Assignment EEE3301 Test

8/8/2019 Assignment EEE3301 Test

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Distributed Generation

Table of Contents:

Front Cover 1

Table of Contents 2

Introduction 3

Background

Operating Principles

Applications of Distributed Generation in Malaysia

Micro-grids

Back-up Generation

Intentional Islanding

Base Loading

Peak Load Shaving

Co-generationLoad Displacement

Energy Sale

Tri-generation (Heat, Cooling and, Electricity)

Distributed Storage

Conclusion

References


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the amount of energy lost reduces by distributed generation in transmitting

electricity due to the electricity is generated very close to where it is used. This

reduces the size and number of power lines that must be constructed so it can also cut

the cost or budget.

Background.

In the electricity industry distributed generation is a new way or approach .The Public

Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) of 1978 had the most far-reachingand least

intendedconsequences for power companies. Encouraging research on

environmentally preferable technologies that environmental elements such as water,

wind, or solar power to produce electricity is one of the provision of PURPA. PURPA

prompted work which cut the cost of power produced using solar photovoltaic panels

about 70 percent year between 1980 and 1995.

Efficient is another advantageous and it also suitable to use in all kind of level power

producing, according to its size (smaller), time spend to build it (less time

consume). Focused attention again on the cost and security of energy supplies, after

the Gulf War, Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 1992. The law have been

modified to employ competitive forces in order to increase domestic fuel production

and to improve the efficiency of energy use. One provision gave states the option of

opening up their transmission network to use by competitors. The network would

serve as a common carrier so any electricity producer could sell power to any customer.

As stakeholders started reconsider their situation in an altered utility system, in 2000and 2001, the California electricity problems of created uproar condition. Then, after

blackouts in the Midwest in 2002 and in the Northeast and Canada in 2003 contributed

further to that disharmony, new action that will solve the 2003 blackout suggested by

the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission that will give it greater control on the

increasingly fragile-looking transmission grid. As utility companies and nonutility

entrepreneurs remained concerned in an uncertain policy setting about how the grid

will be employed and which stakeholders will profit from its use, so that the grid has

witnessed serious underinvestment at 1990s.

The unsettled state of affairs in the power system has provided opportunities for

advocates of environmentally-friendly and distributed-generation

technologies. Taking advantage of the flux within the utility system, especially in

states with strong traditions of politically brilliant environmental advocates, activists

that won passage of laws for funding of renewable energy and small-scale generation

technologies. Customers paid into public benefit funds regardless of which

company (a traditional utility or nonutility company) service them with electricity.


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Operating principles

Figure 1|Comparison between Central and distributed generations.

Basically the distributed generation work as backup system to old traditional system. We have

several source that we can use. Small wind turbines become one of the method that are a nice optionin distributed generation. 1 to 10KW normal residential scale turbines size range from. The turbine

size increases accordingly to the cost effectiveness. A small turbine maybe cheaper initially but cost

more per KW than a larger one. $5,000 per KW the cost, turbines are within reach of the commercial

and homeowners sector.

Figure 2: Small Turbine for a residence Figure 3| Shown wind turbine in the


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Grid-connected system.

Solar Power and Renewable Distributed Electricity and Heat Generation

Photovoltaics (PV) convert energy of light supply by the sun into electricity, due to

high conventional fuel costs, a solar panel or multiple panels that make up a

photovoltaic array are growing in popularity clearly for recent years.

the energy during the day and store excess energy in batteries that is chargeable for

night time use, these how the systems operation goes. This is beneficial because when

insufficient electricity is produced by the solar panel system, energy can be drawn from

the grid for use. Inversely, when an excess of electricity is made by the solar panels

energy can be fed and sold to the grid. Therefore these systems can be used not only forsupplying electricity, but also for financial gain.

Silikon is a example of semiconductor material that widely used in making

Photovoltaic cells. This semiconductor, when flash with sunlight is bombarded with

photons which excite the electrons around the silicon molecules. An electric field is

induced through the semiconductor to create a flow of the excited electrons out of the

silicon and into metal contacts allowing the electricity to be used elsewhere.

Figure 3: Photovoltaic Concept

Applications of Distributed Generation in Malaysia:

In Malaysia, there are quite a lot of applications of distributed generation. There

are 2 types of DG applications, which are isolated DG and grid-connected DG. They

are shown as below:

Application of Isolated DG Application of Grid-Connected DG

Micro-grids Base Loading


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Back-up Generation

Intentional Islanding

Peak Load Shaving

Co-generation

Load Displacement

Energy Sale (not yet allowed)

Tri-generation (Heat, Cooling and, Electricity)

Distributed Storage

1. Isolated DG Application:

a) Micro-grid

Micro-grid has the ability to separate and isolate itself during utility grid

disturbance. After the utility grid has return to normal, the micro-grid will

resynchronizes and reconnect automatically to the utility grid. Hence, it can

help to decrease the losses in the power transmission. In Malaysia, micro-grid is

still a new transmission, distribution and ICT project. Example of source of

micro-grid is fuel source.

Figure 1: Example of Micro-Grid at Sabah

Figure 2: AEP/CERTS Micro-grid Schematic

b) Back-up generation

In Malaysia, one of the back-up generation is done by using liquefied petroleum

(LP) gas tank. LP Gas is portable and storable. This makes it perfect to

distribute renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and wave. Not only that,

using LP Gas can improve energy reliability and reduce life-cycle cost. Hence,

using LP gas, distributed generation can be used as back-up generation.


