .
h a o c i o l o ~ i a t i n h l ~ ondonvorrr t o a t u d y r e l i p i o n
o f t a n nnrrowo down him f ic lc l by limitiw it t o a t r n n s i e n t
s e c t , compnre it v l t h n rnn-:, o f n i rn i lar d n t n from o t h o r
r e l l ~ i o n a , w i t h a view t o briny: o u t i t 8 r c l n t i o n s h i p t o t h e
a o c l n l n t m c t u r o nnd net-kn t o e v o l v e nomn t h c o r l c s . Tho
aparonch o f s o c l o l o p i s t of r c l i r i o n is n o t s n t i r o l y f r o 0 from
sympa the t i c ovor tonca 1 lko b i n q ~ n d v n l ~ r o p rc fe rencoo . Such
v a l u o prohlemn nre p r e ~ c r r t i n o t h o r f l o l d n o f nocinlolry nnd
soc lo lopy of r o l i ~ i o n i n no a p c c i n l oxcoption. A cornpletoly
'vnlua-h'ce ' s o c i a l gc icnco i n n o t p o s > i h l e nnd oven i f it 1 were, it is n o t dnn l rnh la . Thcrcfore , nnlde from i t s po?n ib l e
a o n t r l b ~ i t i n n t o tlw morn o r l a m p a r o c h i a l concornn o f ? ~ c i o l o p y
o f r e l i p i o n , it scorn.s\mnnomhlo t o nsk what ro lovnnco t h e
s t u d y o f t h a r e l i e l o r l a i d o o l o ~ i e a o r o f a a c t n r l s n movomonto
hna to t h e m c i a l ill? o f modon n a c i o t i a o .
1. David J . Crnyr "'.rnl~ia F r ~ a ;oeiolorryfr' A Doc t r ine o f Hypocracy nnd I t r c s n o n s i h i l i t y " . 3 o c i o l o ~ l c n l Q r ~ r t c r l y ~ 9 . 1969. n i v i n Couldncrt " ~ h o ~ o c i o l o p i nt nq "nr t ignn 2 ? o c f o l o ~ ~ and t h e wolfnro ?tntoV. :noricnn 5 ~ c i o l n ~ i q t . . 3, 1761.
fiMULoRE UNIVERSITY L\Bml* BANGALORE.
3 It h a s boen a common observat ion t h a t t h o s t u d e n t s
o f s o c i o l o ~ g of r o l i n i o n h m e n o t benn a u c c e s g h l i n fomu-
la tin^ a p rac ioo d e f t n i t i o n of r o c i o l o ~ g o f r e l i f l i on . Walther
s h n l l we endenvour he re t o provjda nn overviov o r n nammnry
o f t h e wholo f i a l d of m c i o l o m o f r c l i p i o n , nor do we in t and
e n t m n a i n p our.selvea i n t h o con t rove r sy whothcr any th inc l i k o
s o c l o l o ~ ~ l o f r o l i ~ i o n i a n t e l l ponaible .
Sociolopg o f r e l i ~ i o n can be broadly undmrotood i n
te rms o f c e r t n i n b a s i c parapoct ivoa on a continuum o f n t t i t u d e s .
It is sn id t h n t r e l i p l o u s phonomcnn nro r e ~ n r d o d ran beyond
human s c r u t i n y nnO t b r c l f a r o outnido t h o scope o f e m p i r i c n l l y 1 o r i e n t c d s a c i o l o ~ . R e l i ~ i o n is a lno anid t o bo "tho l a s t
r u b j e c t t h ~ t t h e i n t e l l e c t bopinn t o undsr*nnd" obsorvod w i l l
Dwrnnt2 while b c c i n n i n ~ h i s arprlmonts on rs formnt ion o f t h e
r e l i p l o u s order . Accordinply rol1l;ion any bo thoupht o f ns
beyond t h rcope o f ~ o c i o l a p i c n l i n v o ~ t i @ t i o n . Tho o t h c r
v iew is t h n t r o l i p i o n involvos t b study of ~ Q B ~ C jad~omont ,
about th r a n l i t y o r u n r o n l i t y o f r a l i ~ i o u ~ oxplnnat ion . 4
Tylor, Spanccr, F r ~ x c r worc c r s t i n tb r o l e o f
r a t i o n n l i s t o who fortnd a plnea f o r r o l i ~ i o n on ly i n tho cn toeo r i cn
1 . Michnel f l i l l r A 'JocioJ.~rv o f Relirfan. 1,ondonr Iroincuinnn Tducet ional Bookrr, 1773, p. 7.
2. V l l l Dtlrnnt r Civ 4mon and Ochuatcr, %57
6NI1Y\LORE UNIVERSITY L I B M I BANGALORE.
o f p o e i t i v i s t i c i doo lo r l cn . It mny be o f ntrch l n t n r a n t t o
e x p l o r e t h e o a n t r i b r l t i o n ~ mrda hy t h a s e nuthorn t o the o w l y
deoclopmcnt of ~ a c i o l o r Y of r o l l r l o n , brrt t h i n is hnrdly t h c
p l r c s t o a t t a m p t it.
The f i n a l ~ p p r o n c h t o t h c ntudy o f rali(r1orrs phonornonon
occuplta an in t e rmod la to p o n i t l o n b o t w e n t h o two oxtrernee of
which one namreos t h n t r c l i ~ i o n 18 n o t mondab ln t o s c r i r t i ny
b y t h a ompi r i cn l t echn iq t~oq o f . ~ c i o l o e y on t h o ~ r o ~ ~ n d a t h n t
r e l i p i o e s b o l i n f s ern held nnd cxprasnod by men outwardly,
whi le t h o o t h c r t ~ k o n ~ a s i t l o n t h q t t h i a ' v i a i b l e r s n l i t y '
should n o t bc rnistnkcn ~ i n o o t h i n doon n o t nmplifY t h o masnlna
from t h o p o i n t o f t h n a c t o r .
SevcrnX v iowe hnvc hocn cxprossod nborrt t h e d o f i n i t i o n , 1 f i e l d snd acops o f l a c i o l o w o f r o l i p i o n . Tylor hnd o r f a rod
a mlnimal d o f i n i t i o n of r a l i r i o n . Ilo dof inod it nrr "a b o l l o f
i n n p i r i t t ~ n l h o i n ~ . ~ " . R t t t h i n hne n o t bcon ncccptcd on t h 9
~ o r l n d that it is t o o i n t e l l e c t a n l ond noyloctn nono bnslc
s s p e c t e n3socintod wi th a ~ c h h c l i c f n . From t h o R n t h r o p o l o ~ i c n l
power. "Religion", Irryq iYown, " i ~ e v c r y whcrc nn cxprcrraion
1, S.n.Tylorr m w ~ 1 1 1 . t u r o ( i ~ / l ~ , q t~o ton i n ~ t t y ii. S c h a r f l Tho . ' j o c ~ i c e i l S t v d ~ ;IUP;M&. London, Ifutchinson l ln ivoroi ty Press, 1973, p. 31.
5 i n one form o r nnother o f n nonm of dependence on r powor
o u t s i d o ouraclvoe , n p o w r o f which va may lrpoak RR n n p l r l t u a l 1
o r mornl paver" . I t wnl t h o conccm o f Worn t o a m p h r ~ i z a
t h o impor tnma of r i t t r n l n a1 t h o w n m c l o m l y r o l n t c d t o
social o b l i m t i o n , r n t h s r t hnn t h e v n r i n b i l i t y i n t h o bo l io fn .
2 Jnmm R n z n r hna haon clanaod nlonl: w i th Tylor nnd
Spencer amow t h o ~ c h o l n r l who have done pionoerilyr work i n
the etudy o f r o l i g l n n . !!in viown war0 pnrndoxicnl , and it
l o o k s an thotrph ha W m J propnrad t o orme t h n t acionco micht
n o t bo t b f i n n l l a v a 1 o f n v o l ~ ~ t i n n n l dovalopment. n u t ha
was non-commitnl whila p r o v i d i n e n d o f i n i t i a n o f r o l i ~ i o n .
Ha s t roei red t h o importnnca n f s u p o r n n t a r s l bo l ryn i n t h o c o u r l e
o f m t u r n l evorrts, nrxl t o him b c l i e f a nnd p r s c t i c a n wcro two
p e m a m n t clcmentn o f r o l i ~ i o n .
~ m o t o ' r o f a r r o d a o c i o l o ~ o f r o l i ~ i o n undar t h e
c a l l a c t i v a hoodinl: o f " t h o t h a n i s which aurpaqa oxporicnco".
Ho uropos?cl norno n c i c n t i f i c proccilum? t o atrady t h a a t t r i h u t a s
o f god. Hnlinownki i n h i n s tudy o f t h e Trobrinndoro hnd mnda
1, A,Rrtdcliffo-Frown1 "Rel ip ion en3 Fjocioty". Jotrrnnl o f t h e Roynl X n t h r o p o l o ~ i c l t l I n 9 t i t u t 0 , 'Jol. LXXV, 1945.
2. Jmea O, F'rftzor: -OCB~O~ I' 7 1 0 ~ f o r Londonl Mecmillnn, 1927, nnd Cha I l d e n l30u&. London: Hacmlllan, 1933 (Abridrod e d i t i o n
h
:I
rr one o f h i s main o b j e c t i v e s t h a u n d e r s t n n d i w o f r a l i p i o n
and magic nmow primitive people. Ib no t i ced t h o importnnco
a t t s c h o d by t h e Trobr inndera t o magical nnd, r e l i u i o ~ r s r i t o a
end arpuad t h n t bo th nrosa from emot ional n t r o s s and ~ n x i o t y
i n tho f n c a o f hrrmnn mnknoos. I l o ob.servod "bath mr(i1c nnd
r e l i ~ i o n open up aecapcs from nnch a i t u n t i o n nnd mrch impnnaco
a s o f f o r no ompl r i cn l wny orrt oxcept by r i t r ~ a l nnd b o l i s f i n t o 1 t h e domnin o f t h ? u p e r n n t t ~ r a l " . Mnlinoveki ndvocnted a
aoauson r o o t t o m q i c and r ~ l i ~ i o n b u t a l s o ~ a v d i f f a r c n c o s
between thorn. ITo boliov'3d thn: mnyic, a s mrrch nn r o l i c i o n
was e o c i n l l y consorvnt iva i n itrr e f f e c t . Cloqaly fo l lowinf l
him va ro o t h o r s o c i n l nnihrorioloflinto l i k e Cvnno Pr i t chn rd , who
mado a poworfir1 Rt tnck on n l l t hrj s x i s t i n ~ t h o o r i o n wi thou t
s p n r i n g any o f t h o o n r l i c r wr i to rn . No o b ~ c r v e d "rol i f l ioua
b e l l e f a urn t o thorre a n t h r o p o l o e i a t n a b m r d nnd it i n 90 t o moat
a n t h r o p o l o c i a t s o f yoatardny ond today2". Evnno-Pritchnrd ' ci
s t u d y wns man? olnbornte . Ifin 8todin.r woro 'oompnrntivo' nnd
addad v o l p h t t o h in nrmmant t h n t "cohcranco o f onch syntom i e
respected\ 110 ndvocntcd t h e nood f o r moro crrlch compwnt ive
s t u d i e s and a n arlch t h e o n r l i e r p n o r n l i r r n t i o n s t h 8 t woro mRda
ven, nbaurd t o him.
1. n r o n i a l ~ w Mnl inow~ki r n . BC c and M. ~oncos,%?l T h u ? % B 67.
2. B.Evnna P r i t cha rd : 2% London: Oxford W n h e r l e
0
Ths study of r o l ia ion i n o n a l l eonla aoc ie t ioa by
r a c i a l mnthropoloeist hna developed eventual ly out o f the
p l o n e e r i w work o f Dlirkhoim. He modified the evolu t lon i8 t
and t h e p o n i t i v l s t i o schoola of qproach . hrkhoirn t r i e d
t o explnin anorodrnss of mnf!icnl objootn by ahowinn t h a t they
a r e dorived from t h o sncredneaq of t h o oo l loc t ive r n l i u i o u s
sxperionce . He h l i m c r l t h n t r o l i ~ i o n carrld he atudiod 88 r 1 ' s o ~ i t t l f n c t ' , as a thin^' , Like nny o t b r o v o l r ~ t i o n i s t
hb no~lcht t o f i n l the or iaina by n n n l y s l n ~ t h e r r l l ~ i o n of t h o
rnrppasedly mast primitive soc ie t iee , b e l i e v i n r t h r t tho mb-
sequent chnnms i n form wotrld not rnd icn l ly n l t c r i t 8 nature. 2 F ~ t t much o f h i s work hos h c n domollahad by c r i t i c l a m .
