Astronomy. Review of Test 1. Look at scores, write in percentages if missing. OBJECTIVE 1 (SCIENTIFIC METHOD): 1/9 = 11% 2/9 = 22% 3/9 = 33% 4/9 = 44%

Astronomy

Review of Test 1. Look at scores, write in percentages if missing. OBJECTIVE 1 (SCIENTIFIC METHOD): 1/9 = 11% 2/9 = 22% 3/9 = 33% 4/9 = 44% 5/9 = 55% 6/9 = 66% 7/9 = 77% 8/9 = 88% Write it the percentages if not already listed for Objective 1. **Note, the number at the top of your test (1-38) is your total correct for the test. Divide that number by 38 for your final percentage!***

Review of Test Complete your data tracker (half sheet) using the PERCENTAGES for each objective from the data analysis boxes on your answer sheet. Again, you are tracking the %. **You are tracking the PERCENTAGE %%, (not the raw score). Complete the data chart, then the bar graph, then the reflection questions If you have questions, please ask me! I am here to help you!

Overall Feedback: Strengths: - Following directions- awesome job!! - Very few people wrote on the test books- thank you! Areas of Improvement: - Graphing, labeling and intervals of axis. - Topographic Maps (finding a contour interval) - Locating coordinates

Barycenter The point between two objects where they balance each other

The balance point is not always in the center of a planet, moon or star

Rotation vs. Revolution ROTATION: The Earth rotates (spins) on its axis. Example: spinning a basketball on your finger. REVOLUTION: The Earth revolves around the sun. Example: Can you create one? Page 16

The Earths Movement Around The SUN Elliptical Orbit: the Earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit. It takes the Earth 365 days (1 year) to make one orbit. This is an elliptical orbit! Page 17

As its orbiting, its spinning! WHOA! The Earth spins on its axis. The tilt of the axis is 23.5 degrees Like TyRick spinning a basketball on his finger. #Ballin Page 17

Summer in the Southern Hemisphere- this hemisphere is getting most of the hot hot sun Summer Winter Summer

Now, back to business...ASTRONOMY! How do we know that Saturn was married more than once? She had lots of rings.

EEn.1.1.1 Explain the Earths motion through space, including precession, nutation, the barycenter, and its path about the galaxy. EEn.1.1.2 Explain how the Earths rotation and revolution about the Sun affect its shape and is related to seasons and tides. EEn.1.1.3 Explain how the sun produces energy which is transferred to the Earth by radiation. EEn.1.1.4 Explain how incoming solar energy makes life possible on Earth.

Keplers Laws 1 st law: Elliptical orbit with sun as the center. 2 nd law: Equal areas in equal time Page 17

3 rd law Page 17

Keplers Laws in common language Kepler's Notes 3 Laws: 1. Elliptical Orbit 2. Individual planets travel fastest closer to the sun. 3. Planets closest to the sun have a smaller radius and take less time to travel around the sun. **The period (time) to orbit the sun is greater with an increased radius of the orbit Page 17

Foldable Create a foldable that includes the following: 1. All three of Keplers Laws 2. A picture of each 3. Description in your own words as to what it means 4. Color 5. An applicable piece of information from Chapter 22. **Keplers Laws are found on page 618! Glue into page 18

Geocentric Model (Old version): the Earth is the center of the universe Heliocentric Model (New version)Link: Copernicus in 1543. Sun is the center of the universe.Link

Precession Happens over many, many years. A shift in the orientation of Earths axis of rotation Changes the direction of the axis, but not the degree of tilt. Page 19

Nutation Wobbling, rocking or swaying around the precessional axis. Caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon Occurs over a 18 year period. Page 19

Quick Clarifications 1.The rotation of the Earth on its axis pertains to day and night 2.The revolution of Earth around the sun pertains to seasons.

The Earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit. One revolution takes 365 days/year.

