Designation: D 7467 09aStandard Specication forDiesel Fuel Oil,
Biodiesel Blend (B6 to
B20)1ThisstandardisissuedunderthexeddesignationD
7467;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the
last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1Thisspecicationcoversfuel
blendgradesof6to20volume percent (%) biodiesel with the remainder
being a lightmiddle or middle distillate diesel fuel, collectively
designatedasB6toB20.Thesegradesaresuitableforvarioustypesofdiesel
engines.1.1.1The biodiesel component of the blend shall conform
tothe requirements of Specication D 6751. The remainder of thefuel
shall be a light middle or middle distillate grade diesel
fuelconformingtoSpecicationD 975gradesNo. 1-DandNo.2-D of any
sulfur level specied with the following
exceptions.Thelightmiddleormiddledistillategradedieselfuelwhosesulfur
level, aromatic level, cetane, or lubricity falls outside
ofSpecicationD 975maybeblendedwithbiodiesel meetingSpecication D
6751, provided the nished mixtures meets thisspecication.1.1.2The
fuel sulfur grades are described as follows:1.1.2.1GradeB6toB20S15A
fuel with a maximum of15 ppm sulfur.1.1.2.2Grade B6 to B20 S500A
fuel with a maximum of500 ppm sulfur.1.1.2.3Grade B6 to B20
S5000Afuel with a maximum of5000 ppm
sulfur.1.2ThisspecicationprescribestherequiredpropertiesofB6 to B20
biodiesel blends at the time and place of delivery.The specication
requirements may be applied at other
pointsintheproductionanddistributionsystemwhenprovidedbyagreement
between the purchaser and the supplier.1.2.1Nothing in this
specication shall preclude observanceof federal, state, or local
regulations that may be morerestrictive.NOTE 1The generation and
dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the
handling of distillate diesel fuel oils. For more informa-tion on
this subject, see Guide D 4865.1.3The values statedinSI units are
tobe
regardedasstandard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementareincludedinthisstandard.2.
Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2D 56Test Method for Flash
Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD 86Test Method for Distillation of
Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD 93Test Methods for Flash
Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD 129Test Method for Sulfur
in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D 130Test Method for
Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip
TestD 445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand
Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 482Test
Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD 524Test Method for
RamsbottomCarbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD 613Test Method for
Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD 664Test Method for Acid Number of
Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD 975Specication for
Diesel Fuel OilsD
976TestMethodforCalculatedCetaneIndexofDistil-late FuelsD 1266Test
Method for Sulfur in PetroleumProducts(Lamp Method)D 1319Test
Method for Hydrocarbon Types in LiquidPetroleum Products by
Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD 1552Test Method for Sulfur in
PetroleumProducts(High-Temperature Method)D 2500Test Method for
Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD 2622Test
MethodforSulfurinPetroleumProductsbyWavelength Dispersive X-ray
Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2709Test Methodfor Water andSediment
inMiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD 2880Specication for Gas
Turbine Fuel OilsD 3117Test Method for Wax Appearance Point of
DistillateFuelsD 3120Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in
Light1This specication is under the jurisdiction of ASTMCommittee
D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct
responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel,
Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition
approvedApril 15, 2009. Published June 2009. Originallyapproved in
2008. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D 7467
09.2Forreferenced ASTMstandards, visit the ASTMwebsite,
www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected].
For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of
Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright (C)
ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbour Dr. P.O. box C-700 West
Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959, United StatesCopyright by
ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT
2009Downloaded/printed byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company,
Inc.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions
authorized.LiquidPetroleumHydrocarbonsbyOxidativeMicrocou-lometryD
3828Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD
4057Practice for Manual Samplingof PetroleumandPetroleum ProductsD
4294Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by
Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD 4539Test
Methodfor Filterabilityof Diesel Fuels byLow-Temperature Flow Test
(LTFT)D 4737TestMethodforCalculatedCetaneIndexbyFourVariable
EquationD 4865Guide for Generation and Dissipation of
StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD 5453Test
MethodforDeterminationofTotal SulfurinLight Hydrocarbons,
SparkIgnitionEngineFuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by
Ultraviolet FluorescenceD 5771Test Method for Cloud Point of
Petroleum Products(Optical Detection Stepped Cooling Method)D
5772Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products(Linear
Cooling Rate Method)D 5773Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum
Products(Constant Cooling Rate Method)D 6079Test Method for
Evaluating Lubricity of DieselFuels by the High-Frequency
Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)D 6217 Test Method for Particulate
Contamination inMiddle Distillate Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationD
6371Test Method for Cold Filter Plugging Point ofDiesel and Heating
FuelsD 6468Test Method for High Temperature Stability ofMiddle
Distillate FuelsD 6469Guidefor Microbial ContaminationinFuels
andFuel SystemsD 6751 Specication for Biodiesel Fuel Blend
Stock(B100) for Middle Distillate FuelsD 6890Test Methodfor
Determinationof IgnitionDelayand Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of
Diesel Fuel Oils byCombustion in a Constant Volume ChamberD
7371Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (FattyAcid Methyl
Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using MidInfrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)D 7397Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum
Products(Miniaturized Optical Method)E 29PracticeforUsingSignicant
DigitsinTest DatatoDetermine Conformance with Specications2.2 Other
Standards:26 CFR Part 48Manufacturers and Retailers Excise Taxes340
CFR Part 80Regulation of Fuels and Fuel
Additives3EN14078Liquidpetroleumproducts -
Determinationoffattyacidmethylester(FAME)contentinmiddledistil-lates
- Infrared spectrometry method4EN 14112 Fat and oil derivatives -
Fatty acid methyl
esters(FAME)-Determinationofoxidationstability(Acceler-ated
oxidation test)43. Terminology3.1Denitions:3.2biodiesel, nfuel
comprisedof mono-alkyl esters
oflongchainfattyacidsderivedfromvegetableoilsoranimalfats,
designated B100.3.3B6 to B20, nfuel blend consisting of 6 to 20
volumepercent biodiesel conformingtotherequirementsofSpeci-cationD
6751withthe remainder beinga light middle ormiddle distillate grade
diesel fuel and meeting the requirementsof this
specication.3.3.1DiscussionThe abbreviation BXX represents a
spe-cic blend concentration in the range B6 to B20, where XX isthe
percent volume of biodiesel in the fuel blend.3.4 S(numerical
specication maximum)indicates themaximum sulfur content, in weight
ppm (g/g), allowed by thisspecication.4. Test Methods4.1The
requirements enumerated in this specication shallbe determined in
accordance with the following methods:4.1.1Acid NumberTest Method D
664.4.1.2FlashPointTestMethodD 93,
exceptwhereothermethodsareprescribedbylaw.TestMethodD
3828maybeusedasanalternatewiththesamelimits.Test MethodD 56may be
used as an alternate with the same limits, provided theash point is
below 93C. This test method will give
slightlylowervalues.Incasesofdispute, TestMethodD 93shallbeused as
the referee method.4.1.3Cloud PointTest Method D 2500. For all B6
to B20grades in Table 1, Test Method D 7397 and the automatic
TestMethods D 5771, D 5772, or D 5773 may be used as
alternateswiththesamelimits.TestMethodD 3117mayalsobeusedsinceit
iscloselyrelatedtoTest MethodD 2500. Incaseofdispute, Test Method D
2500 shall be the referee test method.4.1.4Cold Filter Plugging
Point (CFPP)Test MethodD 6371.4.1.5LowTemperature FlowTest
(LTFT)Test MethodD 4539.4.1.6Water and SedimentTest Method D
2709.4.1.7Carbon ResidueTest Method D 524.4.1.8AshTest Method D
482.4.1.9DistillationTest Method D 86.4.1.10ViscosityTest Method D
445.4.1.11SulfurTable 2 shows the referee test methods andalternate
test methods for sulfur, the range over which each testmethod
applies and the corresponding fuel grades.4.1.12AromaticityTest
Method D 1319. This test methodprovidesanindicationof
thearomaticcontent of fuels.
