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    Submitted By: Missy May Q. Cabrera

    Submitted To: Jeonedy Sarsonas

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    1.What is Architecture? At least 3 meaning with references.

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Architecture(Latinarchitectura, from the Greek arkhitekton,from- "chief" and"builder, carpenter, mason") is both the process

    and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural works, in

    the material form ofbuildings, are often perceived as cultural and political

    symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with

    their surviving architectural achievements.

    "Architecture" can mean:

    The art and science ofdesign and erecting buildings and other physical

    structures.

    A general term to describe buildings and other infrastructures.

    A style and method of design and construction of buildings and other

    physical structures.

    The practice of an architect, where architecture means to offer or render

    professional services in connection with the design and construction of a

    building, or group of buildings and the space within the site surrounding

    the buildings, that have as their principal purpose human occupancy or

    use.[1]

    Design activity, from the macro-level (urban design, landscape

    architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture).

    The term "architecture" has been adopted to describe the activity of

    designing any kind of system, and is commonly used in

    describing information technology.

    In relation to buildings, architecture has to do with the planning, designing

    and constructing form, space and ambience that reflect functional, technical,

    social, environmental, and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative

    manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light and shadow.

    Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings

    and structures, including scheduling, cost estimating and construction

    administration. As documentation produced by architects, typically

    drawings, plans and technical specifications, architecture defines

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    The meaning must take into account certain things in order to represent

    architecture. They may include, in reference to a candidate for a piece of

    architecture: it must be material, it must transcend mere function, it must be

    aesthetic and it must be designed by an architect. But taking a quick look at

    this, small arguments arise that challenge the validity of these claims.

    2. Enumerate the types of Architectural construction and

    materials used.

    Neolithic or "stone age"architecture includes some of theoldest known structures made by humankind. Neolithic cultures aredistinguished from earlier Paleolithic and Mesolithic structures by thedomestication of plants and animals, and extensive making and use of

    stone tools.

    Neolithic cultures have been shown to have existed in southwest Asia as earlyas 8000 b.c. to 6000 b.c., and Neolithic cultures had existed around the globeby 1500 b.c. By 3500 b.c., Neolithic cultures in the Tigris and Euphrates river

    valleys in the Middle East had developed into Bronze Age urban civilizations.

    Modern concepts of architecture

    The great 19th century architect of skyscrapers,Louis Sullivan, promoted an

    overriding precept to architectural design: "Form follows function".

    While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely

    subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect

    of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function"

    came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of

    abuilding, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.

    Sydney Opera House,Australiadesigned byJrn Utzon.

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    Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond

    the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its

    own particular way of expressingvalues, architecture can stimulate and influence

    social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'

    To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only

    reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which

    degrades form into a mere instrumentality".[9]

    Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to

    building design arerationalism,empiricism,structuralism,poststructuralism,

    andphenomenology.

    In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of

    both structure and function, the consideration ofsustainability. To satisfy the

    contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which isenvironmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the

    natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes

    upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management

    andlighting.

    Origins and vernacular architecture

    Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means

    (availablebuilding materialsand attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge beganto be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became acraft, and "architecture"

    is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

    It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with

    progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly

    satisfactory. What is termedvernacular architecturecontinues to be produced in many parts of the

    world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every

    day. Early human settlements were mostlyrural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began

    to expand resulting in urbanization thus creatingurban areaswhich grew and evolved very rapidly insome cases, such as that ofatal HykinAnatoliaandMohenjo Daroof the Indus Valley

    Civilization in modern-dayPakistan.

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    Vernacular architecture inNorway

    Ancient architecture

    In many ancient civilizations, such as that of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism

    reflected the constant engagement with the divine and thesupernatural, and many ancient cultures

    resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler,

    the ruling elite, or the state itself.

    The architecture andurbanismof theClassical civilizationssuch as theGreekand

    theRomanevolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types

    emerged. Architectural styles developed.

    Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general

    advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the

    writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman military engineerVitruvius, the Kao Gong Jiof

    ancientChina[Notes 1]andVaastu Shastraof ancientIndiaandManjusri Vasthu Vidya SastraofSri

    Lanka. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.