Despite tho inhcront wsnkmsn i n hrkhaim'8 t h ~ o r y p n r t i c u l n r l g
i n i ts hsndl ing of nnthropalogicnl evldoncea, it!! funct ionel
a n s l y a i s hns, hod onormoua influenoo e ~ p a c l s l l y i n aoclal
anttuapology. Ilirr pupil9 Ihibort nnd Maunn nt t~diod Cokimo
sociail n t r a c t a r c nnd roliplotre n e t i v i t i e a , nnd eotnbliahcd t h n t
r e l i ~ l o ~ r e r i t u n l ~ only took plnce d a r i m t h e timo vhon people
l i v e d clooely t 0 ~ 0 t h ~ r and ware nn e f f a c t , o f t h i n m e n t o r
s o c l a b i l i t i e a .
9 , B i l e hrrkhcfmr m o m c n t n r v S m a o f tln R R W ~ U . London8 George Allen ~ n d ITnwin, 1954, nnd -1 en1 blcth04 , Aew York: The Froo P r a m
2. Schnrfl O p e C1t . r P. 21,
If h,rkheim p n v ~ s t i m u l a s t o t h e etidy o f rimple
s o o l e t y it wns Hex wcrhrr who i n i t i n t a d t h e atodf o f r c l i g i o n . 1 i n contemporary l n r m ncnle complex aao ip t ios . Wobor wns
aonoerned with t h o noctrr, nnd it v s s ha who turnod tb ntten-
t i o n of maw R ~ o c i o l o ~ i R t t o ntuny o r l a n t a l ro l iu ion . His
s tudy of t b rc l i r t ion of Indin paved t ha way f o r n new undor-
s t r n d i w o f o r i c n t o l r a l i e i o n . No wna not morcly concornad
wi th a t u d y i y t h o r o l l ~ i o n i n i t 8 e n t i r e t y brrt r l g o t r i c d t o
i n t o r p r o t ocvornl napocto of t h o nocioty, eopoc in l ly t h s
economic nct iv i ty o f tho soc ie ty i n t o m a o f r o l i r i o n . An n
r o n u l t o f t h i s oonoorn t h o foc~irs nhif tod t o t h o s tudy of aoote.
This s tudy o f ooot..r wne contin~rcd f i r t h o r by Trolotch with whiol
we a h n l l donl l e t t o r . Iblt t o Wober t h o d o f i n i t i o n o f r e l i g i o n 2 oovld como only n t t h o end nnd not i n t h e b e ~ i n n i n g . Soot
wns a pro toa t npninst thj r i p i d i t i o s which had c r e p t in to t h o
e o r l y Chrint ien church, nnd wore finEilly i n n t i t ~ l t i o n a l i e o d i n
t h e a c l a ~ l r i n n t i o n l hnirnrclry o f t In Chri?t inn ahuroh. To
Trool tsch church nnd .met wcrc! oppoaod but e q t ~ n l l y c o m n t
conceptions of t h e r o l e a f detlicntcd Chrint ion i n t h o noaial
order. The c b ~ r c h - n q d t.ypolom holpcd tb n o c i o l o ~ i a t i n s
1. Max 'Jobcrl l?rotg&8nd ,%U vn4 t h o "-1% of a ,%tdons !Inwin l rn ivr r s l ty nook. 19301
Londonl Hothuon. 1965; and The of Indiq. Row Yorkr Tho T'rce Prooo, 1969.
2, Potor L. h r p o r l -acre4 C~rrpnn. No,w Yorkr DO*~blcday, 1967, p, 176.
1 m u h d way i n underntntlding r o l i g l o u r o r g m l r s t i o n . But
Jl t h r e e v n r l o u s mpproachea have not bwevor suocaodod i n
l ed i ln l : t h o strident of r a l i g i o n t o a c m p l a t o undaratrnding
of t h i s phenomenon, b u t provide a t best p n r t l a l exp lnna t l r~na .
On0 o f the importnnt p o i n t s t h n t amorpd from t h o
v a r i o u s ~ p p r o n c h o s t o rclilr;iorr d i a c u n s ~ d ahovo i n t h o g r o a t
s tnd ia f i a!' r a l i r i o n hnn arnphRsicod i t e fmportnnco, i n the l i f e
o f t h e p r imi t ive pooplo. Ihrrkhoim'r stlldy mcs a Lltep f i r t h o r
i n r e c o ~ n i z i w t h e nntcsoodantn o f r e l i g i o n t o 8oointy. The
importmco o f r o l i p i o n i n th oontempornry aoc lo ty hno bean
e laborn ted by Hebar. In othorvorde one o f t h e s l n w l a r
o h a r ~ o t e r i n t l e a o f t h o i n n t i t u t i o n of r e l i g i o n hnn been its
ramarknbla con t i rn~i fy . This 18 t r u e not only o f t h o i n s t l t u -
t i o n o f r e l i p i o n i n @morn1 bn t oqual ly so o f most of t h e
u n i v e r s d religions o f t h o world. 1
The c o n t i r n ~ i t y o f t b a ro l ip ion can actircoly bo explninod
8daquntelp either i n t e rms of t h e n o c i r l f i n d t i o n e o f r a l i a i o n
o r i n terms o f t b r b o l i c f e snd practices o f tbo people. Hoat
o f t h o u n h o r n n l r e l i g i o n s i n t h o world which h n v ~ bocn noted
I. B n a t Troal tachr Tho 3 0 ~ 1 ~ 1 T~.w.~&E of t h a r;hr$n?&ll Val. I. Londonr Allen and lbwin, 1'3j1,
gp. 351-3 43, '3cct-ty3o nn-J Chrrrch-typo Contrastad' .
f o r their Con t inu i ty nnd o r g n i z a t i o n , h8va an i n b u l l ?
n o h n n i m o r an an tab l i ahod a g n o y vh ioh is p r i m a r i l y reepon-
rlbls f o r p e r p a t u a t i n ~ t h a r e l i n i o n r The 'Shamnn' o r t h o
'Modlcina Man' nra t h c o q u i v n l e n t s o f m c h mochnninm o r n@noy,
i n t h o p r i m i t l v o s o c i o t y nnd thoy haoo handad down t h i r
r e l i g i o u s t r a i t s from m n s r n t i o n t o genorn t i an .
V i th t h o rdvon t o f C h r i a t l a n i t y a wholo o r ~ n n i z n t i o n
orno i n t o b e i n g - t h o Church. While t h church o r i ~ i n a t o d
and h m t i o n c d i n t h o contaxt o f t h e aommvnity snd i n a o a r t n i n
n a s o even oone t i tu tod its ooro t h o membern o f t h o churoh l e d
8 eeoludad l i f e nnl i n t h i s nonso wore a t t h o s w o t i n s insulated
from t h e community. In o t h c r words, t h o Chr in t i an c h r r o h h a s
b o t h a w c i n l nnd nooltraivo anpact. Tho eeo lus ivo aopoot @ i n
g r o n t e r importnnas nR we move ttp i n t h o e o l o e s i n a t i c a l h iornrohy.
The a o o i n l napac t o f tho church la r e f l o c t a d i n t h o f n c t t h n t
it mmea on n medium f o r renowinl: r e l i e i o u s expor ianco by th
porformanae o f v n r i o a s c u l t s nml r i t u n l a . Thua t h e cburch p lny t
a a i m i f i c ~ n t r o l e i n n o t o n l y p o r p c t u n t i n ~ t h e C h r i s t i ~ n
r o l i g i o n b o t h i n tort39 o f i t s d o c t r i m s nnd p r o c t i c a n but n l aa
preaarvod i t s e l f an4 pro teo tcd and advnnmd its r o l i ~ o u ~
i n t e r e s t s . M her oa tnb l i ahod r o l i ~ i o n a h m 0 a l s o dovclopad
w i t h i n them i m t i t a t i o n e oo r ro f tpond in~ t o t h o Churoh i n
C h r i s t i a n i t y .
The l i f e cyc le o f rollpi0118 bodies is r prooess by
which a u l t a oril;innto, devolop in to meets end then ohnnm
i n t o denomination, porhnps f i n a l l y t o e m e r p from t h o prOO0ItA
as ohoroh. The c l a s s i c exnmple i r 19isbuhr's thoory of t h e
l i f e h i r t b r y of r e l i g i o u s hodiosl. A remlsr aoQaia ooaass
i n t o beina, when t h o neot administrat ion tends t o become
ahmh l i k e & Lay lendersh ip is replaced by a r o l i ~ i o u e Head,
orsods ero t m ~ h t r e p l a c l n ~ : tho unwri t ten doctr ines . Aa and
when t h e r l t u n l e ecsn i re a d e f i n i t e dnndlnp. with tho bal iovere,
t h e m o t tsndn t o movn townrda nn ofltrblished ohnrch. But
my s s c t r v i a n orpnniaat ion thaoro t lon l ly cnnnot endure i n 2 pure form f o r more thnn one flcnerntion .
Every ~ o c i s l ins t i t t r t ion c c n t r o ~ nrarlnd n e a t of ~ o c i a l
va lues , $0 does mny ralini0118 i n s t i t u t i o n . R a l i ~ i o n is oomb-
t imes defined a s n sa t of v n l v n ~ whioh am oxproaaod i n a 3 creed, whom V P ~ I I O R m i t e ind iv idr~nla i n t o n r e l i ~ i o a n prni!p a
The orpnnizntlon which helpn t o contin110 t h c nhovo
oharractcr iut ica of ro l ip ion , t f !k~R different nnmpn i n d i f h r e n t
2. David 0. Moborfl: Tho C U "3 n 3 o c i ~ ~ ! ~ . Englarood Cliffs, !?ow J e r s g i &ant i co- th l l Ins.. 1162.
3 . P i t i r i m A. T o r r o k i n ~ C ~ n d P e r ~ o w . New h r k l Hnrper snd -*p. 725. S.Ehightmnnr m ? o ~ h v of RaUz&. Znrlovoad Cl l f fn, Few Jorseyn Rent ice -Hal l Inc., 1310, p. 17.
s o c i e t i e s . It is t h e i n s t i t u t i o n of Shman o r tho i n s t i t u t i o n
o f Hediaine Man i n a simple t r ib I l l sooiety, whereas i n r complex
r o c t e t y it has k e n var ious ly crrllod a s a church, vihara, rangha . and so on. Diaregnrdinf! thn apso ia l charno ta r in t ios o f t h o i r
respect ive i n s t i t u t i o n s nnd the c u l t u r a l contoxts i n which they
i\mation, t h e amncien a r e basiorlljy a l i k e i n so f n r ns they
c o n s i s t of a body of sacred men, who are unitod i n t o a cormounity
and vhose primnry funct ion l a t o maintain nnd porpetuato t h e
b a s i c t d n e t s en8 p r a c t i c e s of t h e re l ig ioue f ~ i t h i n question. b
Tbe torm 'mansstory' o r 'monastic order' o r 'monagtio o r p n i -
m t i o n t is usod i n t h i s s tudy a8 n genoric torm t o aovor a l l
A monaetary prasnrvoe rnd t r a n m i t s many norma of t h e
l a r m r aocioty, and it a l b atroasoe t h e r a l i ~ i o u e vnluea and
reaf f i rms t h e vnlucs o f t h o nocioty. By p p r ~ ~ i d l n ~ nuch vnluea
t h e moneatory providoa nn nnchornm f o r tba eocihl ordar, a c t i n a
a s a primary amncy o f a t n b i l i t y and oontinui ty. Sinco r e l i -
dious bodies d i f f e r in t h a i r r a q e c t i v e creeds, bol iofa, eymbole,
r i t u a l s , it ir obvious t o find differoncns b a t w e n variorrs
monasterice both in t h e i r outlook tovnrde r o l i ~ i o u n l i f o nnd
t h e i r e r g a n i z r t ion.
I). Perbape t h e moat h i ~ h l y evolved monnetic orpnnization
i r found i n Chrirrtianity Rnd nn objeotivo underatandine o f this
o r p n i s n t i o n sheds l l a h t on many n s p s o t s o f r o l i ~ i o u a life.