Forfuelswithamaximumnalboilingpointof315C, thistestmethod is a
measurement of the aromatic content of the fuel.Grade S5000 does
not have an aromatics content.4.1.13Cetane IndexTest Method D
976.4.1.14LubricityTest Method D
6079.4.1.15CopperCorrosionTestMethodD 130, 3htestat50C
minimum.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office
Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE,
Washington, DC 20401.4Available fromthe National CENmembers listed
on the CENwebsite(www.cenorm.be.) or from the CEN/TC 19 Secretariat
([email protected]).D 7467 09a2Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights
reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byStephen
Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company, Inc.) pursuant to License
Agreement. No further reproductions
authorized.4.1.16CetaneNumberTest MethodD 613. Test MethodD
6890mayalsobeused. Incasesof dispute, Test MethodD 613 shall be the
referee test method.4.1.17Oxidation StabilityTest Method EN 14112.
Thesubcommittee is aware of potential issues in the current
versionwhen used for biodiesel blends. This standard is being
revisedto resolve these issues. See X1.16.2 for further
information.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for B6 to B20 Biodiesel
BlendsProperty Test MethodGradeB6 to B20 S15 B6 to B20 S500AB6 to
B20 S5000BAcid Number, mg KOH/g, max D 664 0.3 0.3 0.3Viscosity,
mm2/s at 40C D 445 1.9-4.1C1.9-4.1C1.9- 4.1CFlash Point, C, min D
93 52D52D52DCloud Point, C, max or LTFT/CFPP, C, max D 2500, D
4539, D 6371E E ESulfur Content, (g/g) D 5453 15 ... ...mass %, max
D 2622 ... 0.05 ...mass %, max D 129 ... ... 0.50Distillation
Temperature, C, 90% vol recovered, max D 86 343 343 343Ramsbottom
Carbon Residue on 10% bottoms, mass %, max D 524 0.35 0.35
0.35Cetane Number, min D 613F40G40G40GOne of the following must be
met:(1) Cetane index, min.D 976-80H40 40 40(2) Aromaticity, %vol,
max D 1319-03H35 35 ...Ash Content, mass%, max D 482 0.01 0.01
0.01Water and Sediment, volume%, max D 2709 0.05 0.05 0.05Copper
Corrosion, 3 h at 50C, max D 130 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3Biodiesel
Content, % (V/V) D 7371 6. - 20. 6. - 20. 6. - 20.Oxidation
Stability, hours, min EN 14112 6 6 6Lubricity, HFRR at 60C, micron
(m), max D 6079 520I520I520IAUnder United States of America
regulations, if Grades B6-20 S500 are sold for tax exempt purposes
then, at, or beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required by26
CFR Part 48 to contain the dye Solvent Red 164 at a concentration
spectrally equivalent to 3.9 lb per thousand barrels of the solid
dye standard Solvent Red 164, orthe tax must be collected.BUnder
United States of America regulations, Grades B6-20 S5000 are
required by 40 CFR part 80 to contain a sufficient amount of the
dye Solvent Red 164 so itspresence is visually apparent. At or
beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required by 26 CFR Part 48
to contain the dye Solvent Red 164 at a concentration
spectrallyequivalent to 3.9 lb per thousand barrels of the solid
dye standard Solvent Red 26.CIf Grade No. 1-D or blends of Grade
No. 1-D and Grade No. 2-D diesel fuel are used, the minimum
viscosity shall be 1.3 mm2/s.DIf Grade No. 1-D or blends of Grade
No. 1-D and Grade No. 2-D diesel fuel are used, or a cloud point of
less than -12C is specied, the minimum ash point shallbe 38C.EIt is
unrealistic to specify low temperature properties that will ensure
satisfactory operation at all ambient conditions. In general, cloud
point (or wax appearance point)Low Temperature Flow Test, and Cold
Filter Plugging Point Test may be useful to estimate vehicle low
temperature operability limits but their use with B6 to B20 has
notbeen validated. However, satisfactory operation below the cloud
point (or wax appearance point) may be achieved depending on
equipment design, operating conditions,and the use of ow-improver
additives as described in X3.1.2. Appropriate low temperature
operability properties should be agreed upon between the fuel
supplier
andpurchaserfortheintendeduseandexpectedambienttemperatures.
TestMethodsD 4539andD 6371maybeespeciallyuseful
toestimatevehiclelowtemperatureoperability limits when ow improvers
are used but their use with B6 to B20 from a full range of
biodiesel feedstock sources has not been validated. Due to fuel
deliverysystem, engine design, and test method differences, low
temperature operability tests may not provide the same degree of
protection in various vehicle operating classes.Tenth percentile
minimum air temperatures for U.S. locations are provided in
Appendix X3 as a means of estimating expected regional
temperatures. The tenth percentileminimum air temperatures may be
used to estimate expected regional target temperatures for use with
Test Methods D 2500, D 4539, and D 6371. Refer to X3.1.3 forfurther
general guidance on test application.FCalculated cetane index
approximation, Test Method D 4737, is not applicable to biodiesel
blends.GLow ambient temperatures, as well as engine operation at
high altitudes, may require the use of fuels with higher cetane
ratings. If the diesel fuel is qualied underTable 1ofSpecicationD
975forcetane,itisnotnecessarytomeasurethecetanenumberoftheblend.
