►Introduction

Non state actors are one of the important features of a real world. Because, in this age of

globalization they play many role in any state mechanism. Actually they are created for

developing a country. But they are doing some measurement that harmful to developing

country and created state violence.

Non state actors generally influence to peace and development. But all time they influence

to development it is not true. There are various examples in this 3 rd world country that prove

there wrong strategy. They create difference between poor and reach people and they serve

their own interest.

►Definition of Non state actors

Non-State Actors, in international politics, are actors on the international level which are

not states. The admission of non-state actors into international relations theory is inherently a

rebuke to the assumptions of realism and other "black box" theories of international relations,

which argue that interactions between states are the main relationships of interest in studying

international events. But nowadays non state actors act in different area of international

politics of developing countries as a representative of developed or western societies. So, it

can be define non state actors as

informal actors of state

influence in states policy or ideology to fulfill own interest

indirect actors of world

reality in the age of globalization

can influence many countries at a time

►Kinds of Non-state Actors

Different types of non state actors act in different section of international politics. Some

of them use violent way as path of their success. They are not recognized by

international community but still they are the factors.

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Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

These groups are typically considered a part of society. They are given certain rights

to influence the govt. policy to improve the condition of people. They basically work

on civil, socio cultural rights of people.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Multinational corporations are for profit organizations that operate in three or more

sovereign states. They are the representative of open market economy and main intention

profit making rater than mankind. They influenced state for their business policy.

The International Media

This kind of certain media used as a policy of media manipulation by his own owner which

must be developed nation.

Violent non-state actor

They are not recognized by any part of international politics but they are quite

influential in state levels of developing countries.

o Armed groups: for example rebel opposition forces, militias, and warlords.

o Terrorist Organizations, Including groups such as Al-Qaeda, Lashkar e

Tayyaba, Jaish e Mohammed.

o Criminal Organizations, for example drug cartels such as the Gulf Cartel.

Religious Groups

The Quakers are quite active in their international advocacy efforts and their supportive

role at international conferences. They have in part founded other non-state actors such as

Amnesty International, Greenpeace, and OXFAM. The religion based NGO s is also an

influential part of international and national politics.

Transnational communities

These kinds of actors are considered as the most influential part in international politics of

developing countries. Developing countries are bound to them because of their loan policy.

Like World Bank (WB), international monetary fund (IMF),Asian development bank(ADB).

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Certain Individuals

This includes an individual who act as a active agents of civil society.

Most types of non-state actors would be considered part of civil society, though some

function within the international market (e.g. MNCs and organized crime).in broader

economic perspective nowadays all non state actors act due to their own economic interest or

power hunger. this kind of intention create violence within or outside in states.

►The role of NGO s as non state actors

Non government organizations works in the sector of education, health care awareness,

social and political awareness of people, poverty reduction and done a lot of research

programmed in order to develop the condition of people. Basically they are non profitable

organizations and profit making is not their duty. But nowadays some different kind of NGO

s found who lead their work through Microcredit.NGO s play their role differently in terms

of local social values. GO s works a lot in many developing countries and plays a vital role as

a non state actors. Often their role creates uneven development that leads to social or

economic uncertainty. The role of Bangladeshi NGO s can be illustrated to interpret their

role. So this portion of article shows different perspective of the role of NGO s in Bangladesh

as non state actors and analyzes its role in creating state violence. Leading NGO s of

Bangladesh is---

►Grameen bank

Since Grameen became a bank it continued to expand. Today it works in almost 43,000

villages across Bangladesh and gives loans to 2.8 million borrowers, 96 per cent of whom are

women. it disbursed more than US$ 4billion to these borrowers in a cumulative way, of

which US$ 3.6 billion has been paid back. it lend out an average of US$ 34 million every

month as new loans. The amount of loans outstanding currently is US$ 250 million, the

recovery rate is 99 per cent. The Grameen Bank is owned by poor borrowers and works

exclusively for them. Borrowers of Grameen Bank, at present, own 93 per cent of the total

equity of the bank, while the remaining 7 per cent is owned by the government.

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From the beginning it tried to design a system that met the needs of the poor. It identified

what the main barriers for poor people to access money from conventional banks were, and

set our course by reversing the principles practiced by conventional banks.

but question arise in terms of some points

High interest rate of Grameen bank which reaches up to 42% which considered a

large panic who loan 5000 taka.

the huge amount money source is still questionable

often the rough behavior of officials is the reality

people often lose everything due to natural calamities and the business policy of

grameen bank

many other business organizations like Grammen phone, Grameen shakti have

foreign investment and the profit money export in foreign countries

organization often used for political reason. the political ambition of Dr. yunus proved

this allegation very clearly

The absence of a legal framework for micro credit programmes continues to be a big

constraint in their expansion. Micro credit institutions operate in a variety of

institutional structures NGOs, trusts, non-bank finance corporations, banks, financial

companies, and so on. Programmes that have reached scale and wish to convert

themselves into financial institutions are unwilling to do so because of requirements

that are inappropriate for the work they are doing.