But monns t i a i s a am rrtato6 c n r l i o r cannot ba r e p t r d s d a a en
institution b a i o n & l n ~ e x c l u s i v e l y t o C h r i n t i n n i t y , n l thonph
it is o h l e f l y i n t h a t r e l l 8 l a n t h n t i t a n ~ l l dovalopnont is
t a b@ sought. T\ut vo do f i n d i n non-Chrietlan r c l l ~ i o n e a
d e f i n i t a body o f a r tnn lzn t ion ' . Islala hna b ivcn r i a o t o
s e v e r a l r e l i e i o u s ordorn though it is olnlmed bx t h e Prophat
t h a t " i n I n l m t h c r o n ro no monkon but t h e sovoro l o r d a r o i n
Islam ha6 pivan thomorlvon t o c a r t n l n p r n c t i c s n o f monnet loism
nnt3 llvca4 i n ~ ro t lpn . klaunatdriom f l o u r i ~ h d d i n E m t , A r ~ b i n ,
Pe ra in ~ n d ~wrkoy'. Rolifilomr l i k o Duddhiorn, ltindoiom h m a
a l s o hnd n d o f i n i t c body o f nonnotery. Bodlhirm hns ro tn inod
t h e oanobn t i c farm rrnlika Hindu mannstery. Tho anme is found
among t h e Lomn~or i ao of Tibat . For n f u l l cnd proaor ander-
a t n n d i n e of nwy r o l i ~ l o n it is tho ro fo ro noconnary t o s t u d y tk
monas t i c orgnn1r;ntlon. f i r t h o r , t h o r o l n t ion hatwoen r o l i ~ i o n
end s o c i e t y cannot br, undorntaod sxcop t i n tarma o f t h o influence
e x e r c i s e d by t h e manbs irnan t h o s o c i e t y , i.e., t h o l r work o f
r a n c t l f i c s t i o n , t h e ~ c r v l c o m which thoy hnvo randared t o m c l o t y
ns r e l l ~ l o ! t s a o r v s n t ~ , and uooetimes avcn n s p o l l t i c i n n a .
1. James Hnat l n ~ s r n nnd E%MLY&&
2. Ib1d.v p. 753.
The a u t h e n t i c i t y nnd t ruth!blnosn o f t h e h ie tory
o f t h e o r r l y w n r e o f Zmtern monnsticiam haa i n racont p a r a
b a n nubjact t o diaputaa. Buddhistic orpor ea propounded by
Buddhn vnn no d i f f e r e n t from whnt sx io ted i n llindu u s n ~ o rind
p rac t lco . SO Alddhn ~ d o p t o d t h o pr1nciplo"of manastio rule
md nol f -d ioc ip l ina n8 t h e bns i s o f h i s reli&io188 aystam, m d
a wny f o r tho m 1 I ~ ; I o u a f 'uliilmont, Bit one of t h e bnnio
dep8rttrres in t h e h r ldh iq t ordor wen t h o antnbl lehnent of t h e
o rder o f nuna. Tho nrrnn broupht no mu alumant in to t h o
Pron~stic l i f e , but wnrc c o n t ~ n t t o follow i n th footntepn o f
t h e monks under t h e influence of t h e rdformorn of tho ordor.
But otherwi~cl t h r o wclr n o t much departure from t h e ordor
es tab l ibhad ordcrrr, Thc only be? i s by which t h e Yh?ddhint
monastic order co1118 be ninplad o u t wca t h e n t r o ~ a on the p o l i t y
and t h e doctr ine.
Honsstic ordor o f t h e Ja ine mark8 an intcrmodinry a t a ~ e
between t h e h d d h i n t nnd llindll n ; o n a ~ t l c ortler. Tho r u l a s of
conduct were mma d e f i n i t e l y f r m s d , but wore l e a s ox act in^
thnn i n the Ouddhint ordor, nnd thoreby t h o i n d i v i d u n l ~ onjoyed
&rente r froadom. To t h i s i a n t t r i b u t c d t h s p o r n i n t ~ n c s o f
Jninism i n s p i t a o f the 8tondy proamroo brilt up by t h c domin~nt
Hindu r a l i g i o u a order.
- Honaatioism i n Hindu r e l i g i o n is c l o s e l y r e l a t e d
t o the Ashr8ma system vhioh r e m l a t e d t h e l i f e o f m e r y
i a d i v i d u a l be long ing t o t h e h1gh. r o a s t e s . , Thus t h o habi tuml
p r a c t i c e o f l i fe o rda red and datormined s o c o r d i n g t o t h e f o u r
~ ~ h m 6 8 6 is o f ext reme nn t iq r l i t y i n Ind ia . Tho llindu monnetory
merved v a r i e d funo t ions , n o t o n l y t h e i n s t i t u t i o n t r i e d t o
p e r p e t u a t e t h o t h o o l o ~ nnd d o c t r i n o o f t h e m l i p i o n b u t n l s o
w n e d n s a r e s t house. Tho involvoaont o f t h e r o l i ~ i o u s hsnd
l a t h e Hindu o r d e r m a n e t h n l n i t y wan abeolrrte. bt Hinduism,
l m u k i n ~ a o e n t r e l i m d monantary is s o i n e x t r i c n b l y e n t a n ~ l e d
w i t h Hindu s o a i o t y t h a t it i s ve ry d i f f i c u l t t o s n y whore t h e
one e n d s nrri t h e o t h e r becine . Tho d e a i e n a t i o n ohurch i n t h e
reneo of an a t~ tonornou~ oo rporn to i n s t i t t r t i o n h i e r n r c h i c n l l y
orgrrnized and aorvod by profos?l ionnl p r io r thood - docs n o t f i t
t h e Hindu monnntic o rde r .
Like M y o t h a r e ~ t n b l i o f i r d r e l i g i o n R i n d u i m t o o h a s
given b i r t h t o s e c t s , i n t h e ooaraa o f its h i s t o r y . Thoro a r e
a lups number o f s e c t s e s c h hmrine a foundor, a c u l t , a body o f
d o o t r i n e , nnd moroover sl a o c i n l o r g r n i t a t i o n o f its own, The
conoopt o f s e c t haa 8 wida r npo l ion t ion i n n r o l i g i o n which
l a c k s a o e n t r s l o rgnn ien t ion . Whon t h e m c i n l nnd r01iRioao
s t a t u s o f e a t n b l i s h o d func t iona r io f l nro thrcratoned it norma l ly
r e m l t s i n t h o emcrponce of n s e c t . A s e c t normal ly i e n now
r e l i g i o u l i movement v h i c h r e j e c t s t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h o dominant
re l i l J ioue t r o d i t i o n , *on we have enid t h s t I i induisa has
been r e a p o n s i b l o f o r n numbor of a a c t s nnrl, even i n mrch eetn-
b l f ehed r e l i g i o n s l i k e C h r i s t i a n i t y i n s p i t o o f admin i s t rn t ive
C e n t r s l i r s t i o n o f r s l i ~ i o ~ ~ a u t h o r i t y t h e r e has b a n oont inunns
preRonco o f p r o t o ~ t m011p8, tho kind o f problana o f whioh t h e
rmermnce i f s r c t s p i v a r i a 0 i n a r c l i p i o n v i tha t r t a a o n t r a l
s e n t o f a t ~ t h o r i t y cnn e n s i l y be lms6inrd. The p rocoss o f f l u x
and f l o t ~ t l n u o f ~ u t h o r i t y h m a all porvndsd t h e r a l i g i o u s o rde r ,
brt it is fotrnd t h e t no sys tomnt ic s tudy has bean made o f t heae
a s p e c t s f o r obviorrs ransons.
Ve have r e f e r r e d t o t h o os t ab l i shod monnstic o r p n i m t i o n
i n t h e Hindu r o l l p i n u s order , whioh hea f n i l e d t o davdlop r
c e n t r a l m a t o f n u t h o r i t y t o r o w l a t e i t a working. A l l r t o d i e s
d o r l i n a with Hindrriem s o f o r hnvo mere17 tnkan f o r mnn tod t h e
exi r r tence of monnntic o rgnn iaa t ion , v i t h o u t n t t e m p t i n ~ t o enelyee
it l n & r e n t e r d o t r i l . h l l t hoso ~ t u d i e n c a n t r e nror~nd r o l i ~ l o u s
practices, b o l i e f e , c u l t a , snd t h o o l o m nnd o o c ~ 3 i o n * l l y pasvlr@
r e h r a n c e a havo bean mnde t o tho r n l i p i a ~ t o hood. Ao doubt devoid
of s re l i l ( ia r t s hand n r c l i g i n a a i n s t i t r r t i o n cannot s x i o t bu t tho . . 1
r e l n t i o n s h i p between t h e monastic h o ~ d via-m-vis t h o commttnity
10 yet t o hb anslysad.
This does no t howcvor imply t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n
betveon t h e monastery ~ n ¶ tho nocioty i a o m aided o r t h a t
the nonaatery l a eo thoro~rghly insu la ted from tho s o c i e t y
t h s t t h e y a r e immune t o chnngas. On tho oont ra ry t h o
f i n o t i o n of t h o monnstic orgnnisat ion may undorm chon@ i n
reaponso t o t h o chnnginc n e c d ~ of t h e s o c i e t y vhich i n t t ~ r n
may c a l l f o r c h n n n ~ i n nonns t ic o r ~ a n i t a t i o n i t a o l f . Fov
r t t emptn havo been nado t o nndortak@ !I nyatcmntio tudy of f how t h e monratic orennizat iona @nor@, pow, chen& md mdapt
thsmmlvea t o new a i tua t ion .
So f a r t h e s tudy o f r a l i p i o n has beon undertaken
from t h r e e porepoct ivcs! ilninly
( 8 ) Thc thoolog icn l npproach h a s boon confinod t o t h o in tor -
p r e t ~ t i o n of t h e b a s i c tonetn o f t h e r a l i g i o n , it@ domronae and
doc t r inos . 90 t h e t h o l o g i c n l atudy o f f e r a an idcnl iaod
v o r s i o n o f t h e ~ o l i p i o n ~ I t is obvious auch a tud iaa have
t h n w a r t o n e n o f valrto which randar an object ivo u n d e r ~ t n n d i n g
of t h o ral i ( r ion d i f f i m r l t * R e l l ~ i o t ~ s o rgoni ta t ion , the p r i a o t
o r any r o l i s i o ~ ~ s hcnll is outoidc t h o ocopo o f thnoloirg.
Obviously they ErQ t rontad an juot individtrnle occupy tha
p l s c o o f importance btrt tlicy have never boon o t?~died ns thc
c a s t a d i n n or t h a spokoman o f t h e doc t r inos o f tb r c l i p i o n .
13 (b) If t h a o l o m p u t f o r t h an idecl l i sod v e r s i o n o f r e l i ~ i o n ,
a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l e t u d i e ~ hrnre been c o n f i m d to t h o religious
b e l i e f s end p r n c t i c e a . Theno n t r ~ d i e e hnva momtly ooncen t rn t ad
o n p r i m i t i v a r o l i r i o n nnd nsa t h a r a f o r o mioro-ntudien. IPo
doub t t h o l n t h r 0 p 0 1 0 ~ i 3 t ~ h w o a t ~ l d i o d t h e i n s t i t u t i o n o f
Shamnn o r Medicino Hen b u t o n l y i n tormn o f h i a i n t c r o c t i o n
w i t h t h e community. Th? Ohamnn o r a Modicino Man is t o nn
a n t b r o p o l o ~ i s t en i n d i v i d f ~ n l who o f f i o i n t o n f o r t h o i n d i v i d u a l
i n c u l t i o a c t i v i t i e s , and s c c o r d i n g l y t h e emphasis o f t h ~
a n t h r o p o l o g i o a l o tudy W R ? lowly s h i f t e d from tb b a l i o f nnd
w l t i c p r a c t i c a a t o t h o n o c i n l ~ c t i v i t i e s o f t h o c o s m n i t y l i k e
e m n o m i o n c t i v i t y , o t c . Once npnin t h e r o l e o f t h o shaman
o r tbe p r i e s t o r tho l lodioino Mnn ha8 been underplayed hiah-
light in^ t h e l a c u n a i n t h o s t u d y o f monas t i c o r g a n i z n t i o n .