Thisisbecausethecetanenumberoftheindividual blendcomponents will be
at least 40, so the resulting blend will also be at least 40 cetane
number.HThese test methods are specied in 40 CFR Part 80.IIf the
diesel fuel is qualied under Table 1 of Specication D 975 for
lubricity, it is not necessary to measure the lubricity of the
blend. This is because the lubricity ofthe individual blend
components will be less than 520 micron (m) so the resulting blend
will also be less than 520 (m).TABLE 2Sulfur Test MethodsSulfur
Test Method Range Grades Units Used to Report ResultsAD
129(referee)>0.1 mass % S5000 mass %D 1266 0.0005 to 0.4 mass %5
to 4000 mg/kg (wt ppm)S500 mass %D 1552 >0.06 mass % S5000 mass
%D 2622(referee for S500 grades)0.0003 to 5.3 mass %3 to 53 000
mg/kg (wt ppm)all grades mass %D 3120 3.0 to 100 mg/kg (wt ppm)
S15, S500(S500 grades must be diluted before testing)ppm (g/g)D
4294 0.0150 to 5.00 mass %150 to 50 000 mg/kg (wt ppm)S5000 mass %D
5453(referee for S15 grades)0.0001 to 0.8 mass %1.0 to 8000 mg/kg
(wt ppm)all grades ppm (g/g)AResults reported in mg/kg and in ppm
(g/g) are numerically the same. The units used in Table 1 for the
sulfur requirements are the units in which results for the
refereetest are reported.D 7467 09a3Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all
rights reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed
byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company, Inc.) pursuant to
License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.4.1.18
Biodiesel ContentTest Method D 7371. TestMethod EN 14078 may also
be used. In cases of dispute, TestMethod D 7371 shall be the
referee test method. See PracticeE 29 for guidance on signicant
digits.5. Workmanship5.1The biodiesel blend (B6 to B20) shall be
visually free ofundissolved water, sediment, and suspended
matter.5.2The biodiesel blend (B6 to B20) shall also be free of
anyadulterantorcontaminantthatmayrenderthefuelunaccept-able for its
commonly used applications.6. Requirements6.1The biodiesel blend
(B6 to B20) specied shall conformto the detailed requirements shown
in Table 1.7. Keywords7.1biodiesel; biodiesel blend; diesel; fuel
oil; petroleumand petroleum productsAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory
Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR B6 to B20
BIODIESEL BLENDSX1.1IntroductionX1.1.1 Theproperties of commercial
B6toB20blendsdepend on the rening practices employed and the nature
of thedistillate fuel oils and biodiesel from which they are
produced.Distillatefueloils, forexample,
maybeproducedwithintheboiling range of 150 and 400C having many
possible combi-nations of various properties, such as volatility,
ignition qual-ity, viscosity, and other characteristics. Biodiesel,
for example,can be produced from a variety of animal fats or
vegetable
oilsthatproducesimilarvolatilitycharacteristicsandcombustionemissions
with varying cold ow properties.X1.2Cetane NumberX1.2.1Cetane
number is a measure of the ignition quality ofthe fuel and inuences
combustion roughness. The cetanenumber requirements depend on
engine design, size, nature ofspeedandloadvariations,
andonstartingandatmosphericconditions. Increase incetane number
over values actuallyrequired does not materially improve engine
performance.Accordingly, the cetane number specied should be as low
aspossible to ensure maximum fuel
availability.X1.3DistillationX1.3.1Thefuel
volatilityrequirementsdependonenginedesign, size, nature of speed
and load variations, and startingand atmospheric conditions. For
engines in services involvingrapidly uctuating loads and speeds, as
in bus and truckoperation, themorevolatilefuels mayprovidebest
perfor-mance, particularly with respect to smoke and odor.
Thebiodiesel portion of the B6 to B20 may also provide smoke
andodor improvements. However, best fuel economy is
generallyobtained from the heavier types of fuels because of their
higherheat content.X1.4ViscosityX1.4.1For someengines it is
advantageous tospecifyaminimumviscositybecause of power loss due
toinjectionpumpandinjectorleakage.Maximumviscosity,ontheotherhand,
islimitedbyconsiderationsinvolvedinenginedesignand size, and the
characteristics of the injection system.X1.5Carbon
ResidueX1.5.1Carbon residue gives a measure of the carbondepositing
tendencies of a fuel oil when heated in a bulb underprescribed
conditions. While not directly correlating withengine deposits,
this property is considered an approximation.X1.6SulfurX1.6.1The
effect of sulfur content onengine wear anddeposits appears to vary
considerably in importance anddepends largely on operating
conditions. Fuel sulfur can affectemissioncontrol
systemsperformance. Toensuremaximumavailabilityoffuels,
thepermissiblesulfurcontentshouldbespecied as high as is
practicable, consistent with maintenanceconsiderations and legal
limits.X1.7Flash PointX1.7.1The ash point as specied is not
directly related toengine performance. It is, however, of
importance in connec-tion with legal requirements and safety
precautions involved infuel handling and storage, and it is
normally specied to meetinsurance and re regulations.X1.8Cloud
PointX1.8.1Cloudpoint isofimportanceinthat it denesthetemperature
at which a cloud or haze of wax crystals appearsin the oil under
prescribed test conditions that generally
relatestothetemperatureatwhichwaxcrystalsbegintoprecipitatefrom the
oil in use.X1.9AshX1.9.1Ash-forming materials may be present in
fuel oil inthree forms: (1) abrasive solids, (2) soluble metallic
soaps, and(3)unremovedbiodiesel catalysts.