Micro credit has contributed positively to the well-being of the poor in general; it has

failed to reach the poorest of the poor. One research explores the reasons why micro

credit programs rarely reach the poorest of the poor in rural Bangladesh. The reasons

have been divided into five categories: (1) supply, (2) demand, (3) NGDOs’ norms

and social issues, (4) voluntary and involuntary dropouts, and (5) sustainable financial

services. This paper also argues that micro credit alone is not necessarily the best way

to help the poorest of the poor.

►Other NGO s micro credit programme

Bangladesh found to this problem is to create a national wholesale fund: Palli Karma

Shahayak Foundation (PKSF). The government and the World Bank put their money into

PKSF, which in turn made this money available to NGOs. The reason NGOs in Bangladesh

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demonstrated a significant growth in recent years is because of the existence of this wholesale

fund. Until the beginning of 2003, it had provided more than US$ 260 million tonearly 200

NGOs in Bangladesh to carry out micro credit programmes. NGO MCPs with over 1, 00,000

micro credit borrowers. In Bangladesh, several NGOs have more than a million borrowers. It

is not easy to run large micro credit programmes when the prime source of money is donor

money.

Despite the general consensus that microfinance does not reach the poorest; recent

evidence suggests that nearly 15% of microfinance clients in Bangladesh are among the

poorest. It is from the realization that even within the existing microfinance membership of

BRAC, there is a significant percentage of the poorest; the CFPR-TUP programme has

included a special focus on this segment of the poor what it calls the ‘BDP ultra poor’. A total

of 1,339 households were surveyed from 30 area offices consisting of BDP ultra poor, VO

members and non-VO members. Findings show that 46% of BDP ultra poor households

belong to the poorest quartile and most of the remaining BDP ultra poor households belong to

moderate poor quartile that suggests the programme is being able to concentrate on the target

population. It was also found that the current focus on BDP ultra poor targeting is on the

poorer VO members since majority of BDP ultra poor households was selected from existing

BRAC microfinance VOs.

►Political activities and corruption in Bangladeshi NGO s

Severe allegation found against the NGO s in Bangladesh. Some of them proved that they

have political ambition and a large amount of corruption found in this sector. here are some

of them—

Dr. yunus the founder of Grameen bank want to form a political party during the

uncertain political condition of Bangladesh after 1\11 when an army and international

community backed govt. rule in this country. This made him controversial and he

failed in this time.

Proshica the 33 year old NGO in Bangladesh and it is second largest. the chairman of

it Quazi Faruque used this organization to fulfill his political ambition.Abul Kashem

Palash the acting director of Proshica was arested after 1\11 for being involved anti

social activities during the pre election violence from October to December 2006 as

well as in the Awami Legue leader Abdul Jalil s in famous tramp card deadline. He

told in interrogation that their chairman assigned them to take part in those

movements of logi boitha.

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Faruque also accused to using Proshica fund to fulfill his political ambition showing

them as expenses for various socio economic emancipation programme.he also

employed his family members in important position.

Faruque paid for 32,00,000 Oikyabadha nagorik andolon and paid 15,00,960 taka for

voter education but mainly using political purpose, spending 17,66,358 taka for

making posters in favor of certain political parties, spending 2,10,000taka for

observing his own birthday.

NGO s often give taka without any reason like Faruque give 1,99,423 taka to an

Indian citizen called komol kher.

If anyone touches the corruption and try to understand about their true intention he

must be pushed back. They are so strong because of the support of imperialist

developed countries. For example, some days ago a weekly called 2000 published a

news called, micro credit, macro business. In this article the reporter tries interpret

the reality about micro credit of Grameen bank. But the next one provides an apology

for this report. it proved how strong they might be.

►World Bank (WB)

The World Bank is the world's most important development institution. It is the main

lender to poorer countries for a whole range of projects, including the fight against poverty

and HIV/Aids. the world wide work space of WB proved it as a strong non state actor in

respect of developing countries. they specially plays role in the decision making sector of

countries for the implementation of imperialist wish. some notes are here---

Joseph Stiglitz a leading economist said, "This is either an act of provocation by

America, or an act so insensitive as to look like provocation," he says. "The World

Bank will once again become a hate figure. This could bring street protests and

violence across the developing world."

Stiglitz steered the organization away from the discredited diet of fiscal austerity and

rapid market liberalization it had force-fed developing countries for years. He fears a

reversal if Wolfowitz takes the helm, and imports his tough-minded Pentagon

instincts.” In recent years, more moderate policies and an anti-poverty focus have won

the bank much more respect across the developing world," he says. "That progress

would be badly undermined by an extreme turn to the right. "Wolfowitz's views on

development remain vague. But his mere appointment, says Stiglitz, would destroy

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the World Bank's credibility among poorer nations, preventing it from promoting

even sensible policies.

Good reforms, including efforts to tackle poverty and disease, will be tainted," he

says. "Governments in developing countries will come under enormous pressure, with

elections being fought on whether or not they will kick out the World Bank."Stiglitz

says that, in the wake of the Iraq invasion and the torture of prisoners at Abu Ghraib,

Wolfowitz will never be accepted by many countries the World Bank is supposed to

assist. "The arguments for war were lies. Human rights abuses have been exposed.