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    The Pyramids at Giza

    Asian architecture

    The architecture of different parts ofAsiadeveloped along different lines from that of Europe;

    Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist

    architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. In manyAsiancountries a pantheisticreligion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance thenatural landscape.

    Kinkaku-ji(Golden Pavilion),Kyoto, JapanIslamic architecture

    Islamic architecturebegan in the 7th centuryCE, incorporating a blend of architectural forms

    from the ancientMiddle EastandByzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious

    and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, NorthAfrica, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch

    was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.

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    TheTaj Mahal(16321653), inIndia

    The medieval builder

    Notre Dame de Paris,France

    InEurope, in both theClassicalandMedievalperiods, buildings were not often attributed to

    specific individuals and the names of architects remain frequently unknown, despite the vastscale of the many religious buildings extant from this period.

    During the Medieval periodguildswere formed by craftsmen to organize their trade and

    written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of

    architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorumas they are

    sometimes described in contemporary documents.

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    Renaissance and the architect

    La Rotonda(1567),ItalybyPalladio

    With theRenaissanceand its emphasis on the individual and humanity rather than religion, and

    with all its attendant progress and achievements, a new chapter began. Buildings were ascribed

    to specific architects Brunelleschi,Alberti,Michelangelo,Palladio and the cult of the

    individual had begun.

    There was still no dividing line betweenartist,architectandengineer, or any of the related

    vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference. At this stage, it was still

    possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was

    within the scope of the generalist.

    Modernism and reaction of architecture

    Main article:Modern architecture

    TheBauhausDessau architecture department from 1925 byWalter Gropius

    The dissatisfaction with such a general situation at the turn of the twentieth century gave rise

    to many new lines of thought that served as precursors toModern Architecture. Many

    architects felt that buildings had become overly decorated and burdened with various styles

    that they could no longer be honest to the function. They felt that architecture should not be

    an accumulation of past traditions but that it should be adapted toward the common man. The

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    Modernists wanted buildings that were beautiful not in overwelming decoration but beautiful

    in simplicity Notable among these is theDeutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce

    better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession ofindustrial designis usually

    placed here. Following this lead, theBauhausschool, founded inWeimar,Germanyin 1919,

    redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughouthistory, viewing the creation of a

    building as the ultimate synthesisthe apexof art, craft, and technology. The Bauhaus is

    credited as one of the birthplaces of the modernist movement. Many notable artists, designers,

    and architects taught at the Bauhaus such asMies van der Rohe,Marcel Breuer, andWalter

    Gropius. After the outbreak ofWorld War II, the Bauhaus was closed by the Nazis. As a

    result, many of the teachers and students fled to other countries and spread their ideas.

    WhenModern architecturewas first practiced, it was anavant-gardemovement with moral,

    philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately afterWorld War I, pioneering

    modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-warsocial and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes.

    They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which

    served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was

    to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of

    functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing

    steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms.

    Fallingwater,Organic architecturebyFrank Lloyd Wright.

    Architects such asFrank Lloyd WrightdevelopedOrganic architecturein which the form was

    defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between humanhabitation and the natural world with prime examples beingRobie HouseandFalling Water.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-gardehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-gardehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-gardehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallingwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallingwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robie_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robie_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robie_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FallingwaterWright.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robie_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallingwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-gardehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund
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    TheCrystal Cathedral,California, byPhilip Johnson(1980)

    Architects such asMies van der Rohe,Philip JohnsonandMarcel Breuerworked to create

    beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction

    techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the

    new means and methods made possible by theIndustrial Revolution, including steel-frame

    construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism hadmorphed into theInternational Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers

    of New York'sWorld Trade Center.

    Many architects resisted Modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of

    ornamented styles and as the founders of that movement lost influence in the late

    1970s,Postmodernismdeveloped as a reaction against its austerity. Postmodernism viewed

    Modernism as being too extreme and even harsh in regards to design. Instead, Postmodernists

    combined Modernism with older styles from before the 1900's to form a middle ground. Robert

    Venturi's contention that a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionallydesigned inside and embellished on the outside) was better than a "duck" (an ungainly building in

    which the whole form and its function are tied together) gives an idea of this approach.