( 0 ) Vhon 3ociolof!y o f R e l j y i o n mado rnp ld s t r i d e s i n s t y d r i n k
ralig-ion, it wn9 oxpoctod t o remove n l l t h o anpn i n thr?. a t u d y
o f r e l i f i i o n s , t h u o mnkinl: tho Otcidg o f r c l i p i o n complato. But
b c r e .w in t h e q t 1 1 4 i ~ q hnvo boon l i m l t c d t o i n t o r p r o t n t i o n o f
r e l i g i o u s doctrin.1.r~ snd c h r r n c c ~ i n thc r c l i r i o v s o r p n n i e n t i on
i n rasponno t o t h e dcm~ndw o f t h o m c i c t y , nrrl eo on. Tho
a o c i o l o ~ i a ~ l s t u d f o l o f r e l i ~ i o n hnvc p r i m n r i l y ndclrealed them-
s e l v e s t o t h e i n s t i t u t i o n e l i s o d nnpoct.? o f r o l l p i o n e x c l a d i n g
t h e monas t i c o r ~ o n i z s t i o n . Thsy hnve t r c ~ t c d t c l i p i o i t n
1 9 i n r t i t u t i o n m an s ~ e c t and phase o f h a a n sooiaty. Thons
r t u d i e s have denlt with whntover habi tual behwiour, p r n c t i c r s
crttitudee, md sxperienaes they have found, eoaped under t h e
term r e l i g i o n as t r n i t a of humen motlps. Ihl t a l l these nro
normally obsorvod nnd uomct imea monaurod.
Tha s tud ios which aimed a t nn object ive undoratanding
of r e l i ~ i o n could n o t como ta cr consenaaa with rocard t o R
s e t of postulaten t r c n t i n r roli(rion aa a mrprn-mundflnc ran l i ty .
Tho s tudent of nociolary of ra l ip ion is l e f t to,choose botwoon
competing r o l i p i o a s i n t o r p r o t ~ t i o n a of for in& c o n f i i o t i n ~ acoounts
o f t h ~ apcc i f ic inncr napzctn of t h o phenomenon i n quaation,
Thtra conf l ic t cantar inn roand t h o p o e s i b i l i t y of ntudying monnaterj
ob joe t ive ly a t i l l perniata . Mnny of t h o n n t h r ~ p ~ l ~ f l i ~ n l atuOics
o o n c a r n i n ~ tho re ln t ion botvcnn r a l i ~ i o u s ba l ia fo vnd tho nocinl
order focus on r i t n n l n a t t i w s . But it l a nocoslnry t o undor-
stand t h e ba l iovor ' s act ion nyatomt and how his t h ~ o l o ~ i ~ ~ l l y
based in tc rprc tn t ion of tb world l a rdn him t o oanatrue ~ o c i n l
li%utustion bnd o r ~ f ~ n i z a h i s life. 'Phi8 cnnbloa u s t o undcratnnd
tho re ln t ionsh ip botwcen t h o monnotic ordcr nnd thc conmunity.
Prom tho f o r o p i n g diacusaion it 18 clenr t h n t thc atudp i of r o l i r i o u s o f f l c i r l n ~ n d the h i o r ~ r c h i c r l o r p h i z n t i o n of which
they form p a r t rniacq e o v c r ~ l m b ~ t ? n t i v e pr~blemn nnd i q o r t n n t
2 0 ans3jrtiasl issues. b s i d e a these, any r t t a a p t t o undsrtnko
m empiricel stndy of t h i s arbjecd is trau$lt v i t h soar prsot ionl
problems. Bacmre t h e re l ig ious o f f l a i r l a , end t h e i r lih
and t h e monnstic orprnizstion nro inmlntod from tho aociety
nnd are itweetad with sncrodneaa, they aro not e n s i l g aocoselbly
t o an outaide invaatientor. lavsrtholena thore i s l i t t l e doubt
t h a t an underntnnding of the monn~tio aranniantion and its workini
oontr ibate immanaoly t o tho body of the knovledm in sooiology
o f rel igion.
Max Webor's s t t~dy on Indian r e l l ~ i o n vns ono of t h s
pionaorinp work i n tho f ie ld of 9 0 0 i o l o ~ o f ' l a l i ~ i o n and
par t i cu l tu ly i n or iontnl rel igion* Als ~ t v d y wna or ip ina l ly
i n Ucrmnnl and only rhon it ma t r sna l r tod t o ~ $ l i a h 6s l a t o I '
as 195q2 it cnuphht tho eyes of t h e nociologisto. Wobcr n01rgh-t
. t o a n a y s e Hindtrim on two cardinal dofmnsr " t h o amPnrA belief
i n the t rnnsmi~rn t lon of sortla and t h o ralntod Ksrrna doctrina
o f a ~ m ~ e n a s t i o n " ~ . It w8a ho who agrrtomatiaally nnnlyned tha
1. MRX Haber 1 7 nnd in Cornna 1920-21. eo-r-in g o c i o l o u and 30c ia l Anthropolopjr, p , 510.
I The 3 0 c i o l o ~ of Hindaiern d by llnne II Carth ~ n d
Don Mar%indnlo 1. Tho R o e Ptorla Qonooo, 195s.
3. Ibid., p. 29.
2.1 i smtea l ike r e l i ~ i o o s bnaee o f Vnrns, J n t i ordor, s e o t a
. m d t r i b e s end t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p wi th o t h o r knpects of socTletg.
Ris r e f e r e n c e t o t h e r ~ l i d i ~ ~ l l movoaontr a?d meets which i n t u r n
conso l ida t ed i t a o l f i n t o c m t o o a t i m l a t e d t h e Indinn a o c l o l o ~ i m t s
t o analyee them i n g r e a t e r d o t n i l .
A f t e r t h e pub l ion t ion o f t h o Enelinh t r o n s l r t l o n o f
Yeber 'e ntudy savc rn l at tompt o wore mads by Indinn a o c i ~ l o g l a t e
t o b r i n d t h o s tudy o f r ~ l i ~ i o n wi th in t h e scope o f s o c i o l o ~
o f Rel ie ion.
As s t r t c d e n r l i s r , r o l i ~ i o n could bo ~lnderqtood by
t h r s o different sppronchc?, nnmely, t h o o l o ~ l c n l , ~ n t h r o p o l o g l c s l
snd aoc io log icn l . Wo hnvo broopht ou t t h e l l m i t n t i o n o f thorn
threm approachon by pointinn: o t ~ t t h n t none o f t h a m hro boen
conca rmd wi th t h a blrronucrncy o f r e l i ~ i o n , known.ba t h e
monaat ic order .
Ye s h a l l nov revlow t h e p r o p e w t h n t hen boen mnde
i n t h e f i e l d o f noc i a lo rn of Rcllflion i n t h o ~ncl inn 'cantoxt .
We may mention hore t h n t it 1s not onsy t o make a c l a n r c u t
d i n t i n c t i o n batvaon worka o f SaclolaRg o f R o l i ~ i o n nnd o t h o r
s t u d i e a doal inf i w i th r e l i g i o n .
There have been excop t iona l ly b r i l l i a n t p iecon o f vork
on t h e e t h n i c and crrltcrrnl nrrpactfl o f v n t i o n a t r i b o s CfaatO8.
22 These s t u d i e s are p r i m n r i l y fnctuml r e p o r t s o f t h e e c t i v i t i e a ,
i b n o t i o n s o f vn r ioee t r i b a n md minor i ty groups. Thena s t u d i e s
i a no wry a t tempted t o brinp: @bout nny oncm(r1 r e l a t i o n o h i p
betvoen t h e f i n e t i o n e l nnpecte o f r e l i g i o n End t h e c o a m n i t y , 2 4 ~ u b i o u s ' , lirchnan , ~huraton ' , Eothoven , and t h e Canms Repor t r
from In72 brought t o focua t h e d ive ree e t h n i c and,:soctorinn , , ,
g o o p e through ou t fndin. Flo doubt the80 s t u d i o a hws b a a i s a l l y
belped t h e s o c i o l o ~ i a t s o f Rel i f lon i n ampping the?@ c a s t e s
and tribes and p r o v i d i n ~ ample f 8 c h r U l i t e r a t u r e f o r n l r t h e r
mnalysir .
and beliefa bnd 8180 por t r ay inp t h o phi losophic t t l t r n d i t i a n nnd
t h e o r i t i c n l nqecto of Ilindu r a l i ~ i o n va3 dmpheaiaed by o q ~ e 1 l e ~ , 6 7 Hutton , and Crooko . h t t o n ' a a tudy on c a s t e i n I n d i a mrda a
d e e p impreosian on tho d o a i r c t o s tudy Hindu anoioty moro c l o s e l y ,
1 r J. A. Abbe A ~ b o i s end H.F.lbnchnmpr w1.1 Mnnnna. C u n t m -: Clnrandon l Y c 3 3 Oxford, 1921.
2. F.H.bchnnan: r *1 o f T r n n c l s - . . L ! l u r v a y o f Patn% F ~ y n i n 1111-? E d k ? $ k f % % n ) ,
11
Pntna, 1925. 3. R.Thurston nnd K.Hnnpmahnri8 $-- i n 3-
ItlQLB. Madrast Hndrn3 Govsrnmont Pr'ros~, 1965.
4 . Cnthouanr Q&.oa nnd T r w . Aombny. 5. L.3.9.O'Hallay I M u l a r Hln&!&!l. Cmbr idm: The Relifl ion
of t h o Masoas Cnmbridpo Tlniveraity Proas, 1935,
6. J.H.Hutton1 I i t a Anturs, f i n e t i o n end Ori(;in ~ J n i v o r s i t y Proaa, 1961.
7. V.Creoker v. London* John ~ u r r & 1906.
2 3 but it u n d e m i m d t h o o r a n n i a a t i o n a s p e c t s o f t h e m a t e .
Even a r c h r e c e n t a t u d i e s o n c a s t a l i k e t h e ona by Duoontl
c o n t a i n v n l u a b l o i n n l e h t e f o r t h e s t u d a n t o f S o c i o l o d ~ l o f
r e l i g i o n .
Next t o t h e c n s t o o r i o n t o d s t u d i e s comoa a n o t h a r s a t
o f s t c ~ d i o s nimed a t r indorstsndiry: t r i b a l a o c i e t y i n its e n t i r e t y .
3 e v o r a l Hanoprrphs hnvo boan p ~ ~ b l i n h o d from t h l o p o i n t o f view.
T h e m c t h n o m r p h i c monopophn c o n t o i n n o t m e r r l y a s t u d y o f the
aommunity i n q u c n t i o n h u t R ~ J O p r o v i d e 3 nbiindnnt ~ 0 ~ 1 0 1 0 ( r i ~ a l
i n f a r m ~ t i o n an t h e rcli&laun o c t i v i t l o a o f t h c prou up. They
have no doubt broupht t o l i p h t t h o r o l i g l o v 8 sapact?l o f t h o
c w u n i t y i n qrrention b u t f r i l e d t o unclorntnrd t h o a r @ n i z a t i o n n l
e a p e c t e o f t h o r o l i r i o v ~ ordor . S . C . R O ~ ~ , ~lnimondor?, ~ r a w n '
sro f o v o f t h o s o who have c o n t r l b u t o d t o t h i n f i u l d . R a y f a
'Oren R e l i ~ i a n rind Community' oooka t o h i e h l i ~ h t t h e sffeet o f
a c c u l t u r a t i o n in t h e community.
Mono,p%phic ntud i o n nroi~rrcd t h e i n t o r o q t a o f t ho
1. L . h m o n t l -. London: Pnlad in , 1970. 2. 5.C. Roy! Cuu~tptq. Ranchi, 192'1,
&a l , l u n d ~ ~ i nn1 T t ~ a i r Coun,?&y. As ln P t ~ b l i n h i n ~ ljotirro, 1970.
1. h r o r Holnon d o r f : * Awn . Cnlcut tn : Thnckcr Spink and Co (1933) K t r Lt:., 1962. Tho B h e a q o f Vennl. Cmlcuttar Oxford b o k Co., 1964.
e Aaa U p n a h c f r r t c l r t Lonrlon: P k i ~ $ f i n d x c ~ n n peril, 1 ' 3 p
4. A.R.Radcliifo Frown: Tho Andmrn XI-. The R o o Rsss of Cloncoc. 1964.
s o o i o l o g i s t s t o andor tnko community s t u d i e r and m i n o r i t y
r e l i g i o u s g o u p s , vh i ah wore r c c o r d i n g l y s t u d i e d i n t h e li&t 1 2 of t h e c h n n ~ i n p c o n t o x t o f t h e a o c i o t y t Onikwnd , and Nnir ,
hmro contributed t o t h i s f i o l d . But V i l R 3 non@ve 'a3 work on
, J r i n s ~ m m u n i t y c c r t n i n l y mnrks a doubt n d o f i n i t o departure.