That's why objections to this nomination are felt very deeply in many parts of the

world."

at the oppse of the recruitment of the chair man of WB called Wolfowitz he said” But

he(wolofwitz) has no training or experience in economic development or financial

markets," Stiglitz says. "Poverty is a major global concern and the Bank is the most

important institution addressing that. So we need someone in charge who knows

developing countries and who knows development."

"A set of hard-line policies imposed by the US through the World Bank would lead to

a strong sense of alienation.

The rise of a movement called the New International Economic

Order. It was organized by developing countries, many of whom had

recently been decolonized. They did not think the "universal"

system created by the founders of the IMF and the World Bank in

the 1940s was fair.

In order to build the economies of the developing nations, the World

Bank engaged in project lending. The aim of the early projects was

to increase the nations' abilities to sustain economic development

through generating income from projects. The only way to do this

was to build up the resources necessary for economic growth in

right way what choused by WB and which is dangerous for the

sovereignty of the state.

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World Bank lending to developing nations stressed the development of infrastructure,

industry, and agriculture. For instance, it was important to develop electric power

plants and roads before manufacturing factories could open and before light and

heavy industry could be developed. None of these economic activities could develop

without electric power. Without good roads, no investor would want to do business

with a country because there was no way to transport products. They have loose their

intention towards environment .for that reason developing countries are in danger due

to green house effect.

Between 1973 and 1980, the World Bank, led by Robert McNamara, became a

significant actor in the push to address social welfare in developing countries. In his

view, it was imperative (in light of the Cold War) for the World Bank to work with

governments to eradicate absolute poverty in developing nations. With financial and

technical assistance from the World Bank and developed nations, the governments of

developing countries implemented state-run programs aimed at improving the lot of

their nation's citizens. Development was controlled directly by the state and its

policies. But with this kind of work WB often controls the development policies of

state.

Another top-down approach to development - the import-

substitution model - also began to show weaknesses during the

1960s and 1970s. That approach, implemented widely in Latin

America and parts of Asia, sought to jump-start development by

promoting industrialization. Accordingly, governments heavily

regulated market activity in the domestic sectors (e.g., subsidies

and price controls) as well as in the international arena (e.g., trade

barriers and foreign investment regulation). Typically, much of the

market activity was dominated by state-owned enterprises. but the

decentralization policy of world bank damaging many local products

and local small business. also they stop many industry of developing

countries like the jute industry of Bangladesh with the prescription

of WB.

WB often plays duel role as they plays with the jute industry of

Bangladesh. They provide loan for the jute industry of India and

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pressure Bangladesh to stop many jute industry. Consequence is

very clear, Indian jute industry boost up and Bangladeshi industry

become weaker.

The NIEO was, in essence, a demand for effective sovereignty. During the 1960s and

1970s, newly independent ex-colonies were coming of age and demanding a greater

share of the world's wealth and more participation in the decision-making processes

that affected world issues, especially in economic matters that had great implications

for the well-being of their populations. At the United Nations, where each country had

one vote, (this was not true at the IMF), developing countries successfully passed a

number of resolutions during the mid-1970s that embodied the NIEO's agenda

relating to the international economic order. The resolutions demanded the transfer of

resources from developed nations in the form of technology, open markets, and direct

aid.

►International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund was created in July of 1944,originally with 46 members,

with a goal to stabilize exchange rates and assist the reconstruction of the world's

international payment system. Countries contributed to a pool which could be borrowed from,

on a temporary basis, by countries with payment imbalances. (Condon, 2007)

The IMF describes itself as "an organization of 185 countries (Montenegro being the

185th, as of January 18, 2007), working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure

financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable

economic growth, and reduce poverty Most are represented by other member states on a 24-

member Executive Board but all member countries belong to the IMF's Board of Governors.

The International Monetary Fund was formally created in July 1944 during the United

Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. The representatives of 44 governments met in

the Mount Washington Hotel in the area of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States of

America, with the delegates to the conference agreeing on a framework for international

economic cooperation. The IMF was formally organized on December 27, 1945, when the

first 29 countries signed its Articles of Agreement.

In 2008, faced with a shortfall in revenue, the International Monetary Fund's executive

board agreed to sell part of the IMF's gold reserves. On April 27, 2008, IMF Managing

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Director Dominique Strauss-Kahn welcomed the board's decision April 7, 2008 to propose a

new framework for the fund, designed to close a projected $400 million budget deficit over

the next few years. The budget proposal includes sharp spending cuts of $100 million until

2011 that will include up to 380 staff dismissals.

At the 2009 G-20 London summit, it was decided that the IMF would require additional

financial resources to meet prospective needs of its member countries during the ongoing

global crisis. As part of that decision, the G-20 leaders pledged to increase the IMF's

supplemental cash tenfold to $500 billion, and to allocate to member countries another $250

billion via Special Drawing Rights.

"The interests of the IMF represent the big international interests that seem to be

established and concentrated in Wall Street."

Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary,

Argentina, which had been considered by the IMF to be a model country in its

compliance to policy proposals by the Bretton Woods institutions, experienced a

catastrophic economic crisis in 2001, which some believe to have been caused by

IMF-induced budget restrictions — which undercut the government's ability to sustain

national infrastructure even in crucial areas such as health, education, and security —

and privatization of strategically vital national resources. early 2006 — trend towards

moderate left-wing governments in the region and a growing concern with the

development of a regional economic policy largely independent of big business

pressures has been ascribed to this crisis.