    Architecture today

    Main article:Contemporary architecture

    Postmodern design atGare do Oriente,Lisbon, Portugal, bySantiago Calatrava.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_style_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_style_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_style_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Venturihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Venturihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Venturihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Venturihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_do_Orientehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_do_Orientehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Calatravahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Calatravahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Calatravahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oriente_Station_Lisboa_roof.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crys-ext.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oriente_Station_Lisboa_roof.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crys-ext.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Calatravahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_do_Orientehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Venturihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Venturihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_style_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Cathedral
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    Part of the architectural profession, and also some non-architects, responded

    toModernismandPostmodernismby going to what they considered the root of the problem.

    They felt that architecture was not a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by

    individualists; rather it had to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to give a

    livable environment.

    The Design Methodology Movementinvolving people such asChristopher Alexanderstarted

    searching for more people-oriented designs. Extensive studies on areas such as behavioral,

    environmental, and social sciences were done and started informing the design process. As the

    complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and

    technologies), architecture started becoming more multi-disciplinary. Architecture today

    usually requires a team of specialist professionals, with the architect being one of many,

    although usually the team leader.

    Green roof planted with native species at L'Historial de la Vende, a new museum in westernFrance

    Starting in the 1980s and into the new millennium, the field of architecture saw the rise of

    specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In

    addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' from the 'project'

    architect. The main reason for the shift is because architecture has become much more

    complicated. Architecture has become more than just building but has morphed into an

    extensive process involving durability, quality, money, and compliance to local laws. Every detail

    must be taken into account by the architecture firm. A great structure can no longer be the

    design of one person but must be the work of many.

    Moving the issues of environmentalsustainabilityinto the mainstream is a significant

    development in the architecture profession. Within the past several decades, architects have

    realized that buildings must take into account their effect upon the environment. Major

    examples of this can be found in greener roof designs, biodegradable materials,and more

    attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed

    architecture schools to focus more the environment. Sustainability in architecture was

    pioneered in the 1960s by architects such asBuckminster Fuller,Frank Lloyd Wright,Sim Van

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Alexanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Alexanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Alexanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fullerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fullerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fullerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim_Van_der_Rynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim_Van_der_Rynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_Roof_at_Vend%C3%A9e_Historial,_les_Lucs.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim_Van_der_Rynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fullerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Alexanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism
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    der Ryn, in the 1970sIan McHargin the US andBrenda and Robert Valein the UK and New

    Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meetgreen

    buildingsustainable designprinciples. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular

    architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable

    contemporary techniques.]The U.S. Green Building Council'sLEED(Leadership in Energy and

    Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this. An example of an

    architecturally innovative green building is theDynamic Towerwhich will be powered bywind

    turbinesandsolar panels.

    3. Describe the Philippine architecture and famous Filipino

    Architects.

    Thearchitectureof thePhilippinesis a reflection of the history and heritage of the country.The most prominent historic constructions in the archipelago are from

    theSpanish,Japanese,Malay,Hindu,Chinese, and American cultures.

    The pre-colonial architecture of the Philippines consisted of the Nipa hut made from natural

    materials but there are some traces of large-scale construction before the Spanish colonizers

    came but not well documented. An example of this is the pre-colonial walled city of Maynilad

    although later after the Spanish colonization, dismantled by the Spaniards and rebuilt as

    Intramuros. There are also other minor pre-colonial walled cities like Betis and Macabebe.

    During three hundred years of Spanish colonialization the philippine architecture was

    dominated by the Spanish culture. During this period Intramuros, the walled city, of Manila,

    was built with its walls, houses, churches and fortresses. The Augustinian friars built a large

    number of grand churches all over the Philippine Islands.

    During this period the traditional Filipino "Bahay na Bato" style for the large mansion emerged.

    These were large houses built of stone and wood combining Filipino, Spanish and Chinese style

    elements. The best preserved examples of these houses can be found in Vigan, Ilocos Sur and

    Taal, Batangas.