Wnlike o t h e r community s t ~ r d i c e , dninft comaunlty vnk s tud iod
more as n Hindu l i n k c d r o l i ~ i o n . Thia s t u d y o n v i e n p a a
. s o c i e t y whore i n c l a e n c s nre n a t wn to r l i f i h t compnrtmonta nnd
oomplote ireodom i e prnnted t o pooplo t o c h a n ~ over t o t h o
c l a w o f t h a i r own a p t i t u d e . I31t t h e p r n c t i c n l i ~ p l i c a t i o n
o f t h o r e l i g i o e s o r ~ n n i z a t i n n of' t hooo communitioe have n o t
y e t been st trdiod eya t cmnt l cc l ly .
R e l i ~ i o r 1 9 n c t i v i t i o s hnvn t h e i r f u n c t i o n a l krrpocts too .
Theac a c t i v i t i e s have i n a wny i n t a @ o t e d t h e ~ o c i o t y n t l a r m .
Tha f u n c t i o n a l a ~ a c t of rml i&ion hna boon oxminod i n the
4 monopnph on RoliRion and ?oc io ty nmonR t h o Coorcs . 3 r i n l v s s
h a s b roueh t t o focus t h o .wcinl func t ion0 o f r e l i c i o n i n t e rms
of two s o t s o f n o l i d n r i t i c l nn~aoly v g r t i c n l nnd h o r i z o n t n l n lona
1. V.R.Caihad : m v l n - T n m . nmbay: h q i s T l i b l i ~ h i n f l Houne, 1967.
2. B.B.Reirs flombayr Popular rook Dspot,
3. V i l a s S a n p v e t f a i n n Cornrnunitr. Bombay! A S o c i a l 7urvoy Popular nook h p o t , 1959.
2 5 e n r t r l i n e r . He hna oxplninod hou tha r i t u n l s e r a r o l a t e d
t o o n l t s o f s o c i a l n t r u c t u r o i n t h e Coarg eoa i e ty . Horo
w i n the s t t e e s is moro on t h e b e l i e f and c a l t i b n s p s c t s
r a t h e r t hnn t h e r e l i c i o r l s o r p n i r n t i o n . In t h e l i g h t of
B r i n i v s s ' work tI t tcmpt3 have been mode t o e s t a b l i s h c a r n a l
r e l a t i o n s h i p b o t w o n r a l l 6 i o n and n o c i s l r t r u c t u r o . Thc work8 1 af (laach :h ~ n t h u r * , and ~ a r p o r ~ s tnnd out i n t h i a f i o l d . Tho
non-fbnctions o f r a l i p i n ~ r a a c t i v i t i a s have n c i t h a r encspod
the a t t e n t i o n o f t h o n o c i o l o ~ i s t , rnd t h i a anpoct hnn been
d a n l t w i t h by l loot t io4 .
Whilo c a s t e o r ion tod a t v d i o s and f i e l d work nonofllaphs
p rov ided l i t t l ~ o r no i n r i & t i n t o t h o otudy o f t ho monnntlo
~ r g n n i r c a t i o n ~ a t tompta t o brine: nbovt c n m a l r c l n t i o n a h i p
betvoen c u l t u r n l r o l e o f c i t i o a w i t h r e l i c i a n wn9 tnkcn up.
Uackim M n r r i o t t woo t h e f i r s t t o u sa ~ o d f i o l d ' s ~ concapt o f
1. G.K.Cao hS 'Cu l tn o f t h e Dond nmow t h e ?Taynrs' i n Mil ton Singer f e d ) T r r d i t i o n a l Indin: 3% r u c t u r o nnd Chnnp , 1359, pp. 140-272.
2. K.S.Mathur s ng tc nn:! R i t a n l i n Mnlwn w. Bmbnyr Aria P u b l i s h i ! ~ I!.e?o. 1964.
3 . E.B.Hmer¶ '9hmnninm i n S o t ~ t h Indin. Sonth Worntarn1 J o u r n a l o f A n t h r o p 0 1 0 ~ ~ 111, 1957, p?. 267-297. 'Hoylut A A e l i c f Ro la t inp J ? ~ e t i c o nnd S u p n m s t u r n l ' - h e r l o a n Anthrapolopia t , 1957-59, pp, 901-016. ' A Hindu Vi l l rRo Pnnthaon' . -:oath' Yontern: J o u r n n l o f Anthropolom, ?359, pp. 227-234. ' S p i r i t Ponncssi5n nn~l n o c i n l 3 t ruct r1ro ' i n Rnln RatnAm (od) . Anthropolo on t h o march. Mndrnnl Tho Dook Centre , 1963, pp. 165-19r
4. Andre I ) e t o i l l ~ r % c i n l Drp rn i zn t ion o r a Tomplo i n Tnnjore Villryrc. q10tc.d: Op.cit., p. 512.
5. Robert .?cclficld r 3 n ~ 4 7 q t 7 o c l . t ~ ~qrL&&hX&l. Chicap09 An An th ropn la r i cn l Ap~ronch t o tho i t r ~ f ' - ~ o f C i v l l i z n t i o n .
7 . . *.. -0 f : ( -<r*m i+nq-. qnqC,
2s t he ' l i t t l e t r a d i t i o n ' nnd ' m o a t t r n d l t i o n ' i n h i s work i n
Vl l lmge rndla'. Hd f o m l ~ t s d two impor tant concopta, rir.,
* l l n i v e r s a l i r a t i o n ' end ' pn roch ic r l i sn t ion ' . H i l t o n 3 i n ~ c r 2
continued on t h e Bcdf io ld ' e modol. H i s v a r k p ro joc tod t h o
*competing n o l f - d c f i n l t i o n o f 3 f innkr i t i o Aindviom or thodoxy
and soc t s " . Th ia s t u d y r c p r o s o n t s an a t t empt t o undors tnnd
t h e w a s t t r ~ d i t l o n th rovch conc ro to l o c a l l z o d o.bsorvnbla
~ i d y a r t h l ' u a l w R o d f i a l d ' s modol s tun iod t h o r o l n t i a n -
s h i p between s n c r a d p l a c a e ond t h o i n t e r n c t i o n i n nach a mat up.
Ha d o s c r i b e d how t h o p n t t o r n o f i n t o r a c t i o n bntwnon pn t rone
and s a c r a & e p e c i n l i s t ~ i n n 1Iindtt p i l g r i m a m c o n t r o van o r d a r l y
and p a t t e r n e d l A l l t h o a o ~ t l l d i ~ ~ make l i t t l a o r no ro fa ronce
t o t h e monnet ic o rde r .
The An th ropo lop ico l 3nrvoy o f f n d i n t r l o d t o undora tnnd
t h e m p a r n t r u c t o r c o f Indinn n o c i r t y by undertnkiny! a a n r i o s of
impor t an t t omplas end r m ~ t t a i n nncrad noc io t i ee .
1. Mckim M n r r i o t t ( 2tlt 1 8 Pillnrrc.XndtA. Chicums TTn iva r~ i ty o f Chicngo P ~ O R R , 1955. goo s o c t i o n . ' L i t t l s Ccimntrnitioa i n a n indlp$inous C i v i l i z n t i o n ' , pp. 171-222.
2. Mil ton S i n e a r s When a &ant T r e d i t i o n J l a d c c n l Xpntpnch t o I n d i a n Civi-
c-! AU . now Torkc 1972.
3. L.F.Vidyarthi3 Jnc rcd C a m a L a x _ a t t t Cnvg. Eembayl Asia A t b l i s h i n ~ Ilorrqo, 1961.
2 7 1 Sinha , and B i d r a n n t h 3 a r e m a t i 2 aro hro o f t$ impor tant
c a n t r i b a t e r e t o t h i s f i o ld . If Vidynr th i ' s s tudy providad
a n i n a i a t i n t o chnn[la i n r i t u a l p n t t a r n i n any., Rnidynnath's
s t u d y l e d t o b t t o r undarntnndinc o f b n d i t s o f fnah i .
I b i d f a n a t h 3 a r a s v a t h i i n a a s a c i a t i o n wi th 3 u r j i t 3 inha a l r o
3 made m at tempt t o undorutand t h a a a c e t i a n of Knshi . It
war t h o i n t e n t i o n of t h i n e tudy t o b r i n g t lw a a c t n r i a n b a n i s o r
a m o t i c orgt tn isa t ion . t h o i r n p o c i a l l y far n u n 6 o r m n i r n t i o n
and s e c u l a r proupl), t h e i r oompoeition i n tormr o f canto ~ n d
l i n t p i s t i c s f f i l i n t i o n nnd t r e n d s o f chnnm from orthodox
s e c t a r i a n o r nlrd l i n k e d forms t o t h e nev u n l v c r n n l i s t i o snd
urban can te red one9.
Ho doubt e n a t tompt t o undoratnnd t h e s a c o t i o o r d e r 4 had beon mrde oven a n r l i o r by Ghurye vhe re in he t r i o d t o r
t h e r i s e , h i s t o r y , work nnd prenont o renn iza t ion o f Hindu
1. S u r j i t Sinhn: 'Soma A n ~ c c t s o f chnnpa i n Bhumjl R c l i r i o n i n South Hr.n,.nbhlm, B iha r ' r Man i n Indin, 1953, 33(2), pp. 149-164. Tha Medin nnd nnturo o f flinda Bh~rmji I n t c r n c t i o n ~ ' , J o u r n ~ l - o f t h r ? A s i n t i c t o c i c t y . Lo t t c rq ond 7cionca. 23, 1157, pp. 2 3 4
'Tribal Cul turoe o f Poninm!lar Innin nn n Dim~naion o f L i t t l a T r a d i t i o n i n t h o Stady of Ind ian C i v i l i a n t i o n . Jou rna l o f Amerionn Polklorsa, 196n, 71, pp. 504-518. Rssonrch Troprrmnrs on Crr l tur r l Anthropololrg nnd Al l i ad D i n c i p l i n c ~ . Cnlmrt tn l Anthropologicnl 3urvoy o f InEin, 1970.
2. Enidyennth Sarnnwetir C o n t r i h ~ t i o n s t o t h e tfndcrntnnding o f Ind ian C i v i l i z a t i o n . Dharvar: Karnntnk t l n ive r s i t y , 1970,
1. Daidylrnnth S a r n w n t i nnd J u r j l t qinhn: Tho Asce t i c Orgn ic r r t i o r of Krshi. Ctt lcuttnr ~ h p ~ l b l i n h o d Rc o r t mbmi t t cd t o tho An thopo lop ion1 % w e y 01 India. ~P!o.
e s o r t f r and n r e d i c a r He b r o r d l y aovrred t h e v a e t i o e
a i a l l o r d e r s *om entnbl inhad r a l i a i o n s t o r e f o m l e t 2 rswtlcs. Alha r r sn j an R ~ J Y ~ , Uould , Hnrper have a l l a t tempted
t o ande r s tnnd th p r i e s t s ntul t h o i r o r ~ n i x n t i o n n l aqoo tm.
From t h e f o r n ~ o i n R a v n i l ~ b l c l i t e r n t r r r o we have t o
l d m i t t h n t no s i n p l a eturly has bocn a sde wi th en p r i o n t a t i o n 41
t o underntnnd tb n t r r t c t a r a nnd f ~ t n o t i o n s o f monrs t i c o r e a r
i n i ts e n t i r e t y . T h i s n o ~ l o c t 1s p a r t l o u l a r l p no t i eenb lo
i n m i n o r i t y r e l i c i o n nnd Vcctrnnsivi~m is no excopt ion t o it.
Rot on ly hnvo t.hc7re baan vc ry few s t r ~ d i o o d ~ n l i n ~
w i t h t h o monnotic o r d c r birt thtr erne i n n l so t r v n nborrt o t h e r
anpgcta o f r o l i p ion i n no f n r na Vacra~n iv1 .m l a concornod.