Another example of where IMF Structural Adjustment Programmes aggravated the

problem was in Kenya. Before the IMF got involved in the country, the Kenyan

central bank oversaw all currency movements in and out of the country. The IMF

mandated that the Kenyan central bank had to allow easier currency movement.

However, the adjustment resulted in very little foreign investment, but allowed

Kamlesh Manusuklal Damji Pattni, with the help of corrupt government officials, to

siphon off billions of Kenyan shillings in what came to be known as the Goldenberg

scandal, leaving the country worse off than it was before the IMF reforms were

implemented.

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Overall the IMF success record is perceived as limited. While it was created to help

stabilize the global economy, since 1980 critics claim over 100 countries (or reputedly

most of the Fund's membership) have experienced a banking collapse that they claim

have reduced GDP by four percent or more, far more than at any time in Post-

Depression history.

On June 15, 2007, the Executive Board of the IMF adopted the 2007 Decision on

Bilateral Surveillance, a landmark measure that replaced a 30-year-old decision of the

Fund's member countries on how the IMF should analyze economic outcomes at the

country level.

In 2008, a study by analysts from Cambridge and Yale universities published on the

open-access Public Library of Science concluded that strict conditions on the

international loans by the IMF resulted in thousands of deaths in Eastern Europe by

tuberculosis as public health care had to be weakened. In the 21 countries which the

IMF had given loans, tuberculosis deaths rose by 16.6 %.

the IMF's policies' influence on Jamaica and its economy from a critical point of view.

In 1978, one year after Jamaica first entered a borrowing relationship with the IMF,

the Jamaican dollar was still worth more on the open exchange than the US dollar; by

1995, when Jamaica terminated that relationship, the Jamaican dollar had eroded to

less than 2 cents US. Such observations lead to skepticism that IMF involvement is

not necessarily helpful to a third world economy.

That said, the IMF sometimes advocates "austerity programmes," increasing taxes

even when the economy is weak, in order to generate government revenue and

balance budget deficits, which is Keynesian policy. Countries are often advised to

lower their corporate tax rate. These policies were criticized by Joseph E. Stiglitz,

former chief economist and Senior Vice President at the World Bank, in his book

Globalization and Its Discontents.

The investment scenario in the next fiscal is likely to be gloomy claims economist

Zaid Bakht of the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. He claimed that most

public investment would be politically motivated ahead of the general election

scheduled to be held in January 2007, while private investment may fall by the

wayside on the back of the IMF-dictated credit-squeezing policy.

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The role of the Bretton Woods institutions has been controversial since the late Cold

War period, as the IMF policy makers supported military dictatorships friendly to

American and European corporations. Critics also claim that the IMF is generally

apathetic or hostile to their views of democracy, human rights, and labor rights. The

controversy has helped spark the Anti-globalization movement. Arguments in favor of

the IMF say that economic stability is a precursor to democracy; however, critics

highlight various examples in which democratized countries fell after receiving IMF

loans.

Country indebted to IMF/World Bank  Dictator  In power from  In power to 

Argentina Military dictatorship 1976 1983

Indonesia Suharto 1967 1998

Brazil Military dictatorship 1964 1985

Chile Augusto Pinochet 1973 1989

Pakistan Zia-ul Haq 1977 1988

Philippines Marcos 1965 1986

►Asian Development Bank (ADB)

The Asian Development Bank (ADB), following the World Bank and JICA, is the third

largest donor in the Asia- Pacific region, lending an average of USD 5-6 billion in a year to

its developing member countries. Their role as non state actor clear if anyone looked at their

investment in Bangladesh. Bangladesh became the member of ADB in 1973, and

subsequently emerged as one of the largest borrowers of ADB's concessionary Asian

Development Fund (ADF) resources. As of end 2004, ADB had approved 158 public sector

loans for $7.4 billion and 297 technical assistance (TA) activities for $158 million. The 32

ongoing public sector loans (for 25 projects) are valued at about $2 billion. In addition, ADB

supported 7 private sector projects, valued at $242. During the period between 2002 and

2006, Bangladesh has always ranked as one of the top borrower countries, receiving an

average of USD 362 million per year.

As of end 2004, public sector lending was dominated by four sectors: energy (34%),

transport and communications (25%), social infrastructure (20%), and agriculture and

natural resources (19%). Lending in the other sectors, including finance, governance,

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and multi-sector operations remains relatively small, although these sectors have been

given more prominence in recent years. A total of 54 loans (for 51 projects) were post

evaluated. Of these, about 39% were classified as generally successful, compared with

an ADB average of 56%. Over half (52%) were partly successful, and 9% were

unsuccessful compared with ADB averages of 32% and 11%, respectively. All these

projects funding and finance policies allows ADB to have more influence over

country’s budget, operation and development planning than its own public officials

and elected public representatives. Here are some criticisms of their policies

ADB neither financing in the public service sectors e.g. health, education, agriculture

etc. nor allowing government to finance these sectors, which is increasing poverty and

economic disparity. Statistics from the government of Bangladesh shows that the

number of hardcore poor has been increased from 20 percent in 1995-96 to 30 percent

in 2005-06. Again, according to GINI co-efficient ratio, income inequality increased

to 0.46 during 2005 which was 0.39 in 2000. This figure reflects the hardship of the

poor people who are living in the bottom line of the income structure. Although ADB

defined poverty in a multidimensional humanistic aspect but ADB financing only

consider income poverty and country’s GDP and grossly ignores non-income poverty.

it found in many other countries also.