Seasons Summer Winter Spring Fall

The Earths axis is not straight. In reality, the Earths axis is tilted 23.5 from vertical. 23.5 Page 19

The axis of the Earth is currently pointing in the same direction, towards the North Star (Polaris), but will change as the Earth precesses. Page 19

Because the axis is tilted, different parts of the earth get different amounts of solar radiation at a time. Solar radiation=energy from the sun that heats up the earth. Page 19

Earth is tilted towards sun when axis is pointing at the sun. Page 19

Video As we watch the video, write down 3 facts you learned in your notes. Keep in mind, you should write down facts about astronomy, seasons, etc., not that there was a kangaroo in the video Example: The Earth moves in an Elliptical pattern. When the sun is farthest from the Earth, that is NOT winter.

Quiz Time! Take out a piece of lined paper or scrap paper. You only need a half sheet- so if you have extra to share, please do. You have 20 seconds to take it out and put your name on it! Now, number it 1-5, leaving space between the numbers.

Quiz 1. Place the following words in hierarchical order from largest to smallest: galaxy, star, Universe 2. Is the sun the center of our solar system? 3. The heliocentric model of the Universe states that planets revolve around the ______________. 4. What type of path do planets move in? A circular or elliptical path? (Hint: Keplers 1 st Law) 5. Fill in the blank to complete the sentence: The farther a planet is from the star, the ____________ the planet orbits that star.

When the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, it is getting the highest amount of radiation. Axis is tilted towards the sun When the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, it is getting the lowest amount of radiation. Page 20

If looking down from the north pole, the Earth rotates counterclockwise. One half of Earth experiences daylight (faces the sun) while the other half experiences night (faces away from the sun). This means that the Earth is rotating.

When the earths tilt is neutral, it is receiving a moderate amount of radiation from the sun. Page 20

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 1. Stand up, demonstrate with your arm what rotation is. 2. Still standing, Rows 1 and 3: sun Rows 2 and 4: Earth. Rows 1 and 2 will work together and 3 and 4 will work together. Partner up and demonstrate what revolution is, specifically when the Earth revolves around the sun.

Tilt Which hemisphere is closer to the sun TowardsNorthern AwaySouthern NeutralNeither (same distance)

YOUR TURN! Take 2 minutes to fill in the first two columns of your table!

Whats happening here?

Why does this matter? Why does that matter? The Earths tilted axis allows us to have seasons

WINTER (Brrr, its cold outside) When the Earth is tilted away from the sun. Coldest temperatures Top tilted away from sun= winter

SPRING Moderate (medium) temperatures Starts cold and gets warmer as that part of Earth is tilted toward the sun Beginning to be pointed towards the sun...spring.

SUMMER When the Earth is titled toward the sun. Warmest temperatures Top tilted towards the sun = summer

AUTUMN (FALL) Moderate (medium) temperatures Starts warm and gets cooler as that part of Earth is tilted away from the sun Beginning to be tilted away from the sun = spring

YOUR TURN Complete the last two columns of your chart!! :)

The equator divides the earth into top and bottom halves (Northern and Southern hemisphere) Because of the tilt of the earth, the hemispheres have opposite seasons.

Summary 1. Earth revolves the sun in an elliptical orbit. This orbit takes 365 days. 2. Earths revolution is responsible for the seasons.

3. Seasons are caused by change in the angle of earths solar radiation. 4. The angle of solar radiation changes because earths axis is constantly tilted at 23.5 degrees. 5. The northern and southern hemispheres have opposite seasons.

Globe Lab Create a story/rap/poem as a group that explains: 1. That the Northern and Southern Hemispheres have opposite seasons **Through using countries as an example** 2. Explain how the tilt of the Earth causes seasons HINT: when the _____ Hemisphere is pointing towards the sun, that hemisphere is experiencing ______. **Use geographic locations to make your point! Page 21

Pop Quiz Take out a half sheet of paper for your pop quiz. Write your name on the top right corner.

Pop Quiz 1.When Charlotte is experiencing fall, what season is the eastern hemisphere experiencing? 2. Why do we have seasons? (EXPLAIN in at least 2 sentences) 3.What does the proximity to the sun have to do with seasons, if anything?