Abrasivesolidsandunre-movedbiodiesel catalysts
contributetoinjector, fuel pump,pistonandringwear, andalsotoengine
deposits. Solublemetallic soaps have little effect on wear but may
contribute toengine deposits and lter clogging.D 7467 09a4Copyright
by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT
2009Downloaded/printed byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company,
Inc.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions
authorized.X1.10Copper Strip CorrosionX1.10.1This test serves as a
measure of possible difficultieswith copper and brass or bronze
parts of the fuel
system.X1.11AromaticityX1.11.1Thistestisusedasanindicationofthearomaticscontent
of diesel fuel. Aromatics content is specied to
preventanincreaseintheaveragearomaticscontent indiesel
fuels.Increases in aromatics content of fuels over current levels
mayhave a negative impact onemissions. Use of Test MethodD 1319-03
or cetane index, Test Method D 976-80, is requiredinthe
UnitedStates of America by40CFRPart 80. TheprecisionandbiasofTest
MethodD 1319-03withbiodieselblends is not known and is currently
under investigation.X1.12Cetane IndexX1.12.1Cetane indexis
speciedas a limitationontheamount of high aromatic components in
S15 and S500 Grades.Useof TestMethodD 1319-03orcetaneindex,
TestMethodD 976-80, isrequiredintheUnitedStatesof Americaby40CFR
Part 80. The precision and bias of Test Method D 976-80with
biodiesel blends is not known.X1.13Total and Free
GlycerinX1.13.1High levels of total or free glycerin can
causeinjector deposits and may adversely affect cold weather
opera-tion and lter plugging and result in a buildup of material in
thebottomof storage andfuelingsystems. The total andfreeglycerin
levels are controlled by Specication D 6751 to 0.24%mass maximumand
0.02%mass maximum,
respectively.Dieselfuelcontainsnototalorfreeglycerin,
sotheleveloftotal andfreeglycerininabiodiesel
blendissolelyderivedfromthebiodiesel
contributionandisextremelylowandindirectproportiontothelevelofbiodieseladdedanditstotaland
free glycerin values. In nished blends, the ability tomeasure total
and free glycerin is compromised by interferencewith naturally
occurring petroleum diesel fuel components andthe extremely low
values. No ASTM test methods for measur-ingtotal andfree
glycerininblends currentlyexist,
sonospecicationforthenishedB6toB20blendisincluded. Iftest methods
become available, the level of total and freeglycerin should not
exceed the maximum contribution
derivedfrombiodieselbasedontheblendcontentandthemaximumlevel
allowed in Specication D 6751.X1.14Calcium and Magnesium, Sodium
and Potassium,and Phosphorus ContentX1.14.1Calciumand
magnesiumcombined and sodiumand potassium combined are controlled
to 5 ppm maximum inSpecication D 6751. Phosphorus is controlled to
10 ppmmaximum in Specication D 6751. The presence of high levelsof
these elements could adversely affect exhaust catalysts
andafter-treatment systems. Theconcentrationofthesematerialsdue to
biodiesel in a B6 to B20 blends should be less than 1 or2 ppm,
making accurate measurement difficult. There are alsono controls
for these materials in Specication D 975 at presentand no available
database for the potential contribution of
thesematerialsfrompetroleumbaseddiesel fuel. Basedonthis,
aspecication for nished blends for these compounds has notbeen
established. If measured, the level of these materialsshouldnot
exceedthemaximumcontributionderivedfrombiodieselbasedontheblendcontentandthemaximumlevelallowedinSpecicationD
6751andthecontributionof thepetroleum based diesel
fuel.X1.15OtherX1.15.1Microbial Contamination:X1.15.1.1Uncontrolled
microbial contamination in fuelsystems can cause or contribute to a
variety of
problems,includingincreasedcorrosivityanddecreasedstability,
lter-ability, and caloric value. Microbial processes in fuel
systemscan also cause or contribute to system
damage.X1.15.1.2Becausethemicrobescontributingtotheafore-mentionedproblems
arenot necessarilypresent inthefuelitself, no microbial quality
criterion for fuels is recommended.However, it isimportant that
personnel responsiblefor fuelquality understand how uncontrolled
microbial contaminationcan affect fuel quality.X1.15.1.3GuideD
6469provides personnel withlimitedmicrobiological
backgroundanunderstandingof the symp-toms, occurrences, and
consequences of microbial contamina-tion. Guide D 6469 also
suggests means for detecting andcontrolling microbial contamination
in fuels and fuel systems.Good housekeeping, especially keeping
fuel dry, is critical.X1.16Oxidation StabilityX1.16.1If the
biodiesel is qualied under Table 1 of Speci-cation D 6751 for
oxidation stability, it may not be necessaryto measure the
oxidation stability of the blend. Existing data5indicates the
oxidation stability of B6 to B20 should be over 6h if the oxidation
stability of the biodiesel is 3 h or higher at thetime of
blending.X1.16.2Special precautions may be necessary to
eliminatefalselylowreadings usingEN 14112withbiodiesel blends.The
petroleum portion of the blend may affect tubing betweenthe
reaction vessel and the measuring vessel and the plastic sealon the
top of the reaction vessel or condense in various parts ofthetest
setup. Someofthesepartsmayneedtobereplacedfrequently, and all
components should be thoroughly cleaned toprevent falsely low
readings. Improvements to these parts andpotential changes in the
test method are currently beingevaluated.X1.17Acid NumberX1.17.1The
acid number is used to determine the level offree fatty acids or
processing acids that may be present in thebiodiesel or diesel fuel
oil when produced, or those which formuponaging. Biodiesel
blendswithahighacidnumberhavebeen shown to increase fueling
systemdeposits and mayincrease the likelihood for
corrosion.5McCormick, R. L., and Westbrook, S. R., Empirical Study
of the Stability ofBiodiesel and Biodiesel Blends, Milestone
Report, NREL/TP-540-41619, NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory,
Golden, Colorado, May 2007.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41619.pdf.D 7467 09a5Copyright by
ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT
2009Downloaded/printed byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company,
Inc.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions
authorized.X2. STORAGE AND THERMAL STABILITY OF B6 TO B20
BLENDSX2.1ScopeX2.1.1ThisappendixprovidesguidanceforconsumersofB6
to B20 who may wish to store quantities of fuels forextendedperiods
or use the fuel insevere service or hightemperature applications.
Fuels containing residual compo-nents are excluded. Consistently
successful long-termfuelstorage or use in severe applications
requires attention to fuelselection, storage conditions, handling
and monitoring ofproperties during storage and prior to
use.X2.1.2Normally produced fuels have adequate stabilityproperties
towithstandnormal storageandusewithout theformationof
troublesomeamounts of
insolubledegradationproductsalthoughdatasuggestssomeB6toB20blendsmaydegrade
faster than petrodiesel. Fuels that are to be stored
forprolongedperiods or usedinsevereapplications
shouldbeselectedtoavoidformationofsedimentsorgums, highacidnumbers,
or high viscosity which can overload lters or pluginjectors.