A recent study financed and commissioned by ADB showed how the proposed USD 2

billion investment of TATA, the Indian corporate, would benefit the country. Indian’s

other conglomerate, Mittal, also has expressed its interest for investing around USD 3

billion and negotiating with the government for using country’s gas and coal as raw

materials at reduced rate, which is even lower than the rate paying by the local

investors. Asia Energy, a British Company, who even doesn’t have any experience of

coal mining, made an agreement with the government for extraction coal in Phulbari

in Dinajpur district. In all case ADB is advocating for the investment of these

multinational companies; ADB is still using its power and influence derived from

public money to serve companies at the cost of people and environment. In energy

sector ADB has been involves since early 1980s in formulating policies to privatize

common property and to create favorable path for foreign corporate. Along with the

World Bank, projects of ADB helped MNCs to grab natural resources in terms and

conditions very unfavorable for people of this country along with dismantling of

national institutions and erosion of capabilities.

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ADB and allied international financial institutions are trying to promote

corporatization and commercialization of agriculture sector, especially

commercialization of seed market with the introduction of GMOs (genetically

modified organism). Commercialization of agricultural inputs, especially of seeds,

will make farmers dependent on multinational seed companies and will make

agriculture system costly and unsustainable wherein 70 percent of country’s

workforce employed. Livelihoods of farmers who constitute 80 percent of the

population will be endangered. A big NGO of the country has already in agreement

with Monsanto (present name “Pharmacia”) for experimentation and introduction of

GMO / Hybrids seeds. With the influence of IFIs and according to the instruction of

the Bangladesh Bank (the central bank of the Bangladesh), private banks even some

of the foreign banks have announced their investment plan in agriculture sector;

meantime CITI Bank and Standard Chartered Bank have declared BDT (Bangladeshi

Taka) 100 million investment plan in agriculture. Such corporate investment will

increase commercialization of agriculture, i.e., big agricultural farm will grow up

replacing small farm/land holders. Small farm holders and landless day labor which

constitute around 50 % of the population ultimately will be the losers. There will have

no way for the land less laborers and small farm holders except migrating to theurban

areas.

ADB financed projects as case like; Khulna-JessoreDrainage Project, Sundarban

Biodiversity Conservation

Project, Fulbari Coal Mining Project etc. which has created local level social tension

and environmental disasters and finally considered as fail projects. The presenters

pointed out that although ADB publicly advocates democracy, rule of law, human

rights, poverty alleviation etc. but in Bangladesh it is obvious that ABD finance

policies and loan conditionality are reproducing poverty putting the country in the

vicious

Cycle of indebt ness. Following the presentation of the impacts of ADB finance

projects and ADB Country Assistance and Program (CSP) the representatives of

political party leaders and CSOs representatives expressed their views on ADB

financing in Bangladesh. They also asked the government of Bangladesh to find out

alternative funding sources other than ADB, the World Bank and IMF.

►Multi-National Corporation (MNC)

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A multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC), also called

multinational enterprise (MNE), is a corporation or enterprise that manages production or

delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international

corporation.

The first modern MNC is generally thought to be the Dutch East India Company,

established in 1602. Very large multinationals have budgets that exceed some national GDPs.

Multinational corporations can have a powerful influence in local economies as well as the

world economy and play an important role in international relations and globalization.

Multinational corporations have played an important role in globalization. Countries and

sometimes sub national regions must compete against one another for the establishment of

MNC facilities, and the subsequent tax revenue, employment, and economic activity. To

compete, countries and regional political districts sometimes offer incentives to MNCs such

as tax breaks, pledges of governmental assistance or improved infrastructure, or lax

environmental and labor standards enforcement. This process of becoming more attractive to

foreign investment can be characterized as a race to the bottom, a push towards greater

autonomy for corporate bodies, or both. MNCs deliberately avail themselves of lax

environmental regulation or poor labour standards. As Bhagwati has pointed out, MNC

profits are tied to operational efficiency, which includes a high degree of standardization.

In addition to efforts by multinational corporations to affect governments, there is

much government action intended to affect corporate behavior. The threat of

nationalization (forcing a company to sell its local assets to the government or to other

local nationals) or changes in local business laws and regulations can limit a

multinational's power.

Multinational corporations such as Wal-mart and McDonald's benefit from

government zoning laws, to create barriers to entry. Many industries such as General

Electric and Boeing lobby the government to receive subsidies to preserve their

monopoly.

corporate and government confrontations have occurred when governments tried to

force MNCs to make their intellectual property public in an effort to gain technology

for local entrepreneurs. When companies are faced with the option of losing a core

competitive technological advantage or withdrawing from a national market, they

may choose the latter. This withdrawal often causes governments to change policy.