Tho o n l y s o a i o l o g i o n l e t t ~ d i o r o f t h i n f n i t h have boon t h o s e v 6
o a n d u d e d by ~ c ~ o r n n a k ~ , ~ r o w n ~ , 3edashivniah5, and Pnrvathmma
1. n i h r r Flnnjan Rny: mAu Olnlls nnd t h o 3 -. P a t i a l a i 1970.
2. H.A.Dould1 ' P r i e e t and Contrnpr ios t : A 3 t r u o t u r o l Annlysie of Jsjmnni Rs ln t i ansh ipa i n t h e llindu P l a i n 8 and t h c !Tilf!iri - Hi l ln . C o n t r i b ~ t i O n ~ t o Indian n o a i o l ~ & y , 1967 - 1, pp. 26-55
3. V. Mo Cofmnckt 'Tho Formf! o f Cornluunflo~tion i n V c a r a ~ n i v n - R e l i e i o n , Jou rnn l o f I\ncricsn Fo lk lo to , 1959,71 - pp.325-335. 'L ingaya t s as a a n a t ' , Jou rno l o f t h o Roynl h n t h r o p o l a ~ i c n l I n s t i t u t e , 1963, 93 - pp. 59-71. 'On Lingayat C u l h ~ r c ' i n A.K. Rnmsnujan (Ed). a ~ n w m. Pen.guin Aookn, 1973.
4. C.P. Brown* ' B a ~ n y on t h o Crcct! Custom* and L i t c r n t u r n o f t h e j s n p m a a ' . M ~ d r n n l daurnnl o f L i t c r ~ t u r o nnd Scicneen 3er. ' V a l . X I (1940)r
1 Par rn thmma If no s t i rd ioa h w c boon mndr i n monastio
o r y i s n t i o n i n Hindrt roli6yion. t h i n l a perhapa undsra tandoblo
beasom n o t many aootlr wi th in t h e Hindu r e l i g i o n hma r t a b l e
m d v o l l orannized monu.rtie ardor . The wxccptiona a r c J s in lma
and BadOhiam. Apart from thcrrc Voern.safv1.m 1.v tho o n l y act
w i t h i n Hinduism which ha- n w a l l developed n o n s n t i c o r d e r and
pe rhspa t h i s rop ronen t s t h e f i r n t a t tompt a t a d e t n i l a d mtudy
o f t h o Vcoranaiva monnstic a rdo r i n n i l its r s p e c t s .
Yo ah411 b r l o f l y roviow the e x i s t i n g l i t e r n t r l r e on
Verrasaiviem. Two importnnt works by Paivrthmmta nnd Sndashi-
v a i a h , o+har t h a n I:cCormfick and C.j7.Brown's l l r t l c l o on Lingnyata
d e s e r v e montion here. Pn rva thamn ' e work c o n t r s s nround t h e
caaomc~nity a t rnot t t ro , how cna te nnd nub-caste l o y a l t f do n o t ,yo
t o p t h n r , which r o n u l t s i n a r t t i n 8 noroon t h o o n t i r e community.
9ho ha8 demonstrntcd t h i s by compnrin(!the i n t o r a c t i o n o f soo t
1. C.Par?ethammat t i u s end -. New Dalhi: 3 t o r l i n ~ F u b l f s h E 1971.
aSlQ c o l Cnanvs on 'Joe-. Banbny: P o p u l ~ ! ' r n k a a h a n , f972. wDis8cnt , P r o t e s t nnd Reform Kovcmcrrt i n Indian C i v i l i z n t i o n t V e e r a ~ a i v i e m - A Srr iv i ta Dector ien Kovcrnent o f P r o t e ~ t nnd Reform i n Enrnntnka". 'ilmla: Tnclian I n s t i t u t ~ o f Adrnncod s t u d y , 1975 ( ~ n ! 1. *Tho S o a i a l S t ructar ! of Llngnyeto - 3 o c t c r i a n Cnato o f Mysore". J o u r n a l o f . ,oc in l nnd Applicrd Roscnrc)r, Jnbbnlpur Un ive r s i t y , Val. 1. 1967. "The Sooio-Economic 1)rivo i n Vcernaaivism - The S n i v l t e Ron-Brahmin Camte p o ~ i p o f Mysoro". E iph t A l l I n d i a 3 o a i o l o ~ i c n l Conforcnce, 1964 (hem).
3 0 a r o t n r i m d i f fe rence within tho order, and tho complex
urnnlpmenta i n t h e Veernqsivn cnste hiernrchy. Hor ornphn3is
hovrrer is more on t h o followara than on thp mona8tic ordar.
No doubt her strldy b r i e f l y don18 with t h e c a n f l i c t r hotwaon
wtts, bu t it daoa not nllow for a deeper underatnnding of
tho c o n f l i c t exiratinr within t h e lnonnetio ordar.
Sad8ahivsinh'e work l a tho only d i r o c t ntndy so f n r
mrde on t h o nonaetic ardor. 110 comnaras two Virnktha Mutta
i n Old My~ore Aren, whorein ha tho ro l ie ioua and ooculmr
a c t i v i t i e s of theso nonnlstories aro comparnd. Thia otudy
no doubt ha3 ohed l i g h t on tho n c t i v i t y of t h e nionn~tio ordar
but hen overlooked tho or@nizat iannl s t n ~ c t u r e o f tlm Vserasaivn
monamtory.
111
It is a t r i t e snyinfi t h n t Hinduiom is ono of the moat
snciont r e l i c i o n md it 18 n common b a l i e f t h n t Indlan c i v i l i -
s a t i o n and a r l t u r c nre clo?cly wavon with her roliqiorra ba l ie fe .
Hindaim it i n snid is not n rovrsnlod r e l i c i o n l i k e Chr ia t inn i ty
o r Islsra, md morowor Hinduim has no first prophet. It wns
moro a notwork of i d o o l ~ f l i c n l f r i t h a loso ly kn i t . Thua it is
a vay of l i f e which coon by t h e namo Rindttim. Hinduim
u n d a n e n t a a r i c e of chnnpsi dvring t h s ac~vcral c o n t u r i e ~ of ttb .
rxiatence. In nnciont Imli8 t h e fhndnmontnl t r u t h of t h e
3 i rs l i ,yion was t n u f i t with t h e holp of myths and feb las , but
moon t h o t r u t h w 8 8 h r ~ a t t o n whila myths nnd fnblea oontlnued.
t o r e i n s t a t e t h o forpa t ton fundnmentrrl t r u t h formod tha duty
and t a s k of mnny n reformorn. R u t t h e outcome of 811 thorn,
baa boen ahort-livod, nnd m y nttampt by an i n d i v i d u ~ l t o
onderntnrd t h e r e l i u i o n vnn doamed fu beyond h i s ranch, nnd
be had t o be n~tisf led i n conforming t o tho e x t a r n n l i t l e a of
t h e re1 igion.
Liko t h e Fhnkthi rnovamant Vnernn~lvism wne f l r a t n
ralilSiou9 mwemcnt Irtnrted, o r r e j w i n a t o d by BnonvR who
f i n a l l y bcnrno t h n founJinp prophot, who mremin~ly nttnclrrd t h e
r e l Q i o i ~ a t-nd goculw modintor r o l e o f Brnhmina. Yo ahtall not
ga i n t o t h e cont rwarny n a t o who ncttrally s t n r t a d t h i a new
f a i t h , but t h e r e ha8 baon a ~ n e r n l conaonaaa t h o t Rnsava wna
t h e p i v o t n l forco i n accolarat inf l t h e new movomcnt Pnd rlndor
h i s p(ridance tho now ctovc?mnnt rrcv rnpidly. nrt ng any o t h a r
mmemont it soon cnnqa1idntc.d i t n c l f in to 8 cnote, t h t a undnr-
mining t h e b a ~ i c idoolory of tho fore runnorn o f thb movomont.
no t only t h o movomsnt conaolldntcd i t n a l f i n t o a c n ~ t o bu t nlno
c o m p t c d i t a a l f by accc;ctinG chnrnc tc r in t ics o f 'o t lmr Ilindu
rel1e;ion. Thc rnnk nnd P i l e of Vcarnqnivnu have bccn l r a a a b l e
t o r a s i ~ t t h e a l l encompnaim soc io-~ul ta r f i l mcah o f Ernbminim.
3 2 Like all othor e a t n b l i s h d re l i f ions Voernsaivisa
b d t a uvalva a s o n a ~ t i c orpanirntion, i n ordor t o propomto
t k mu f i l t h . ha and w h n t h n community nnde rnpid s t r i d e s
i t was but natnrnl f o r tha colauni ty t o evalve i ts own mocha-
nfm t o or@oise nnd cn-ordinnta t h o monastio orflnnl#ntfon.
fit thdro ha9 bean ano importnnt nrlpoct i n tho V8ernMiva
a o a a s t i a ordor, viz., thc oheonco of A aontrnl ~ e n t a f mrthority,
As n r e m l t o f t h l g n lncvnn, it i a only nnturnl t o
expeot c o n f l i c t within tho rnon~stary. Yo hnva a?on t h n t i n
w c h eetrbl i8hod r e 1 ilrlonlr l i k a Cht i8 t ian l ty t hore have bacn
e x p l i c i t o o n f l i c t s bntw0c.n t h e orders nnd how they hhre continuad
onabetod. In t h e Voernrrnion mannutic order not only lacks i n
a c e n t r a l ment o f n ~ ~ t h a r i t y but i n even othorwiao looealy
orannised f o r it hna noi thor nny praecribod modo of t r a i n i n g
n o t r aodo of condttot f a r tho p r i o s t s , nnd Boos not lny down
any procedvra f o r a t n r t l n p a mutt.
Honsstar i re hnvo beon known t o plny a dominant r o l e
i n the individual's r a l l r i n o n life in Hindaiern and it w ~ o
l 8 r ~ e l y thmoph t h o o f f o r t s o f tho monnstorios t h a t t h e r a l i n i o n
hns developed. R e l i ~ i o r r s institution^ i n Hinduiw hnn boen
quite complex t h p t t h i n is eepocinl ly t r u e of Vcora!vnivism has
posed t he reronrchors iamonso problem i n nnderotsndinl: its
3; oomplrx stmoturn* E v e r t h c l e s s is o f w e a t i n t e r s s t f o r
tho a tudent of 9oOiolop3r of Rcliuion to knov how t h e e or(pani-
r r t i o n r are s t e r t e d , how thoy function, what r:e t h e i r charao-
tsriatia fea tures , mode of commniostion, how p lsces o f importnnce
urn filled, vhethgr t h a r e e x i s t 8 any rourm books t o b l ide the
n l i g i o u s beds e t o r
The Voeresaivn monnntic ardor i n i t8 promnt day
s i t u a t i o n has o p n s d enollph av enuen t o be probod. Rot only
hra t h i s f n l t h , no CorItrnl neat of powor, t h e commynity hna
been broken up i n t o many ~ m n l l ~ a m o n t n or nects, anch o m of
which hjnct inne nu a cohcnivn pro~tp with one or n met of
monnateries of tho ir own. nei ther l a thero my v e l l dofined
o r oatnblishhd procedure f o r s t a r t i n g n mutt, nor is there any
sea o f r u l e r o r ra@lnt ions t o mvorn t h o i r working. Likewise,
t h e r e is no r o c o p n i e ~ d nyatcm of t r n i n i n ~ of pr ionts . Just ns
t h e r o i n no recoaniaod mothod of i n i t i n t i o n in to p r i o s t hood,
no coda of conduct hno bean ~ v o l v c d , vhich oould r e m l n t o t h e
l i f e of tho p r i e a t s ~ n d t h o i r activities. As 8 r o s u l t it 18
rean tht t h e monnatic 0ry;lrnlantian in Vccrnonivlsm 4 s i n 8
s t a t e o f v i t a l d i e o r ~ a n i a a t i o n .