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Figure 3: Example of back-up generation system using LP Gas Tank

c) Intentional Islanding

Intentional islanding is sectionalization of utility system when widespread

disturbances. It is used to create the power islands. These islands help to

maintain continuous supply of power when there are disturbances of main

distribution system.

Figure 4: Sectionalization of grid when there are disturbance

In Malaysia, it is estimated that about 80% of the supply interruptions that are

faced by the customers are the failures that occur in distribution network.

Hence, many companies start to maintain the quality and reliability of

uninterrupted power supply. Intentional islanding is chosen to be the best

solution for this problem. Some examples are like gas-turbine generators and

solar panels. Gas-turbine generator provides power to industrial or commercial

sites like shopping malls, universities, and apartment complexes. Solar panel is

used on top of houses or buildings.

2. Grid-connected DG Application:

a) Base Loading

According to EIA Energy Glossary, base loading is the minimum amount of

electric power delivered or required over a given period of time at a steady rate.

Using distributed generations, this can be achieved. In Malaysia, distributed

generation is used widely for base loading. Most of our electricity comes from


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base load power plant. The sources of base load come from coal-powered plant

and natural gas.

Figure 5: Existing power plant at Teluk Salut from Ranhill Engineers & Construction Sdn Bhd

b) Peak Load Shaving

Peak load shaving is the process where the electrical load on the utility power is

offset using a generator. In Malaysia, distributed generation is used widely on

peak load shaving. By using distributed generation, the peak load requirements

can be reduced. This helps to save a lot of money as the generator is fired up at

peak times when the electricity (in kilowatt-hours) is more expensive. It also

helps to cut the maintenance costs and extend the equipment life.

Figure 6: Power Depend unit used for peak load shaving

c) Co-generation

Co-generation, or known as combined heat and power (CHP), is using heat

engine or power station to generate both the electricity and heat. It is the most

common type of energy recycling. Cogeneration can be done by using solar

panel, stirling engine or reciprocating engine, or biomass. Co-generation is

widely used in Malaysia too. Quite a lot of factories, offices, or even hospitals in


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Malaysia are using co-generation to generate electricity and heat for air

conditional and hot water. This can help to reduce the cost.

Figure 7: KLIA Co-Generation Plant LM2500

Figure 8: integration of a stirling engine into a biomass co-generation plant

d) Load Displacement

Another application of distributed generation is load-displacement generation.

It is the distributed generation which is connected behind the customer meter,

and helps to reduce the customers load on distributed system so that the power

will never flowed into the distribution system. Load displacement generation

helps to reduce the line losses, avoid the network transmission charges and also

avoid the distribution-expansion cost. For this moment, load displacement

generation is not so popular in Malaysia.

e) Energy Sale

Energy sale will be possible by using distributed generation. Customers can sell

back their energy back to the grid through distributed generation if they got

extra energy sources. This can be done either at peak pricing period or other

time. Hence, through this way, sometimes customers are said as generators too

as they generate extra energy and sell to grid for other people to use. The most


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common source used is solar energy. In Malaysia, this is not allowed yet to

avoid the lost in electricity supply system.

f) Tri-generation (Heat, Cooling, and Electricity)

Tri-generation, or can be said as trigen, is the production of electricity, heat, and

cooling. Sometimes, it is also said as CCHP (combined cooling, heating andpower generation). Like co-generation, tri-generation produces heat that can be

used as energy. Tri-generation is quite similar to co-generation, the only

difference is in tri-generation power plant, absorption chiller is added.

Figure 9: Sample system of tri-generation power plant

Chiller can produce chilled water (cold water) from the heat. It can be used for

air conditioning. Compare to co-generation, the efficiency of tri-generation can

exceed 90%, while the efficiency of co-generation can only exceed 80%. This

shows that tri-generation is better if compare to co-generation. In Malaysia,

tri-generation is widely used also. The most common source for tri-generation

is solar source.

Figure 10: Tri-generation power plant by Knowledge Intergration Services(MALAYSIA) PNT.

LTD.

g) Distributed Storage

Distributed storage means that the energy is stored in multiple places. In this

way, through many different generation or storage points which are connected

together, those energy sources can be sent to supply electricity to any places.

Using distributed storage, this will make the grid network become more


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efficient during peak-demand period or load variability. The source of

distributed storage energy can come from wind, geothermal, solar or other

renewable sources. There are a lot of distributed storage energy system, like the

UPS systems, batteries, hydrogen and fuel cells, compressed air devices,

superconductor magnetic energy storage, and flywheels. In Malaysia,distributed storage is not so popular yet.

Conclusion:

1. Distributed generation is widely used in Malaysia. There are 2 types of distributed

generation, which are isolated distributed generation and grid-connected distributed

generation.

2. There are 3 applications of isolated distributed generation:

a) Micro-grids

b) Back-up Generation

c) Intentional Islanding

3. There are 7 applications of isolated distributed generation:

a) Base Loading

b) Peak Load Shaving

c) Co-generation

d) Load Displacement

e) Energy Sale (not yet allowed)

f) Tri-generation (Heat, Cooling and, Electricity)

g) Distributed Storage

4. The used of the Distributed Generation is very beneficial to the society its because

it can save our environment and we can avoid big trouble such as blackout.

5. Another advantageous is in saving money, because the Distributed Generation

work very efficient.


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References:

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w/

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19.http://www.knowledge-integration.org/images/GETS%20catalogue.pdf

20.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigeneration

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xml

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27.http://me1065.wikidot.com/distributed-generation-of-renewable-sources

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Assignment EEE3301 Test