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Countries that have been the most successful in this type of confrontation with

multinational corporations are large countries such as United States and Brazil which

have viable indigenous market competitors.

MNC s are mostly responsible for the environment degradation but on the same time

they promote some programme for environment which have no intention to improve

the condition .they do so only on for their advertising process.

MNC s are very dangerous for the security of national resources. MNCs to grab

natural resources in terms and conditions very unfavorable for people of this country

along with dismantling of national institutions and erosion of capabilities. Since 1980s

ADB and the World Bank has been providing policy prescription to the government

of Bangladesh to restructure and downsize public sector giving more space for foreign

private sector. This policy prescription, with the precondition of dismantling public

institutions, argues that the foreign private investment would provide an inflow of

foreign currency would ensure remarkable development of the energy sector and

would contribute to develop other sectors well. Recently, with the similar argument,

ADB is advocating to the government to rationalize investment of TATA and Asia

Energy Corporation newly named as Global Coal Management) for further grabbing

in the coal and gas resources. A recent study financed and commissioned by ADB

showed how the proposed USD 2 billion investment of TATA, the Indian corporate,

would benefit the country. Indian’s other conglomerate, Mittal, also has expressed its

interest for investing around USD 3 billion and negotiating with the government for

using country’s gas and coal as raw materials at reduced rate, which is even lower

than the rate paying by the local investors. Asia Energy, a British Company, who even

doesn’t have any experience of coal mining, made an agreement with the government

for extraction coal in Phulbari in Dinajpur district. In all case ADB is advocating for

the investment of these multinational companies; ADB is still using its power and

influence derived from public money to serve companies at the cost of people and

environment.

MNC s also using many reputed organization s as they using Grameen Bank in

Bangladesh for their own purpose. a French company called VITALIA open a project

called GRAMEEN VITALIA in this project they supply water for village people.

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People paying 250 take and at the same time people paying 6 taka for WASA of

Bangladesh. This is also true for the fertilizer corporation CAFKO.

Often they are out of the range of law for example NICO a canadian gas company

does not a pay any compensation even the international court of justice order to pay

them for the damaging magurchora gas field. also several people killed due to the

incident of fulbari koil project.

Multinational company like MACDONALDS, KFC, PEPSI gave money to the isreali

govt. as a help during latest incident where above 200 children killed. they also

involved conspiracy against many ruler who stand against their own business purpose

►International Media

Media always plays a vital role since it discusses and represents vital issues to people.

International media have the ability to pursuit people about different issues. they aware about

education, social and political independence, human rights etc. but they also got the ability to

bad use of their communication power to people. Propaganda master Goebles said, you repeat

a lie several times it becomes true. Media often use this theme against developing countries

especially Muslim countries. They create destabilized situation and intervent states own

interest and ideology in the name of moderation or democratization. such as

Called HAMAS, HIZBULLAH terrorist even they occupy the support of people.

In recent time they use media propaganda against the elected president of iran to

destabilize the political patience of this country. but thy said nothing when when

BUSH elected even he defeated by popular vote.

Yellow journalism used by media to fulfill the purpose of multinational companies

because most of the media owners are directed this company.

►Violent non state actors and security threats of state

The use of strategies of violence and terror by non-state actors is not a new feature of the

international security environment. For at least the past two centuries, politically motivated

non-state groups have organized transnational as a way of mounting a challenge to the

political status quo, and many of these groups have employed violence as a means of

furthering their goals. One need only think of late 19th century America, for example, and the

perceived security threat that was posed by the international anarchist and socialist

movements. Law enforcement officials of the time struggled to manage the consequences of

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the new technology of dynamite, which had been invented by Alfred Nobel in 1866 and had

quickly become the weapon of choice for radicalized groups in both the United States and

Europe. The technology had been used to build "suicide bombs" that were almost impossible

for law enforcement officials to detect.

As one anarchist newspaper advised its readership in 1884, "One man armed with a

dynamite bomb is equal to one regiment of militia when it is used at the right time and

place . . . the whole method of warfare has been revolutionized by latter day discoveries

of science".

A sympathizer of the time commented, "It is among the Anarchists that we must look for

the modern martyrs who pay for their faith with their blood, and who welcome death with

a smile because they believe, as truly as Christ did, that their martyrdom will redeem

humanity".

In addition to anarchist and socialist networks, a number of nationalist movements were

also organized transnational during the late and early 20th centuries.

This pattern continued throughout the 20th century in the form of transnational organized

anti-imperial, anti-colonial and separatist nationalist movements, all of which used

strategies of terror and violence.

Today, a wide variety of contemporary conflicts, from Kosovo to Kashmir and from

Chechnya to Northern Ireland, have involved transnational-organized non-state actors

who use strategies of violence and terror to pursue their goals.

While there are certainly important differences between previous transnational organized

movements and the activities of al-Qaeda and other radicalized groups, there are also

many striking similarities in terms of both their transnational dimensions and their

strategic uses of violence.

These similarities provide important points of comparison, and together suggest a fruitful

analytical lens through which to view the role played by non-state actors in the

contemporary security environment.