1% is i n t h i n contoxt t h a t the proqont ntudy hne bncn
~ M e r t r k e n . Vhile ~ D Q of tho ~ R C ~ O Y A reoponnibls f o r t h i s
mtnta af arfmirr, rcro oortninly hiator ion1 i n chnrnctor othara
2 4 8ra o f a mom recen t o r i ~ i n . bt what is *artant t o note
i n t h r t thew dwalopmontzr i n t h e monnrtic order we not
without t h e i r a f fea t vpon t h e community. ha dev~lopmont
o f L i n p a m t community h ~ n bsen due i n no m n l l menwrcl t o
the r o l e played by t h e Voorn~nivn monsntlo ardor. Muoh of
t h e ~ a * o l o p e n t of t h o cornunity is s lqo reflected i n tho
prooper i ty end affl?r@nco of th monnetio ordar. f h i a shows
t h o c l o s e and i n t i n n t o ro ln t tanah lps end nutaal sirpport batwaon
t h e monmstic o rdar nnd tho community. Tho monnstic a rdor
works f o r t h e wcllbeinp o f t h o community nnd tho camnunity i n
t u r n supports t h e monnsTcry nnd atronfihons thom no t h n t tho
moarraterlen we i n t u r n i n a b o t t e r pos i t ion t o nerve t h o
c o a m n i t p , Vith t h o flatl!tnl Oisorpn izn t ion of tho monaatlo
o r d e r t h i s r c l a t i o n s h i p is nloo bound t o chnnm. I t has been
obsemed t b n t monnatorics nre now bainc progronnively al iontod
from t h e Dammunlty nnd t h a y nlluolst f i ~ n c t i o n l i P a p r i v ~ t c bodies,
v h i l e r e l y i n g on t h o rnlpmrt; o f %a mmffiunlty. For neny,
monnsflolsm hns bacome n mcnnn of l ive l ihood and for A l o n ~
t i m o monaetoricn had beon under tho monopalistic oan t ro l o f
p a r t i c u l a r m c t . But todny monnstnrios hevo m l t i p l l a d 60
protrrsely t h n t tho comnvnity i a not i n Q poa i t l an t o m ~ p p o r t
a l l of t b m . There in on tho ono hnnd aovcra compctitlon,
811 008f i n tho n ~ t u r o of e s t r u p r l o betwaon tho nonncltcrios,
f o r t h e commanity upp port. On t h e other hnnd, tho rcnnurcoa
o f the community nre b i n 8 f r i t t a r o d a v y by s c n t t e r i n ~
it t h i n l y aver kt multituda of monnsterles. Thlla tho ohnnm
i n thil o r p ~ n i t a t i o n of t h o Vcornanivn monnetio ardor hns f a r
rarohiryn s o c i ~ l conaerlaoncae. Xt i n w i n a t t h i o b n c k m u n d
that t h a prosant study l a undortnkan.
Tho Veornaaivn monnetic ordor i n brolully dlvidod i n t o
two c a t e g a r i s s l , nrumoly, tho Pat tada Mutte nnd Virnkthn Hatta ,
Pat tedn Mrt t s a r e pr imnri ly conoerncd with h o l p i k the l a i t y
i n t h e i r c a l t i c nocda whilo it i n t h e ranpona ib l l i ty o f tho
Viraktha Muttq to propornto tho fni th . O f l a t e it is obaervrd
t h a t t h e d i f f c r c n t i n t i o n on tho b ~ ~ i s of h n c t i o n l a worlooked
and t h i s has reatrlted i n t h o d ieuni ty betwaen t h e two o a t o i p r i e a ,
It is not moroly t h e fiinctionnl Uifforence t h n t hao b a n roa-
ponslblo f o r t h e fliaunity cx ia t in f l ba tmen tho ordore but a lno
t h o claim f o r s u p e r i o r i t y i n tho rol lRious h i o r ~ t c h p . Tho
Viraktha Wutts hnvo been cnjoyinl! m e n t c r rercpact from t h e l n i t y
beewae tho Virnkthan nrc inrllvic!unle wha havo rclinquinhod
t h e i r worldly l i f e nnd hnd vo lun ta r i ly ombrncod tho monoatic wny
o f l i f e nnd who nro t a nCt no procoptor8 i n the r o l i ~ i o u b l i f o
o f tho community. # i a t o r i o a l accovnta nlso prove t h n t t h e
V i r r H h a bonds have b a n t r e n t a d with mentar ranpoet nnd have
been enjoy in^ a more e x s l t o d p o s i t i o n t h a n t h e Fa t tndn a u t t
Mmdr i n the Vof!rnqnivn monentic ordor . If h i e r n r c h i o n l
plmoemsnt i n t h o r a l i ~ i o u n o r d e r wns s sou rco o f d i w n i t y i n
t h e moons t i c o rde r , nbsonce of h i o t o r i c n l i o c o r d s t o prove t h o
a n t i q u i t y of t h o f n i t h h a s f i r t h e r o d t h o d i f h r o n c o betweon
t h e two o r d e r s . Thcrc n r o ha rd ly any a u t h o n t i a r eco rd8 which
rhed l i g h t on t h e h i s t o r i c i t y o f t h i n f ~ i t h , md whatevor l i t t l e
l i t e r a t u r e e x i a t s is h i p h l y c o n t r o v o r s i o l . Tho h i s t o r i c a l
d i f f ~ r o n c o n have d iv idod t h e monaet ic o r d a r i n t o t v o s c h o o l s
of tha t lght eaeh g i v i n ~ ta d i f f c r o n t i n t o r p r o t a t i o n r o g n r d i n g t h e
o r i g i n o f t h o f o i t h .
A o t o n l y h i e t o r i c n l con t rove r sy h&s d iv ided t h o
monaa t io o r d e r b u t t h o o b ~ c n c e o f n 8 i w l o a m r c o book t o
g u i d e t h e monae te r i e s i n t h o i r dny t o dny a c t i v i t y hna mami-
f l e d t h o d i f f e r o n c o n a t o n l y botwom t h c two o r d e r s , b u t a l s o
w i t h i n e a c h on0 of them,
The Nonnptic o r d c r i n Vccrrnnivn f n l t h is by And l n r p
l o o r e l y o r ~ n n i z o d nnd Rlm0Jt e v e r y v i l l a ( m i n t h o a t n t e o f
Ksrnmtnkn ~ i t h o r hns o r hnd o m o n ~ s t o r y . Theuo monnstor ios
m e g e n e r a l l y c r l l n d a9 Snka mut t s o r brench mut to which waro
connected w i t h a Noola n v t t o i t h o r b ~ c r u s o t h o y bolangod t o a
p u t i c u l a r d o t h r a i n t ho cneo o f Pa t t edn Mutta o r 3nmaya i n
t h e enso of VirnkthR Mettq. Tho r o l n t i o n bctwocn tb Moola and
6MMLORE UNIVERSITY ClBWl E A N G A L ~ Q ~ ; ~
Saka mutt is mos t ly bnsod on t h o pcrrronal r a l n t i o n s h i p
be tween t h o two r c o p a c t i v o mutt honds nnd i o t h o r o l t ~ i t o f
mu tua l T n i t h and r a v o c t md n o t o f any mlo,a o r prooc?duros.
R e l i g i o t ~ a w t o i c e o t o t h o l a i t y wors baaed on t h o t r n d i t i o n s
which the monas t a r i ae hnd i n h e r i t a d . It is now fouml t h n t
s o v a r s l m u t t s & r e r o - l n t c r p r e t i t g t h e d o p e a and d o c t r i n e e o f
t h e f n l t h , and f i lnc t ion independent ly bo th o f one nnothcr n s
a l s o of t h e M o o l ~ mnttn. Tho Mcoln-Snkn d i f f c r c n c o ~ R R flown
ortt of nll p r o p o r t i n n , w much s o t h n t a m i t t t hcnd had t o aaok
p o l i c e p r o t c c t i o n whi lo t r k i n e o u t n prooeseion f o r f o n r o f
d i s t n r b a n c e by other m t t n r
Tho d l f f c r c n c e batwoon t h o m t i t t s w i t h i n t h o snme a r d o r ,
absence o f n m u r c o book, nnd h i s t o r i o n l con t rova r* ioa have n l l
c r e a t e d a s o n m of c o n ~ . i ~ i o n nmow t h o l a i t y . Tho l n l t y h a r d l y
makes any d i a t i n o t i o n bctwarln t h o two o rdo ra nnd r r e e l y t ~ k e
r e l i p l a ~ ~ a ~ e r v l c e q , from bo th o f thorn. Tho m a t t 3 hnvo n o t mbdo
a n y a t t a m p t t o ncqua in t tho l n f t y w i th t h i e d i n t i n c t i o n o r i t n
e i g n i f i c n n c e .
Thin i n d i f f c r e m : ? o f t ha l a i t y nbovt t h o lop i t imncy
of t h e gourocs from which it r n m i v c n m l i ~ i o u a ~ o r v i c o r s hns
l e d t o t h e emerpence o f now monnotorica. T h c ~ mormntcries
have M e n s t n r t c d e i t h e r by ind iv id r t s l s o r by Cor t a in s e c t s .
game o f tbere new mvt tn hnva bcon t rond s o t t a r n and thay
hwr h e n emulated oven by o l d a r mutts. l o t nnothar important
aapeot is tht the 8ectArinn mrttts have c h a l l o n p d t h e monopoly
of t h e JnnpMlfts i n tho Vcflrnirrivn monegtic ordor .
H i u t o r l c J l y t h e Jnnmmnn have boon o n j o y i w an e x n l t o d
p o s i t i o n i n the Vacrnnnivn f n i t h , They hava bean t r ~ d l t i o n a l l y
t h e ro l i f l iouR hondn, nnd more over t h e o n t i r o Tni th WM t l ividod
i n t o t h r o a brond cntapurian' . Priesthood emonR t h ~ Vcornnnivn
f a i t h haa bcon s monopolj o f Jnn~cmno, t h e y voro c n l l q d us 2 Brnhmina i n Voernnaivu f n i t h . Bcinp n roform movemcnt
Vocraaaivinm dobe n o t r ~ c o ~ n i o o r?ny oan to d i s t i n o t i o n o r t h e
e x i u t o n c o o f a p r i o n t l y c l a n a h u t t odny t h o cmmuni ty i a
o h a r a a t a r i ~ o d by t h a proqcnco o f cna ta groups. Thorlph t h a
h i s t o r y o f t h e Tni th l n i d no enphnnis on any group t o bo h i ~ h
i n t h e h fe rn rchy , t h e d n n p m n ~ hnvo coneol idntod thomsolvoe find
c o n t r a 1 numoroua monnstor toe.
Thbll* Vocrnnnivlam hnd deap r o o t n i n ncw Hysoro hront
no* many mtta Mva ~ n i n o d irnportnnca i n t h o f i e l d o f necv ln r
8 c t l v i t y . Thnr~ph t h e ~ c c t mut ts nro opnoaod t o t h o monopoly
1. Thurs ton: op. c i t e , Po 261.
2 , Parvnthnmma~ ope c i t e
of t h e J n n ~ w e a t h e hanns o f t h a w mut t s h m e turnnd a n t
t o br a n o t h e r c l r q a o f JPnpmns.
The tendency on t h o p n r t of t h e r e l i ~ i ' b r ~ n hoadn t o
a mass wea l th n d t h e i r pe r sona l lnvolvemant i n t h e oconomio
a c t i v i t y of t h e mvt t , prodcct t h e i r concern wi th m n t e r i d l i f o .
There hna p rabab ly beon 8 r a c l p r o c n l r o l a t i o n batwcen t h e
monopoly i n t h o r o l i ~ i o u a ordor nnd tho pra-ocCt~petion wi th
ecoaomic a c t i v i t y .
We hnv* no f n r dsnwn Rt t cn t ion t o t h e nn tu re o f t h e
problem3 pranantod i n t h o V?ors?rivn monnl t ic ordor by o x n t n i n i ~
t h e numeroua naurco o f d i r n ~ n i t g nnd die!vensions i n it. Tho
msin parpoen o f n tady 17 t o i n v o ? t i ~ n t o i n d c t ~ i l t h o nntura o f
t h e s e sourcoo o f d i f f c r e n c o n which oven ton l ly t h r a n t e n t o
d i s i n t a ( l r e t o t h e monnl t lc ordcr.
Our mlrvoy o f t h o l i t a r n t u r e on t h e V a c r n ~ n i v n monast ic
o r d e r h a s r evea lon t h n t thare ha8 boon an nbsanca o f h i r t o r i o n l
r e c o r d s and t h e r c mo i n d i c n t i o n o f l a c k o f coneonnna i n t h e
monaet ic o r d e r on R m ~ ~ b ~ r o f i n m a . Cne of t h o ramnrknble
dwe lopmen t s w i t h i n t h e Veere.nnivn monast ic o r d e r ha6 b ~ o n t h o
p r o l i f e r a t i o n of mutta. An it in , t h o Veernunive monnRtio o r d e r
haa been l a c k l g i n n U ~ n t r a l sont of au thor i ty l nnd t h e
p r o l i f a r r t i o n has f i r t h a r ebmmrntad t h i r problom. It is
our aim i n t h i s a tnay t o oxnmim how t h e p r o l i f o r n t l a n o f
m t t a hne r o m ~ l t c d i n t , o t r l nblcnw of camrnuniontlon botwean
mutts, mutunl d l ~ r e g n r d of mrttcl t o on0 anothor, depar tu re
from accoptad procedures, tho omarmnca o f s e c t s r i a n mutts,
and the i n t e n n i f i c a t i o n of the r i v n l r y botuoon Moola Mutt8
and Saka 1,irrt tn.