Selection of these fuels should result from supplier-user
discussions.X2.1.3These suggested practices are general in nature
andshould not be considered substitutes for any requirementsimposed
by the warranty of the distillate fuel equipmentmanufacturer or by
federal, state, or local government regula-tions. Although they
cannot replace a knowledge of localconditions or good engineering
and scientic judgment, thesesuggested practices do provide guidance
in developing anindividual fuel management system for the B6 to B20
fuel user.They include suggestions in the operation and maintenance
ofexisting fuel storage and handling facilities and for
identifyingwhere, when, andhowfuel
qualityshouldbemonitoredorselected for storage or severe
use.X2.2DenitionsX2.2.1bulkfuelfuel
inthestoragefacilityinquantitiesover 50 gal.X2.2.2fuel
contaminantsforeign materials that make fuelless suitable or
unsuitable for the intended
use.X2.2.2.1DiscussionFuelcontaminantsincludematerialsintroducedsubsequentto
the manufacture of fuel and fuel degradation
products.X2.2.3fuel-degradation productsthose materials that
areformedinfuel duringextendedstorageor
exposuretohightemperatures.X2.2.3.1DiscussionInsolubledegradationproductsmaycombine
with other fuel contaminants to reinforce deleteriouseffects.
Solubledegradationproducts(solublegums)arelessvolatilethanfuelandmaycarbonizetoformdepositsduetocomplex
interactions and oxidation of small amounts ofolenicor sulfur-,
oxygen-, or nitrogen-contaminatingcom-pounds present in fuels. The
formation of degradation productsmay be catalyzed by dissolved
metals, especially copper salts.Whendissolvedcopperispresent it
canbedeactivatedwithmetal deactivator additives.X2.2.4long-term
storagestorage of fuel for longer than 6months after it is received
by the user.X2.2.5severeuseuseof thefuel inapplications whichmay
result in engines operating under high load conditions thatmay
cause the fuel to be exposed to excessive heat.X2.3Fuel
SelectionX2.3.1Certain distilled renery and biodiesel products
aregenerally more suitable for long-termstorage and severeservice
than others. The stability properties of B6 to B20blends are highly
dependent on the crude oil sources, severityof processing, use of
additives and whether additional renerytreatment has been carried
out.X2.3.2 ThecompositionandstabilitypropertiesofB6toB20 produced
at specic reneries or blending locations maybe different.
Anyspecial requirements of the user, suchaslong-term storage or
severe service, should be discussed withthe supplier.X2.3.3 Blends
of fuels from various sources may interact togive
stabilityproperties worse thanexpectedbasedonthecharacteristics of
the individual fuels.X2.4Fuel
AdditivesX2.4.1Availablefueladditivescanimprovethesuitabilityofmarginalfuelsforlong-termstorageandthermalstability,but
may be unsuccessful for fuels with markedly poor
stabilityproperties. Mostadditivesshouldbeaddedatthereneryorduring
the early weeks of storage to obtain maximum benets.X2.4.2Biocides
or biostats destroy or inhibit the growth offungi and bacteria,
which can grow at fuel-water interfaces togive high particulate
concentrations in the fuel. Availablebiocides are soluble in both
the fuel and water or in the waterphase only.X2.5Tests for Fuel
QualityX2.5.1At the time of manufacture, the storage stability
ofB6toB20maybeassessedusingTest MethodEN
14112.Othertestsmethodsareunderdevelopment. However,
theseacceleratedstabilitytests maynot correlate well
witheldstoragestabilityduetovaryingeldconditions
andtofuelcomposition.X2.5.2Performance criteria for
acceleratedstabilityteststhat ensuresatisfactorylong-termstorageof
fuels havenotbeen established.X2.5.3Test Method D 6468 provides an
indication of ther-mal oxidative stability of middle distillate
fuels when heated totemperatures near 150C.X2.6Fuel
MonitoringX2.6.1Aplan for monitoring the quality of bulk fuel
duringprolonged storage is an integral part of a successful
program. Aplantoreplace agedfuel withfreshproduct at
establishedintervals is also desirable.X2.6.2 Stored fuel should be
periodically sampled and itsquality assessed. Practice D 4057
provides guidance for sam-pling. Fuel contaminants and degradation
products will usuallysettle to the bottomof a quiescent tank.
ABottom orD 7467 09a6Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved);
Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byStephen Martin
(Martin Eagle Oil Company, Inc.) pursuant to License Agreement. No
further reproductions authorized.Clearance sample, as dened in
Practice D 4057, should beincluded in the evaluation along with an
All Level sample.X2.6.3The quantity of insoluble fuel contaminants
presentin fuel can be determined using Test Method D 6217
althoughno precision or bias testing has been performed with B6 to
B20blends.X2.6.4Test Method D 6468 can be used for investigation
ofoperational problems that might be relatedtofuel
thermalstability. Testingsamples fromthe fuel tankor
frombulkstorage may give an indication as to the cause of
lterplugging. It is more difficult to monitor the quality of fuels
invehicletankssinceoperationmaybeonfuelsfrommultiplesources.X2.6.5
Someadditives exhibit effects onfuels testedinaccordance with Test
Method D 6468 that may or may not beobserved in the eld. Data have
not been developed thatcorrelate results from the test method for
various engine typesand levels of operating severity.X2.6.6Ongoing
monitoring of the acid number is a usefulmeans of
monitoringoxidationor degradationof biodieselblends.X2.7Fuel
Storage ConditionsX2.7.1 Contaminationlevels infuel canbe
reducedbystorageintankskeptfreeofwater,
andtankageshouldhaveprovisions for water draining on a scheduled
basis. Waterpromotes corrosion, and microbiological growth may
occur ata fuel-water interface. Refer to Guide D 6469 for a
morecomplete discussion. Underground storage is preferred to
avoidtemperatureextremes;
above-groundstoragetanksshouldbeshelteredor
paintedwithreectivepaint. Highstoragetem-peratures accelerate fuel
degradation. Fixed roof tanks shouldbe kept full to limit oxygen
supply and tank breathing.X2.7.2Copper and copper-containing alloys
should beavoided.
Coppercanpromotefueldegradationandmaypro-ducemercaptidegels.
Zinccoatingscanreact withwaterororganic acids in the fuel to form
gels that rapidly plug lters.X2.7.3Appendix X2 of Specication D
2880 discusses fuelcontaminants as a general topic.X2.8Fuel Use
ConditionsX2.8.1Many diesel engines are designed so that the
dieselfuel is usedfor heat transfer.