Groups such as the HAMAS, the FLN, the IRA and other transnational organized non-

state political actors fall somewhere on the continuum of transnational social movements,

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de-territorialized proto-states, and organized networks of terror and crime. They are not

just involved in violence, but also provide social services, such as welfare, policing,

education, employment, membership, identity and existential meanings - to constituencies

that are marginalized within the given political order.

But this is also true that mass violence of big powers often led people such kind of terrorist

activities. The 9\11 must be bad for all peaceful people all over the world, but the demand of

these suicide attackers should be recognized. Prevention is better than cure should be the

main strategy of remove this kind of violence and a clear definition of terror must be included

cause organization like HIZBULLAH, HAMAS use arms due to secure their land.

►International Terrorism as a Conceptual Challenge for International

Relations

The problem of international terrorism presents a conceptual challenge to the discipline of

International Relations (IR), which has traditionally been concerned with understanding

conflict and cooperation among state actors, rather than the role that non-state actors play in

the international security environment. Yet, international terrorism is inherently an

international phenomenon that impacts on overall levels of international security and

international stability, and therefore falls squarely within the domain of what IR should be

able to explain and understand. In this memo, wish to suggest a framework for thinking

analytically about international terrorism from an IR perspective.

Rather than focusing on specific groups, particular ideologies or even particular strategies or

threats of terror and violence, It will argue that the most fruitful approach for IR scholars to

take is to devise a broad research agenda around the role that non-state actors play in the

international security environment. Specifically, propose that there is a common and

identifiable pattern of transnational organizing and transnational strategies that non-state

political entrepreneurs adopt when mounting a violent challenge to the political status quo.

call this broad pattern the "logic of transnational mobilization" and argue that it has been a

prevalent feature of international politics for at least the past two centuries. By analyzing

international terrorism within the broader context of transnational mobilization by non-state

political entrepreneurs, it is possible to begin to think about what would constitute an

appropriate long-term political response to this broader phenomenon, as opposed to relying

exclusively on military and regulatory instruments.

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►A Political Mobilization Perspective on Non-State Actors and

International Security

As opposed to adopting either a Realist or a Liberal perspective on international terrorism,

argue that a more useful way of thinking about the role that non-state actors play in the

international security environment is through the lens of a Political Mobilization Perspective.

This perspective focuses on the fact that terrorism is a strategy that appears within the

broader context of political mobilization and contention by non-state actors. Within

this context, one can identify a common logic of transnational mobilization used by

non-state actors.

By using strategies of transnational mobilization, relatively weak non-state actors can

consolidate spatially dispersed resources from across the international system and

convert them into coherent projections of power that directly challenge the political

status quo.

One can identify three broad strategies of transnational mobilization used by

relatively weak non-state actors: transnational constituency formation, transnational

resource mobilization, and transnational organizational expansion and contention.

►Transnational Constituency Formation

Non-state political entrepreneurs construct a transnational constituency by using a

politicized identity category or ideology to create transnational networks of political support,

and to turn "passive networks" into activated political forces. In the past, nationalism has

been a common mobilizing ideology, at other times socialism, anarchism or liberalism have

been deployed. In the case of Al-Qaeda and other groups a radical version of Islamism has

been used to create and politicize a transnational support base. The process of politicization

involves the deployment of a salient and meaningful political ideology in combination with

strategies of propaganda and coercion

► Transnational Resource Mobilization

Non-state political entrepreneurs draw on transnational networks to exploit a spatially

dispersed resource base. The strategy of transnational resource mobilization that is used by

al-Qaeda is not new, but rather follows a common pattern in which non-state actors draw

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upon a varied transnational resource base to mobilize and consolidate resources. Resource

bases to be mobilized include grey economy networks, organized crime, charities and NGOs,

legitimate businesses, voluntary contributions from their political support base, "taxes,"

extortion, and the recruitment of both skilled and unskilled labor.

For example,

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) of Sri Lanka has one of the most

effective contemporary transnational fundraising organizations. Their $50 million

annual budget is acquired through a combination of direct donations by Tamil migrant

communities, money skimmed off from the budgets of Tamil NGOs, human

smuggling operations and Tamil-run businesses. Tamil diaspora communities in the

United Kingdom, Canada and Australia are estimated to provide $1.5 million a month

via donations and informal taxes.

A three percent war tax on all earnings abroad was collected by the Kosovo

Liberation Army's "Homeland Calling" fund during the Kosovo conflict, and the

Zurich-based newspaper Voice of Kosovo routinely appealed for donations to the

KLA from the transnational diasporas of supporters. These are all analogous examples

of the "terrorist financing" strategies used by al-Qaeda.

►Transnational Organizational Expansion, Coalition-Building and

Contention

Political participation has generally been viewed by political scientists as something that

occurs within the context of state institutions. Yet, there have always been other non-

territorial organizations that competed for the loyalties of individuals. Political entrepreneurs

operating transnational build up cross-border organizational structures that command political

loyalties and mobilize resources. Groups such as the FLN, the IRA, Hamas and other

transnational organized non-state political actors are not just involved in violence, but also

provide social services, such as welfare, policing, education, employment, membership,

identity and existential meanings - to constituencies that are marginalized within the given

political order. but they failed and joint violent activities due to the irrational behavior in

national and international level.