The impact of tho dovclopmont of nactar inn m ~ t t n on
th e a t n b l i h e d p r i a g t l y clnna i n Vocrnanivn monaet,lc o r d e r end
tho conmquont chnnm i n t,ha ovcrn l l o r l e n t a t i ~ n o f priest-hood
and mutt a r p n l r i a t i a n l a nnnthar n v e c t vhioh has boon lncludod
i n t h l e atudy.
One of t h o main fnctorfl rosponsible f o r t h e unoontrol lcd
ptrowth of mutts has boon tho nbnsnco of nny e s t ~ b l i e h e d pro-
cedure i n a t w t i n g a mutt, This atudy t t i o a t o exnmino t h i a
problem by t r a c f m it -tn tho h i n t o r i c n l p a s t md alno e x a a l m e
fhr h p l i o s t i o m of th, nb.?cnce of procedure i n t h e i n i t i n t i o n
and antry i n t o p r i e ~ t h o o d . The Vnnrerr~ivn monastic a rdor has
been known f o r i ts nffluonce. Thp s tudy propoaos t o dlscuaa
i n d e t s i l the omnomic l i f e md a c t i v i t i c a of t h e monraateriae.
Thia lnuludos ~ u c h quentions an t h o BOUrCCS o f t h i r inC0m0,
nafure of t h e nnntata hold by thorn, snd tht? pn t tc rn o f t h a i r
e x p e n d i t u r e . It i a propofled to o x m i n e hore t h e hypothonis
t h a t t h e e m n o m i c a c t i v i t y o f t h e monnntio o r 8 n n i s a t i o n h n s
been main ly r o e p ~ n m i b l e f o r t h o p reaon t chnoe i n t h e r o l i ~ i o u a
o rm.n iza t i an .
I n t h e l l r h t of t h e f n c t t h n t t h o Vecrnlnivn monnatnr ies
sre mos t ly ccanomicn l ly a o l f - w f f i c i o n t nnd no l f supportin(! we
propose t o o x m i n e t h o dcmnnd by tho m t i t t heads f o r indepandance
from t h e c o n t r o l o f t h o Mooln mutto nnd t h e impl ica t ionf l o f m c h
indopondenco onco it il pnincd.
Another o b j e c t h c of t h i o ~ t u d y i e t o nnnlyno t h e
c h a n m s tnk in f f p l r c o i n t h c f ~ r n c t i o n n of t h o monnntorioa i n
r e l a t i o n t o t h o community. An nttompt i s n l eo msda t o f i n d
o u t how t h e monRstic o r d e r hnn boen d o p t i ~ to t h o cllnnfling
necdn o f t h e community. 3poc in l mnphr$is i n ~ i v e n ho re on
t h o s e c u l a r f i n c t i o n o f t h e mannotery ~ n d a l s o p o l i t i c a l
i n n u a n c e wie lded by t h o m i t t hondo. It i n nlllso t h a o b j o c t
of t h i s s t t rdp t o clnvcnn t h ? working o f t h o mvernmont c o n t r o l
ovc r t h o r n o n ~ s t i c o r f n n i z n t i o n p n r t i c ~ t l n r l y i n t h o now Enrnntnk
ares.
Tho at1149 1s bwed on t h o dntr Oolleoted from
praonal interviewe by Bonn8 of c h c k list with nine Hoola
mutt heed8 nnl throuph Rn intarviow schodale from 200 Sakn
wtt heads* Thoro wns Rome d i f f i a v l t y i n selecting the
emple* In tho nbsonco of r c o m p l ~ t s a d upto dnte census
a f mutt# it was d i f f i c t ~ l t t o idantif 'y whioh vns n Moold m i t t
md whioh a Snkn m u t t . Slneo tharo wna no rocsptod def in i -
t i o n nbor~t those typo3 of mtltt8 it vn8 decidod t o connidor
all arch mtltta uhioh clnincd t h ~ m ~ e l v o s na Hoola mitts md
the r e n t a a Snka mutts,
In t h e first inatnnce fourtoan mirtt~ bare lirrtad as
Uoola mutt8 bnmd on t r n d i t i o n n l nccoants nnd n l w rocont clnims,
Of t h e four teen , 'on ly clavon nra altufitod i n Knrnatnka a t s t c ,
t h e tcrnalninp threo boinp ronpoctlvoly a t Yodar, Inshl , Orinhniln
(hndhra Pradcah). Tho~~flh tho olevan mtltts ~ i t u m t 0 d i n K~rnntnkn
s t a t e Vera a l l porsoml ly contnctod n f t o r thoy hnd ,beon Cnly
lnforacd i n advrnce of t h o roscnrchor'a v i n i t , two of tha m u t t ,
beads refused t o 00-operate, with tho r o x i l t it vna poasible t o
c o l l e c t information only from nino Moola muttlr. Them nino
Ha018 w t t a hcnds vcro intcrviowod informnlly v i t h t h c help of
g checkl int . The interviowrr rnnprd from thrca t o o i x drys,
f h i r v a s nocenqnry 'bacm~c? t h o mat t heads could n o t sprre
more thw! 8 ooupla of honre dn i ly . But t h e r enonrohs r s t ayod
i n th mutt a l l a l o n a end uaod t h i s oocanion t a obnemo t h e
aotiv i t i e s of t h o mutt, Tha informat ion g iven bp th mutt
h8jirads WLI mrpplcmented, v o r i f i o d , Pnd o r o s a checkod where
neoesanry from t h e m u t t ' s n p n t a p l n t h r o v ~ h informal d i s m n n i o n ,
Whatwer recorded i n f o m n t i o n wns nvn l l ab lo f n thd mut t8 were
also shown o r ~ i v o n t o ro?cnrchor by t h e s e n i m mutt heads.
A t the l o v o l o f Sntra mvtta. it wan docidcd t o compare
and c o n t r n s t t h o monn.ctic o rde r 1n two ret(rions nemoly nombay
Karnatnk nrcn o r t h e Row Plysoro n r a r ond Old tlynoro s ron. Thoso
two r e H o n a wora chonen p r imnr f ly hacorrw i n Yow Hynors a r e a a11
t h e rc1ie ; ious i m t i t r ? t i o n . r vo ra r c p i e t n r o d nnd m r o under t h e
p u m i e v o f t h e ZIombny P u b l i c t.rtrnt Act. Ikjt l n Old I4gsoro a r e a
t h e r e was no s ~ ~ c h l o p l e l n t l o n .
Tho a x i ~ t e n c o o f l o r i a l n t i o n wne conaidorcd ns n d o c i a i v o
f a c t o r i n t h e ~ c l e c t i o n o f t h e enmpla and a c c o r d i n ~ l y it wns
decided t o s o l a c t hn l f t h r nbmrlo from Ifow Mysore r r o n and h a l f
from Old Mymro nren. C o n g i d ~ r i n g t h e t ime, sxpondi turo nnd
l a b o u r i m o l v e d i n c o n t n c t i w n c r o n l nco t ion o f mutt herdn and
i n t h e abeonca uf nny i n f o r n n t i o n r c ~ n r d i n p t b t o t a l numbor o f
m t t a i n ka rna tnkn it uns decidcd t o l i m i t t h o snmplo t o 200 uiutta
m the lPav Mysoro a rnn t h o mut t s ware ee l ec tod from one
d i s t r i c t , namely, Slclpnum. The h r b l i o Trust R e ~ i a t c r con ta inad
names o f 454 m t t ~ which wcro s i t r l ~ t o d i n a compact araa. It
v s s deoided t o ContnCt nny 100 of thoso 454 muttn so nn t o avoid
t h e problem of o ~ t o n a i ~ o t rmrc l . In t h o mllrrto o f n c t u n l
~ r n e e t i f l t i o n it cnme t o l i ~ h t t h n t tharo woro r l n r a ~ i ~ t e r o d m t t a
i n e x i s t a n c e Rod it wna dcoided t o inc lude nloo i n t h o onmplo.
Accordin&ly, t h e f i n a l ~nmplo from t h e now Myoore arcn contninod
52 r e , q i ~ t a r a d mutta nnO 4 1 n o n - r a p i ~ t w o d mutts.
I n t h o n b ~ c n c e o f i n fo rnn t ion r o l a t l n ~ t o t o t n l nlrnber
o f Srkm mut t s i n O l d I4ynorc nron, two C i n t r i c t e , nnmcly, Dnnpnloro
ard Mysore wcrc consiflcrod f o r in tcnnivo study. Tho rcooarchor
had t o c o l l e c t tho nnmco of mvtt evory t ime ha mot n mutt hand,
and on t h e banin o f t h e l l o t so co l l cc tod , i n t o r v i o w ~ wora mado.
The 200 Sekn m ~ t t hocldo woro intervicwad wi th a Qtn rc tu rod
i n t o m f e w achedolo. R ~ r t h o r a inca tho r enaa rche r hen a t ~ y u d
i n theno mtts d t ~ r i p ? t h o f h l d work ho hod amplr ,occnaion f o r
m8kfl# obse rva t ion nnd h o l d i n ~ informal dieerronion wit,h t h e
mut t hend.
Binac wmc of t h e q -~oq t ionq wero n i t h o r u n f m i l i n r o r
i n o l e v n n t t o c o r t n i n n u t t h e ~ d s baing e i t h a r t oo w n l l o r b o l n ~
headed by an i l l i t ~ r n t o hend anc! l i n e @ not n l l qrtostiann w?re
answered by n l l t h e m t ~ t t hanno, only ~ u c h a f 4he qvootionn which
h m e b e n mqwored hy most o f t h o mutt henda wore nnnlyocd.
A copy of rha in tenr iow ochodr~lo is nayem2sd.
The entire tho318 18 dividod i n t o aavon chaptoro
excluding t h e In t roduc t ion . Chapter If t r i o s t o t r n c s t h o
o v a l n t i o n o f t h e Vcornmiva monnqtic ordor, and i n t roducns t h e
two main c n t o p a r i e s of Vcorn-nivn rnonostio a rdo r . Tho intention
of t h e Iff Chaptcr undor t h n h o r d i n ~ 'Probloma o f ? r o l i f o r ~ t i c n '
i m ta e x p l o r e t h e problem raa t r l t i np from t h a rnp id incrcnna i n
t h o number of mutts. Chapter IV do l lnea t an t h o a n l i a n t f o n t v r o s
o f t h e p r i e a t - c r n f t i n P-ornnnivfnm nnd s l m don1 * with t h e
Janpma monopoly of t h c p r ion t - c rn f t . I l i ~ h - l i y h t i n p t h e
emnomic n c t i v i t y o f t h o V.-i-rrw'tivn r n o n a s t e r i o ~ vnd t h o invol-
vement o f t h e ro l i f r io113 hordo i n t h c ~ e c u l n r l i f e o f t t m noc io ty
i n t h e m a i n e t ~ y o f t h o Clinptt-r V c n t i t l o d 'Economy o f t h o
Honnst ia Order ' . Tho i n c v i t n h l c rornr l t o f economic no l f -
m ~ f f i c i o n c y and nbnaltlto monopoly l a axprosood i n t h o domnnd
f o r mtonomy, which c o n ~ t i t u t a o t h a uubjac t rnnttor o f Chrnptor VI.
Chaptcr YII, t h e 'Monn-ttic Orflor nnd t h o Commanity', d i u m u s e s
t h e r a c i p r o c a l i n f l ?~encc? o f t h o m o n n ~ t i o o rdo r nnd camnunity on
*.oh o the r . Chaptor VIII n3 t h o Conclr~oion y r o w n t n a b r i o i
r m i e w df t h e f i n d i n n md nlno p r o j e c t 2 c o r t n i n problcmn f o r
f u t u r e i n v a e t t k n t ion9