Inmodernheavy-dutydieselengines, for example, only a portion of the
fuel that iscirculated to the fuel injectors is actually delivered
to thecombustionchamber.Theremainderofthefuel iscirculatedback to
the fuel tank, carrying heat with it. Thus adequate
hightemperaturestabilitycanbeanecessaryrequirementinsomesevere
applications or types of
service.X2.8.2Inadequatehightemperaturestabilitymayresultinthe
formation of insoluble degradation products.X2.9Use of Degraded
FuelsX2.9.1Fuels that have undergone mild-to-moderate degra-dation
can sometimes be consumed in a normal way, depend-ing on the fuel
system requirements. Filters and other cleanupequipment can require
special attention and increased mainte-nance. Burner nozzle or
injector fouling can occur morerapidly.X2.9.2Fuels containing very
large quantities of fuel degra-dation products and other
contaminants or with runawaymicrobiological growth require special
attention. Consultationwith experts in this area is desirable. It
can be possible to drainthe sediment or draw off most of the fuel
above the sedimentlayer and use it with the precautions described
in X2.9.1.However, very high soluble gum levels or corrosion
productsfrommicrobiological contaminationcancausesevereopera-tional
problems.X2.10Thermal Stability
GuidelinesX2.10.1Resultsfromtruckeet experiencesuggeststhatTest
Method D 6468 can be used to qualitatively indicatewhether diesel
fuels have satisfactory thermal stability perfor-mance
properties.6,7X2.10.2Performanceinengineshasnot
beensufficientlycorrelatedwithresultsfromTest MethodD
6468toprovidedenitivespecicationrequirements. However,
thefollowingguidelines are suggested.X2.10.2.1FuelsgivingaTest
MethodD 6468reectancevalueof 70%or moreina90minutetest at
thetimeofmanufactureshouldgivesatisfactoryperformanceinnormaluse.X2.10.2.2FuelsgivingaTest
MethodD 6468reectancevalueof 80%or moreina180minutetest at
thetimeofmanufactureshouldgivesatisfactoryperformanceinsevereuse.X2.10.3Thermal
stabilityas determinedbyTest MethodD 6468is
knowntodegradeduringstorage.8Theguidanceunder X2.10 is for fuels
used within six months ofmanufacture.6Bacha, JohnD., andLesnini,
DavidG., Diesel Fuel Thermal Stabilityat300F, Proceedings of the
6th International Conference on Stability and Handlingof Liquid
Fuels, Vancouver, B.C., October 1997.7Schwab, Scott D., Henly,
TimothyJ., Moxley, Joel F., andMiller, Keith,Thermal Stability of
Diesel Fuel, Proceedings of the 7th International Conferenceon
Stability and Handling of Liquid Fuels, Graz, Austria, September
2000.8Henry, C. P., The du Pont F21 149C (300F) Accelerated
Stability Test,Distillate Fuel Stability and Cleanliness, ASTM STP
751 , Stavinoha, L. L., Henry,C. P., editors, ASTM International,
W. Conshohocken, PA, 1981, pp. 22-33.D 7467 09a7Copyright by ASTM
Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT
2009Downloaded/printed byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company,
Inc.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions
authorized.X3. TENTH PERCENTILE MINIMUM AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURES
FOR THE UNITED STATES(EXCEPT HAWAII)X3.1IntroductionX3.1.1 The
tenthpercentile minimumambient air tem-peratures shown on the
following maps (Figs. X3.1-X3.12) andinTable X3.1were
derivedfromananalysis of historicalhourly temperature readings
recorded over a period of 15 to 21years from345weather stations
intheUnitedStates. ThisstudywasconductedbytheU.S.
ArmyMobilityEquipmentResearchandDevelopment Center (USAMERDC),
Coatingand Chemical Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD21005.
The tenth percentile minimum ambient air temperatureis dened as the
lowest ambient air temperature which will notgolower
onaveragemorethan10 %of thetime.
Inotherwords,thedailyminimumambientairtemperaturewouldonaverage not
be expected to go belowthe monthly tenthpercentile minimum ambient
air temperature more than 3 daysfor a 30-day month. See Table
X3.1.X3.1.2These data may be used to estimate low
temperatureoperabilityrequirements.Inestablishinglowtemperatureop-erabilityrequirements,
considerationshouldbegiventothefollowing.
Thesefactors,oranycombination,maymakelowtemperatureoperabilitymoreorlessseverethannormal.AsX3.1.2.1throughX3.1.2.12indicate,eldworksuggeststhatcloud
point (or wax appearance point) is a fair indication of
thelowtemperatureoperabilitylimit of fuelswithout coldowadditives
inmost vehicles withdiesel fuel that contains nobiodiesel, and its
relevance with B6 to B20 blends has not
beenvalidated.X3.1.2.1Longtermweatherpatterns(Averagewinterlowtemperatures
will be exceeded on occasion).X3.1.2.2Short term local weather
conditions (Unusual coldperiods do
occur).X3.1.2.3Elevation(Highlocationsareusuallycolderthansurrounding
lower areas).X3.1.2.4Specic engine design.X3.1.2.5Fuel
systemdesign(Recyclerate, lterlocation,lter capacity, lter
porosity, and so forth.)X3.1.2.6Fuel viscosity at low
temperatures.X3.1.2.7Equipment add-ons (Engine heaters, radiator
cov-ers, fuel line and fuel lter heaters and so
forth.)X3.1.2.8Types of operation (Extensive idling, engine
shut-down, or unusual operation).X3.1.2.9Low temperature ow
improver additives in fuel.X3.1.2.10Geographic area for fuel use
and movementbetween geographical areas.X3.1.2.11General
housekeeping (Dirt or water, or both, infuel or fuel supply
system).FIG. X3.1 October10th Percentile Minimum TemperaturesD 7467
09a8Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 15
13:27:56 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle
Oil Company, Inc.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further
reproductions authorized.X3.1.2.12Impact failure for engine to
start or run (Criticalvs. non-critical
application).X3.1.3Historical BackgroundThree test methods havebeen
widely used to estimate or correlate with low temperaturevehicle
operability with diesel fuel that contains no biodiesel.These test
methods may be useful to estimate or correlate withlower
temperature vehicle operability with B6 to B20, but theiruse with
B6 to B20 has not been validated. Cloud point, TestMethod D 2500,
is the oldest of the three and most conserva-tiveof thetests.