►Terrorism as a Political Tool

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Within the broader context of transnational mobilization in the pursuit of political goals,

strategies of terrorism and violence are one component of an overall agenda that is designed

to challenge the status quo. In addition to inflicting pain and damage, and weakening the

existing political order, terrorism,

Writes Hoffman, "is designed to create power where there is none or to consolidate

power where there is very little. Through the publicity generated by their violence,

terrorists seek to obtain the leverage, influence and power they otherwise lack to

effect political change on either a local or an international scale".

As a "weapon of the weak," terrorism is deployed by groups to gain media attention

and visibility as the first step in gaining "name recognition" within the international

community.

Even if acts of terrorism are universally condemned, they can stimulate media

coverage of an issue and provide an opening for the more moderate organizations to

ask the public to consider the legitimacy of the cause as separate from the tactics with

which the cause is being promoted.

In this regard one must note that one of the observable outcomes of 9/11 has indeed been a

spotlight of media attention on the Middle East and Islam, and an opening for more moderate

voices to have their grievances at least publicly considered and deliberated, to a much greater

extent than had been possible prior to 9/11.

►Implications of a Political Mobilization Perspective on International

Terrorism

If a Realist Perspective suggests a military response to terrorism as a long-term strategy, and

a Liberal Perspective suggests a regulatory response to terrorism as a long-term strategy, then

a Political Mobilization Perspective suggests the need for a political response to terrorism as

a long-term strategy.

In other words, if terrorism is a political tool used in the context of transnational

political mobilization, there is a need to both de-legitimize and criminalize this

political tool, while simultaneously, over the long-term, providing alternative

channels for grievance articulation and claims-making by non-state actors. The

international system does not have an infrastructure available to non-state actors to

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effectively channel political demands and grievances, other than through states and

the representatives of states. Using Huntington's terms, it could be argued that the

process of "modernization" has outpaced the process of "institutionalization" at the

level of the international system.

If the strengthening of effective intelligence collection, coordination, policing and

surveillance is the only form of institutionalization that occurs at the global level as a

long-term response to terrorism, the result will be a gross imbalance. It is useful

therefore to at least frame the question in terms of thinking about the types of political

institutions that could be used to address this broader issue over the long term.

Rather than concluding at a rather abstract level about the potential role that new

institutions of global governance could play in this regard, I prefer to end with a

concrete illustration of the types of processes that deserve further study. for example,

thinking particularly of transnational-organized non-state actors in the case of Turkey,

where both Kurdish political entrepreneurs and Islamist political entrepreneurs

increasingly draw on the European Court of Human Rights to articulate grievances

and engage in claims-making against the Turkish state, instead of using strategies of

violence. The lifting of many restrictions on Kurdish expression in Turkey, and the

recent victory of the moderate Islamist Justice and Development Party, which ran on a

pro-European and pro-secular platform provide other examples of the moderating

effect that the complex institutional developments are having.

►Recommendation

Government should take strong step to control these NGOs.

Grameen bank, IDB.WB etc should take a minimum interest from poor people so

that they can give back them

IMF and thus organization should take such policy so that government can

develop infrastructural development.

Government should traced out the root of terrorism and rehabilitate them.

Government should concern about environmental development.

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Improve the natural resources organization so that they can serve the natural

resources and existing fual coila gas etc.

High concern about high-tech modern technology so government should improve

scientific and technological education.

►Conclusion.

We may summarize to say that non state actors are an essential part of international

relation. Because they can provide a great development to any country. On the other hand

they can destroy any developing country by many strategic projects. So we should take a such

step so that we can develop our country by own policy .These assertions have generated

much thinking and debate about the role that deterrence is supposed to play in national

security strategy and policy. It also demands a proper curriculum to ensure the removal the

violent ingredients of other non state actors who create discrimination and misunderstanding

among societies and civilizations.

►References:

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Reshaping the World. New York: Ballantine Books.

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Connolly, Terry, et al (Eds.) (2000). Judgment and Decision Making: An Interdisciplinary

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Damasio, Antonio (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New

York: G. P. Putnam and Sons.

Tetlock and Meller (2002). "The Great Rationality Debate," Psychological Science,

Vol. 13, No. 1, Jan., pp. 94 - 99.

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Turner, Mark (1998). The Literary Mind. New York: Oxford University Press

www.grameen-info.org

ADB’s Development experiences: Impact of

pastassistance;http://www.adb.org/Documents/CSPs/BAN/2005/csp0300.asp

Equity and Justice Working Group(www.equitybd)

Pitelis, Christos; Roger Sugden (2000). The nature of the transnational firm. Hymer

(1960, published in 1976), Kindleberger (1969) & Caves (1971).

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Pitelis, Christos; Roger Sugden (2000). The nature of the transnational firm.

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article809. Retrieved on 2007-09-21.

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"Dictators and debt". Jubilee 2000.

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An interview with Che Guevara for Radio Rivadavia of Argentina on November 3,

1959

www.WorldBank.org/ieg

www.ifcmarkets.com

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