    After the Spanish American war the architecture of the Philippines was dominated by the

    American style. In this period the plan for the modern city of Manila was designed, with a large

    number of art deco buildings, by famous American and Filipino architects. During the

    liberation of Manila by the Americans in 1945 large portions of Intramuros and Manila were

    destroyed. In the period after the second world war many of the destroyed buildings were

    rebuilt.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim_Van_der_Rynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim_Van_der_Rynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McHarghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McHarghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McHarghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_and_Robert_Valehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_and_Robert_Valehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_and_Robert_Valehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_and_Robert_Valehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McHarghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim_Van_der_Ryn
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    At the end of the 20th century modern architecture with straight lines and functional aspects

    was introduced. During this period many of the older structures fell into decay. Early in the

    21st Century a revival of the respect for the traditional Filipino elements in the architecture

    returned.

    Famous Filipino Architects

    There are many great Filipino Architects but the following are among the Famous

    Filipino Architects who was recogrnized as the National Artists of the Philippines for

    their best and exceptional works:

    Pablo Antonio -The facade of the main building of the Far Eastern University,

    designed by Pablo Antonio in the late 1930s.

    Juan Nakpil- He designed the International Eucharistic Congress altar and improved

    the Quiapo Church in 1930.

    Leandro Locsin- Church of the Holy Sacrifice, Cultural Center of the Philippines,

    Philippine International Convention Center, Istana Nurul Iman.

    Francisco Maosa- He designed The Coconut Palace.

    Ildefonso Santos (I.P. Santos)

    4. What is music, and the main properties of music?

    Medium and Elements of music

    Music is anartform whosemediumissoundand silence. Common elements of musicarepitch(which governsmelodyandharmony),rhythm(and its associated

    conceptstempo,meter, andarticulation),dynamics, and the sonic qualities

    oftimbreandtexture. The word derives fromGreek(mousike; "art of

    theMuses").[1]

    The creation,performance, significance, and even thedefinition of musicvary

    according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized

    compositions (and their recreation in performance), through improvisational music

    toaleatoricforms. Music can be divided intogenresandsubgenres, although thedividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open

    to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. Within "the arts", music

    may be classified as aperforming art, afine art, and auditory art. There is also a strong

    connection betweenmusic and mathematics.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(arts)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(arts)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(arts)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulation_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulation_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE#Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE#Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE#Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE#Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition_of_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition_of_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition_of_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_and_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_and_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_and_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_and_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition_of_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museshttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE#Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulation_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(arts)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art
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    To many people in many cultures, music is an important part of their way of life.Greek

    philosophersandancient Indian philosophersdefined music as tones ordered

    horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the

    harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is

    often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composerJohn

    Cagethought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is nonoise, only

    sound."[2]MusicologistJean-Jacques Nattiezsummarizes the relativist, post-modern

    viewpoint: "The border between music and noise is always culturally definedwhich

    implies that, even within a single society, this border does not always pass through the

    same place; in short, there is rarely a consensus ... By all accounts there is

    no singleand interculturaluniversal concept defining what music might be."

    Four Properties of Music Notes

    Sheet music records the language of music.

    Music has been considered a universal language with much of its makeup based in mathwhile at the same time having the ability to evoke a wide range of individual emotionsbased on style and the person playing. Music of all types is made up of individual noteswhich display four main properties.

    Note Nameso Notes are assigned one of seven letters ranging from A through G. Typically a musician

    uses middle C as a reference for all other notes available on an instrument. From middle C,the notes progress in alphabetical order until G, after which the notes go back to A andcontinue progressing to G. This sequence continues all the way up the scale, or reversewhen heading down the scale.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy#Ancient_Indian_philosophershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy#Ancient_Indian_philosophershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy#Ancient_Indian_philosophershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy#Ancient_Indian_philosophershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophy
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    Pitch

    o Pitch is another property of a musical note. Pitch consists of a perceived frequency ofsound. The higher you progress up a scale, the faster the frequency vibrates, and thehigher the pitch of the note becomes. The lower you progress down the scale, the slower

    the frequency vibrates, resulting in a lower sounding pitch.