Thecloudpoint test indicates theearliestappearance of wax
precipitation that might result in pluggingof fuel lters or fuel
lines under prescribed cooling conditions.Although not 100 %
failsafe, it is the most appropriate test forapplicationsthat
cannot toleratemuchrisk. TheColdFilterPluggingPoint (CFPP)test,
Test MethodD 6371, wasintro-duced in Europe in 1965. The CFPP was
designed to correlatewiththemajorityofEuropeanvehicles.
Underrapidcoolingconditions, 20 cc fuel is drawn through a 45
micron screen
thenallowedtoowbackthroughthescreenforfurthercooling.This process
is continued every 1C until either the 20 cc fuelfails to be drawn
through the screen in 60 s or it fails to
returnthroughthescreenin60s.
ItwaseldtestedmanytimesinEurope9beforebeingwidelyacceptedasaEuropeanspeci-cation.
FieldtestshavealsoshownCFPPresultsmorethan10Cbelowthecloudpoint
shouldbeviewedwithcautionbecause those results did not necessarily
reect the true vehiclelow temperature operability limits.10CFPP has
been applied tomanyareas of theworldwheresimilar vehicledesigns
areused.TheLowTemperatureFlowTest (LTFT),Test MethodD 4539, was
designed to correlate with the most severe and oneof the most
common fuel delivery systems used in NorthAmerican Heavy Duty
trucks. Under prescribed
slowcoolconditions(1C/h),similartotypicaleldconditions,several200ccfuel
specimensinglasscontainersttedwith17mscreen assemblies are cooled.
At 1C intervals one specimen
isdrawnthroughthescreenundera20kPavacuum. Approxi-mately 90 % of
the fuel must come over in 60 s or less for theresult to be a pass.
This process is continued at lowertemperatures (1C increments)
until the fuel fails to come overin the allotted 60 s. The lowest
passing temperature is denedas the LTFTfor that fuel. In 1981, a
CRCprogramwasconducted to evaluate the efficacy of cloud point,
CFPP, pourpoint, and LTFT for protecting the diesel vehicle
population inNorth America and to determine what benet
ow-improverscould provide. The eld test consisted of 3 non-ow
improveddiesel fuels, 5 ow improved diesel fuels, 4 light-duty
passen-ger cars, and 3 heavy-duty trucks. The eld trial resulted in
two9LowTemperatureOperabilityof Diesels. AReport
byCECInvestigationGroup IGF-3, CEC, P-171-82.10SFPPA NewLaboratory
Testfor AssessmentofLow TemperatureOper-ability of Modern Diesel
Fuels, CEC/93/EF 15, May 1993, pp. 5-7.FIG. X3.2 November10th
Percentile Minimum Ambient Air TemperaturesD 7467 09a9Copyright by
ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT
2009Downloaded/printed byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company,
Inc.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions
authorized.documents11,12that provide insight into correlating
laboratorytests to North American vehicle performance in the eld.
Thegeneral conclusions of the study were:(1) In overnight cool
down, 30 % of the vehicles tested hada nal fuel tank temperature
within 2Cof the overnightminimum ambient temperature.(2) Theuseof
ow-improveddiesel fuel permits somevehicles to operate well below
the fuel cloud point.(3) Signicant differencesexist intheseverityof
dieselvehicles in terms of low temperature operation.(4)
Nosinglelaboratorytest was foundthat adequatelypredicts the
performance of all fuels in all vehicles.(5) CFPP was a better
predictor than pour point, but bothmethodsover-predicted,
minimumoperatingtemperaturesinmany vehicles. For this reason, these
tests were judgedinadequate predictors of low-temperature
performance anddismissed from further consideration.(6) Cloud point
and LTFTshowed varying degrees ofpredictive capability, and offered
distinctively different
advan-tages.Bothpredictedtheperformanceofthebasefuelswell,but
LTFTmoreaccuratelypredictedtheperformanceof theow-improvedfuels.
Onthe other hand, cloudpoint
cameclosesttoafail-safepredictorofvehicleperformanceforallvehicles.Sincethe1981eldtest,
non-independent
studies13usingnewervehiclesveriedthesuitabilityoftheLTFTforNorthAmerican
heavy-duty trucks. Users are advised to review theseand any more
recent publications when establishing
lowtemperatureoperabilityrequirementsanddecidingupontestmethods.X3.1.3.1CurrentPracticesItisrecognizedthatfueldis-tributors,
producers, andendusersintheUnitedStatesusecloud point, wax
appearance point, CFPP, and LTFT
toestimatevehiclelowtemperatureoperabilitylimitsfordieselfuel. No
independent data has been published in recent years todetermine
test applicability for todays fuels and vehicles.X3.2MapsX3.2.1The
maps in the following gures were derived fromCCL Report No. 316,
APredictive Study for DeningLimitingTemperatures andTheir
Application in PetroleumProduct Specications,byJohnP. Doner. This
report waspublished by the U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research
andDevelopment Center (USAMERDC), CoatingandChemicalLaboratory,
andit is availablefromtheNational Technical11CRC Report No. 537,
The Relationship Between Vehicle Fuel Temperatureand Ambient
Temperature, 1981 CRC Kapuskasing Field Test, December 1983.12CRC
Report No. 528, 1981 CRC Diesel Fuel Low-Temperature
OperabilityField Test, September 1983.13SAE 962197, SAE 982576, SAE
2000012883.FIG. X3.3 December10th Percentile Minimum Ambient Air
TemperaturesD 7467 09a10Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights
reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byStephen
Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company, Inc.) pursuant to License
Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.Information Service,
Springeld, VA22151, by requestingPublication No.
AD0756420.X3.2.2Where states are divided the divisions are noted
onthe maps and table with the exception of California, which
isdivided by counties as follows:California, North CoastAlameda,
Contra Costa, DelNorte, Humbolt, Lake, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey,
Napa,SanBenito, SanFrancisco, SanMateo, Santa Clara, SantaCruz,
Solano, Sonoma, Trinity.California, InteriorLassen, Modoc, Plumas,
Sierra,Siskiyou, Alpine, Amador, Butte, Calaveras, Colusa, El
Do-rado, Fresno, Glenn, Kern (except that portion lying east of
theLos Angeles CountyAqueduct), Kings, Madera,
Mariposa,Merced,Placer,Sacramento,SanJoaquin,Shasta,Stanislaus,Sutter,
Tehama, Tulare, Tuolumne, Yolo, Yuba, Nevada.California, South
CoastOrange, San Diego, San LuisObispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los
Angeles (except thatportion north of the San Gabriel Mountain range
and east of theLos Angeles County Aqueduct).California,
SoutheastImperial, Riverside, San Bernardino,Los
Angeles(thatportionnorthoftheSanGabrielMountainrangeandeastoftheLos
AngelesCounty Aqueduct),Mono,Inyo, Kern (that portion lying east of
the Los Angeles CountyAqueduct).X3.2.3ThetemperaturesinCCLReport
No. 316wereindegreesFahrenheit.