What causes tides? Gravity! Newtons law of universal gravitation says that the attraction between two bodies is directly proportional to the masses. - The sun is 27 million times larger than our moon - Inertia is a counterbalance to gravity

Wilhelmshaven, Germany Switch to Flash Drive :)

Game Plan Warm up (10 minutes) Tides notes (8 Minutes) Tides activity with a partner (7 minutes) Moon Notes (15 minutes) FIRE Notes! (10) Demonstration Exit ticket Homework: Extra Practice

So, when does the water move? - Gravitational attraction between the Earth and moon is strongest on the side facing the moon o Causes water to bulge on the side facing the moon.

o Remember, the oceans are really one, giant, ocean. So, if one side goes up, the other side has to retread. o This retreat happens because inertia exceeds the gravitational force.

What about that full moon? - During a new or full moon (when the sun, moon and Earth are in alignment), the solar tide creates extra high high tides and very low low tides. - But, When the sun and moon and are at right angles to each other, the solar tide cancels out the lunar tide.

Definitions Perigee: when the moon is closest to the Earth: tides are greater. (Remember- P in perigee is like p in proximate) Apogee: when the moon is farthest from the Earth (Remember- A like away) Perihelion: when the Earth is closest to the sun (January 2)- the range in tides is greater Aphelion: When the Earth is furthest from the sun (July 2)- the range in tides is reduced Closeness to the MOON Closeness to the SUN

Foldable Create a poster you could present to a middle school student at your middle school that explains how tides work and what they are. 1.What are tides? 2.What does gravity, the moon and sun have to do with them? 3.What impact do tides have on people or animals? 4.Why should you care about tides? You may do this as partners. This is due at the end of class.

Act it out! In your groups that I have assigned, you will act out precession and nutation. Every person must have a role, even if it is introducing the skit or telling what was nutation and what was precession. You may dance, you may play a song (clean versions only and as long as you clear it with me before), and you are expected to have fun and bring your attention back when I raise my hand.

Lets talk about HEAT and the SUN! Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNz DXXUiqRs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNz DXXUiqRs Why is Miamis team called the heat?

Combustion (AKA Burning) Combustion: Exothermic reaction (gives off heat) and must have molecular oxygen. Page 38 Title of notes: Nuclear Fission and Fusion

Fission vs. Fusion Fission: The reaction when the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more nuclei Fusion: process where nuclei collide to form a heavier atom - Process that produces radiant energy of the stars

Fusion Contd. - Radiant energy: the energy that travels by waves (electromagnetic radiation) - In the core of the sun, hydrogen atoms split apart. When 4 hydrogen nuclei fuse (combine), they form a helium atom - Energy travels to the surface of the Earth

Life on Earth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L86TFEYjlg 4 Start at 8:30 **11:00** Most important

Write the answers to the following questions: 1. Why can nuclear fusion not happen on Earth very easily? In other words, what constraints are keeping nuclear fusion from being a viable alternative energy source? 2. Explain the process by which energy is created by the sun and how does this differ from the way plants need to take in their energy? (Hint: hydrogen and helium are key words for this question) 3. Photosynthesis is how plants get their energy, but, how do animals and people get their energy? Think back to the video...

If looking down from the north pole, the Earth rotates counterclockwise. One half of Earth experiences daylight (faces the sun) while the other half experiences night (faces away from the sun). This means that the Earth is rotating.

The Earth is orbiting the sun, called REVOLVING. The plane in space which the Earth travels is called the Plane of the Ecliptic.

The earth moves around the sun once a year. The reason we have seasons is because of the 23.5 degree tilt of Earth Earth rotates once around its axis each day- causing day and night.

The universe is made of galaxies which are made of stars. Some stars have planetary systems that are similar to our solar system. Earth is a satellite planet of the sun (a star).

Galaxy A galaxy is comprised of hundreds of stars, gases and dust. Our galaxy is the Milky Way. The universe is always expanding, however, a new theory was suggested in June 2013 that the universe may not be expanding.

What Galaxy do we live in? Raise you hand silently if you know!!

