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ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS 1. Organisation of the course 2. Introduction 3. What have we learnt from particle and astrophysics 4. Cross sections

ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

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Page 1: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS

1. Organisation of the course2. Introduction3. What have we learnt from particle and astrophysics4. Cross sections 

Page 2: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Course organisation

Each Session:1 hr.  Lecture15 min Break1 hr. Exercises 15 min. Break1 hr.  Lecture

Lecture Notes will be handed out.

Page 3: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Course organisation

week date subject

6 07‐Febintroduction‐particle vs astroparticle physics pk N328

6 10‐FebCosmic Rays pk N328

7 14‐FebCosmic Rays pk N328

7 17‐FebNucleosynthesis pk N328

8 21‐FebSolar Neutrinos pk H331

8 24‐FebNeutrino Oscillations (+matter enhanced) pk N328

9 28‐FebNeutrino velocity pk H331

9 02‐Mar Dark Matter gb N328

10 06‐Mar gb H331

10 09‐Mar gb N328

11 13‐Mar gb N328

11 16‐Mar gb N328

12 20‐Mar gb H331

12 23‐Mar gb N328

13 30‐MarExam Gb/pk

Page 4: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Course organisation

•Exam 3 hours questions similar to the exercises•After 2 weeks there will be a series of publications on subjects related to the lectures handed out. Students provide a 3‐4 page summary/critique to be handed in at exam. Counts for 1/3 of the exam.

Page 5: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction

What is astroparticle physics?

The science of studying the universe by investigating particles that arrive on earth

Which particles?Must be stable: 

protons, neutrinos, photons, nuclei, electronsand their antiparticlesGravitational waves (stretching it a bit)Dark matter particles, monopoles, nuclearites, strange quark condensates

Page 6: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

First indications of particles from CosmosIsolated electroscopes dischargedEffect increased with heightMain experiments done by Victor Hess in 1912‐1913

What was not known then was that the measured cosmic rays were SECONDARY and the products of interactions of  the real PRIMARY cosmic rays in the atmosphere

These cosmic rays were producers of many new –unknown – particles.Cosmic rays gave rise to particle physics – later done with accelerators to fix the energy and the intensity and the interaction position and the particle type. 

Page 7: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

lead

Magnetic field perpendicular to the sheet

Momentum larger here

Than here

POSITRON

Page 8: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

Particles with equal momentum but different  ionisation in cloud chamber

Search for Yukawa particle 

Page 9: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

MUON

Page 10: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

Stopping muons

All sam

e length –same en

ergy

Different length different energy

CHARGED PION From these pictures  conclude muon decay is 3‐body 

Page 11: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

The initial particle physics was done with cosmic rays

Lots of information towards the Standard ModelMore accurate with accelerators

I3

S

0

K0K

0KK

pn

‐ 0 +

‐ 0

‐ 0 +

‐ 0

S=0

S=‐1

S=‐2

Page 12: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

This led to the very successful quark model and indirectly to the Standard 

Model

Fam 1 Fam 2 Fam 3

e

e uuu ccc ttt

ddd sss bbb

Page 13: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

Interactions are mediated by Bosons

weak electromagnetic strong

W+ g (x8)

Z0

W‐

You have learned or will learn lots about the SMHowever

For astroparticle physics we don’t need much of it

Page 14: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

In astroparticle physics we tend to be able to see only the major interactions

The SM is a perturbative theory and allows one to calculate maybe 0.0001 fraction of the total pp cross 

section. The quark model can give us general rules about the interactions, but the magnitude of cross sections are 

experimental quantities.

We are interested in total cross sections rather than small calculable cross sections

Page 15: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

Why?

For instance:•A particle interacting in the atmosphere will produce several thousand pions several hundred kaons a few charm particles.•If an interaction happens in a stellar object, we will see the stable particles that have been copiously produced, like photons and neutrinos and protons.•Other particles are hard to find – charm, top, W’s only modify spectra of muons or neutrinos slightly•We don’t use the details of the interaction but the general features to conclude what sort of particles are actually interacting

Page 16: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

We need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 

1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena2. Calculate how spectra are affected by the material the 

encounter on the way to the earth 3. Give us ways of detecting them when they get here 4. Allow for us to interpret the interactions with our detectors or 

earth5. Identify the particles6. Measure their energy

Page 17: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

What is the total pp cross section:

Answer: 30 – 100 mbarn  (1 barn = 10‐24 cm2 = 10‐28 m2 )

fm8m108m103)2(

15

2272

RR

So not that far off being a black disc

From that one can conclude that the total cross section for a proton on a nucleus grows as A2/3

Page 18: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

dlAlA

NdN A )()(

Number of interactions in an infinitesimal length dl is given by:

Used for interaction of particles with the atmosphere, neutrinos with the earth, particles 

with restgas in the galaxy, or universe.

Page 19: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

Orders of magnitude:

Cross section  pp  30‐100  mbarnp 100‐200  barnp E*10‐14 mbarn

pp and p grow as approximately  s1.08

p grows less steeply after s=10000 GeV2

Page 20: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Nikhefh84/APP-lecture1.pdfWe need the particle physics part of astroparticle physics to 1. Give plausible interpretation of astrophysical phenomena 2. Calculate

Introduction 

This is why we are interested in astroparticles

They have higher energies than we can make on earth by 7‐8 

orders of magnitude

LHC making this energy would have a diameter of 4.0  108 km

Diameter of earths orbit around sun is 2.8 108 km