ThedegreeCelsiustemperaturesinAp-pendixX3wereobtainedbyconvertingtheoriginal
degreeFahrenheit temperatures.FIG. X3.4 January10th Percentile
Minimum Ambient Air TemperaturesD 7467 09a11Copyright by ASTM Int'l
(all rights reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT
2009Downloaded/printed byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company,
Inc.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions
authorized.FIG. X3.5 February10th Percentile Minimum Ambient Air
TemperaturesD 7467 09a12Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights
reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byStephen
Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company, Inc.) pursuant to License
Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.FIG. X3.6 March10th
Percentile Minimum Ambient Air TemperaturesFIG. X3.7 October10th
Percentile Minimum Ambient Air TemperaturesD 7467 09a13Copyright by
ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT
2009Downloaded/printed byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company,
Inc.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions
authorized.FIG. X3.8 November10th Percentile Minimum Ambient Air
TemperaturesFIG. X3.9 December10th Percentile Minimum Ambient Air
TemperaturesD 7467 09a14Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights
reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byStephen
Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company, Inc.) pursuant to License
Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.FIG. X3.10
January10th Percentile Minimum Ambient Air TemperaturesFIG. X3.11
February10th Percentile Minimum Ambient Air TemperaturesD 7467
09a15Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 15
13:27:56 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle
Oil Company, Inc.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further
reproductions authorized.FIG. X3.12 March10th Percentile Minimum
Ambient Air TemperaturesD 7467 09a16Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all
rights reserved); Thu Oct 15 13:27:56 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed
byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle Oil Company, Inc.) pursuant to
License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.TABLE
X3.1Tenth Percentile Minimum Ambient Air Temperatures for the
United States (except Hawaii)State10th Percentile TemperatureC,
minOct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. MarchAlabama 4 3 6 7 3 2Alaska Northern
25 37 45 49 47 43Southern 11 13 18 32 32 29South East 4 11 16 19 13
12Arizona North 34 latitude 4 12 14 17 16 12South 34 latitude 7 0 2
4 3 1Arkansas 2 4 7 11 7 3California North Coast 3 0 2 2 1
1Interior 2 3 4 7 6 6South Coast 6 2 0 1 0 2Southeast 1 6 8 11 7
5Colorado East 105 long 2 12 14 19 15 12West 105 long 8 18 25 30 24
16Connecticut 1 7 16 17 16 9Delaware 2 3 10 11 10 6Florida North 29
latitude 7 1 2 3 1 2South 29 latitude 14 7 3 3 5 7Georgia 3 2 6 7 6
2Idaho 4 13 18 21 18 13Illinois North 40 latitude 1 9 19 21 18
11South 40 latitude 1 7 16 17 15 8Indiana 1 7 16 18 16 9Iowa 2 13
23 26 22 16Kansas 2 11 15 19 14 13Kentucky 1 6 13 14 11 6Louisiana
5 1 3 4 2 1Maine 3 10 23 26 26 18Maryland 2 3 10 12 10
4Massachusetts 2 7 16 18 17 10Michigan 2 11 20 23 23 18Minnesota 4
18 30 34 31 24Mississippi 3 3 6 6 4 1Missouri 1 7 14 16 13 8Montana
7 18 24 30 24 21Nebraska 3 13 18 22 19 13Nevada North 38 latitude 7
14 18 22 18 13South 38 latitude 8 0 3 4 2 1New Hampshire 3 8 18 21
21 12New Jersey 2 3 11 12 11 6New Mexico North 34 latitude 2 11 14
17 14 11South 34 latitude 4 4 8 11 7 3New York North 42 latitude 3
8 21 24 24 16South 42 latitude 1 5 14 16 15 9North Carolina 1 7 10
11 9 5North Dakota 4 20 27 31 29 22Ohio 1 7 16 17 15 9Oklahoma 1 8
12 13 8 7Oregon East 122 long 6 11 14 19 14 9West 122 long 0 4 5 7
4 3Pennsylvania North 41 latitude 3 8 19 20 21 15South 41 latitude
0 6 13 14 14 8Rhode Island 1 3 12 13 13 7South Carolina 5 1 5 5 3
2South Dakota 4 14 24 27 24 18Tennessee 1 5 9 11 9 4Texas North 31
latitude 3 6 9 13 9 7South 31 latitude 9 2 2 3 1 2Utah 2 11 14 18
14 8Vermont 3 8 20 23 24 15Virginia 2 3 9 11 9 4Washington East 122
long 2 8 11 18 11 8West 122 long 0 3 3 7 4 3West Virginia 3 8 15 16
14 9Wisconsin 3 14 24 28 24 18Wyoming 4 15 18 26 19 16D 7467
09a17Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 15
13:27:56 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle
Oil Company, Inc.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further
reproductions authorized.SUMMARY OF
CHANGESSubcommitteeD02.E0hasidentiedthelocationofselectedchangestothisstandardsincethelast
issue(D 7467 09) that may impact the use of this standard.
(Approved April 15, 2009.)(1) AddedTest MethodD 7397cloudpoint
asanoptiontoTest Method D 2500 in 4.1.3 and to Referenced
Documents.SubcommitteeD02.E0hasidentiedthelocationofselectedchangestothisstandardsincethelast
issue(D 7467 08) that may impact the use of this standard.
(Approved March 1, 2009.)(1) Replaced wording in X1.15.ASTM
International takes no position respecting the validity of any
patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this
standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that
determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the
riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own
responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by
the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every ve
years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your
comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for
additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International
Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may
attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair
hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on
Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted
by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,UnitedStates. Individual
reprints(singleormultiplecopies)of
thisstandardmaybeobtainedbycontactingASTMat theaboveaddress or at
610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected]
(e-mail); or through the ASTMwebsite(www.astm.org).D 7467
09a18Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 15
13:27:56 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byStephen Martin (Martin Eagle
Oil Company, Inc.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further
reproductions authorized.