Solar Nebula Cloud of dust and particles (solar nebula) created the planets in our solar system

Nebular Hypothesis A.Cloud of dust and gases (mostly hydrogen and helium) B.Started rotating and collapsing toward the center C.Rocky and metallic materials formed as nebular cools D.Collisions of particles created asteroid-sized objects E.Asteroids combined to form planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars); gases and lighter particles formed planets farther from the center (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)

Solar and Lunar Eclipses Lunar eclipse: Earth passes between the Moon and Sun. Happens at night. - The Earths shadow blocks part of the moon or a portion of it Solar Eclipse: Occurs when the moon passes between the Earth and sun- blocking all or part of the sun - Happens during the day

Equinox and Solstice

Blue and Red Shift Blue light is ultraviolet light, too short to see Red light: long wavelengths. Infrared heat radiates to outer space.

Assignment Create a foldable outlining how the seasons change based on the rotation and revolution of the Earth. 1. Divide you sheet into four sections. 2. Label each section with a season 3. Explain what causes the seasons.

Wavelength: the distance between two crests Frequency: the amount of waves per second

The Outer Planets http://www.history.com/shows/the- universe/videos/the-universe-outer-planets

Check this out! Is there another Earth-like planet?

Teams We have 4 teams. How many teams?! Please move your desks silently when I tell you to move them.

With the questions you wrote, we are going to play a review game. The winning team will receive 3 extra credit points on each member of the groups test!

Test Correction Expectations: 1. Quiet (you should ALWAYS be able to hear me). Other students may be making up a test. Show your classmates respect, or your folder will be taken away and you may not make test corrections during the block and will clean our classroom instead. 2. EXPLAIN WHY THE CORRECT ANSWER IS CORRECT on a piece of lined paper!! (Not why you selected the wrong answer. You need to reinforce the CORRECT answers into your noggin.) 3. Remember, this is time to refresh your brain, relearn, and have some 1:1 clarification! 4. When finished, staple the test and corrections together and put in the bin for your block.

Stress Buster Is anyone feeling stressed? I expect you to do you best and to remember that you are capable of doing great things. Lets practice a few exercises...

1. How is biodiversity essential to the environment? a. Biodiversity decreases the chance that at least some living things will survive in the face of large changes in the environment. b. Biodiversity decreases the stability of the ecosystem. c. Biodiversity adds to the aesthetical value of the environment and reduces the amount of genetic material in the environment. d. Biodiversity adds to the aesthetical value of the environment and increases the amount of genetic material in the environment.

2. Which human activity would be most destructive to the biodiversity of the biosphere? a. the burning of wood and coal in rural areas b. the release of species of freshwater trout in lakes c. the removal of plants from the food webs they support d. the removal of erosion barriers from forest boundaries

3. Which consequence could an exponentially growing human population have on drinkable water? A. It could cause a decrease in the amount of waste and pollutants in the water supply. B. It could cause an increase in the amount of water available for the population. C. It could cause an increase in cases of waterborne diseases. D. It could cause a decrease in needing water for survival.

4. Which example describes an abiotic factor that could impact the diversity of an ecosystem? A. An increase in prey can impact the number of predators in an ecosystem. B. The introduction of an invasive species can change the amount of available resources in an ecosystem. C. An increase in the amount of acid rain can change the pH of the soil in an ecosystem. D. The competition for food can impact the survival rate between members of the same species in an ecosystem.

5. Kudzu, a vine covering many acres of North Carolina, was introduced to the United States in 1876 to control erosion. Over the years, scientists found that kudzu creates problems by growing rapidly and preventing other plants from getting sunlight. Which best describes kudzu? A. a noncompetitive species B. an invasive, nonnative species C. an agent of terror and disaster D. an abiotic factor

6. How could the exponential growth of the human population impact regions throughout the world? A. It could lead to a decrease in the amount of pollution in the regions. B. It could lead to an increase in the biodiversity of the regions. C. It could lead to an increase in the demand for food in the regions. D. It could lead to a decrease in the demand for land within the regions.

7. Whis is an example of a greenhouse gas? a. Nitrogen b. Oxygen c. Carbon Dioxide d. Mercury

8. On Mount Everest the temperature decreases as the altitude increases. The summit of this mountain is in which atmospheric layer? A. mesosphere B. stratosphere C. thermosphere D. troposphere

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Astronomy. Review of Test 1. Look at scores, write in percentages if missing. OBJECTIVE 1 (SCIENTIFIC METHOD): 1/9 = 11% 2/9 = 22% 3/9 = 33% 4/9 = 44%