    Length

    o The length of the note is a property that contributes to rhythm. The most common lengthsfor notes are whole, half, quarter, eight and sixteenth notes, which are held for varyingamounts of time depending on the time signature of a piece of music. Shorter notes aredefined by how short they are compared to a whole note. Lengths can be extremely longthrough the use of ties, or can be as short as a thirty-second note or less.

    Dynamic

    o Notes can also contribute different properties based on dynamics. Dynamics measure howloud or soft a note is played. The most common dynamics for a note range from soft or"piano" referred to by the letter "p," to loud or "forte" portrayed by the letter "f." The mostcommon dynamics are piano "p," mezzo piano "mp," mezzo forte "mf," and forte "f."Dynamics can be louder or softer than these with the softest being pianississimo "ppp," andthe loudest note being fortississimo "fff."

    Music is an art form whose medium is sound

    Common elements of music include

    Pitch, rythym, tempo and dynamics

    Rythym, tempo, dynamics

    Music can be divided into genres and subgenres

    Although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle

    Sometimes open to individual interpretation

    And occasionally controversial

    At the highest "level" of compositional thinking a composerbegins a composition with Four areas of composition that mustbe determined: (1) the instrumental and/or vocal combinationsthat will be employed (media), (2) the basic model of compositionthat will be used throughout the work (genre), (3) the large andsmall sectional units of the composition including in some casesthe entire composition (form) and (4) The (texture(s) of the work.

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    These areas constitute the Four Combinational Operations ofMusic. These "operations" are what a composer determinesbefore any specific music making begins. Once these aredetermined, the work with the Eight Basic Elements and the

    Three Foundational Procedures begins and the FourCombinational Operations become a "road map" for thecomposer's general use.The term medium (pl. media) in music refers to the type ofperforming ensemble that is selected for a given work. There arethree general categories of Western performing ensembles - (1)instrumental, (2) vocal and (3) mixed vocal and instrumental.Under each general category below there are sub-categories.

    Below is a list of the general categories and sub-categories ofperformance media found in Western music: Large ensembles areknown appropriately as "large" ensembles while small ensemblesare known as "chamber" groups. Music for one solo player (withor without keyboard or guitar accompaniment) is known as "sololiterature".

    5. Give the essence of music.

    Music-isnt that something which is so close to all of our hearts. I just cant imagine lifewithout something so important. Though you may not realize there is some part of you cravingfor music every time, but the only thing is that most of us suppress it. In todays modern worldof rushing and hurrying music always proves to be an ideal stress buster.Music is one of the very few things which qualify among the things that I always keep close tomy heart. While writing, while playing or while doing any damn thing I hum to myself (though notduring lectures or classes as I am sure Ill be butchered if I hum when someone isteaching).Through experience I have found that music when it is playing in the background orwhen you are enjoying it helps you to be focused on your work.Music is something which just cant be discarded or disowned. Music belongs to everyone andit plays a vital part in ones character formation. Those who dont have time to spare forcrooning or listening to melodies are often found to be gloomy, dull and short tempered. Onthe other hand music lovers are often those who are the most loved in gatherings and are verycheerful.Music will indubitably help us to transform into hip, fun loving teens.

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    Music is a very colorful thread woven into the entire fabric of our lives. Soon after birthwe hear our first melodies as our mothers hum soothing lullabies to help us sleep. Welearnnursery rhymesthat are designed to both entertain and educate us in our preschoolyears, which help build the framework for the social and language skills we need tofunction in society.6. Describe the History of Music.

    Music history, sometimes called historical musicology, is the highly diverse subfield ofthe broader discipline ofmusicologythat studies the composition, performance,

    reception, and criticism ofmusicovertime. Historical studies of music are for

    example concerned with a composer's life and works, the developments of styles and

    genres (such as baroque concertos), the social function of music for a particular

    group of people (such as music at the court), or the modes of performance at aparticular place and time (such as the performance forces of Johann Sebastian Bach's

    choir in Leipzig).

    In theory, "music history" could refer to the study of the history of any type or genre

    of music (e.g., the history ofIndian musicor the history ofrock). In practice, these

    research topics are nearly always categorized as part ofethnomusicologyorcultural

    studies, whether or not they areethnographically based.

    The methods of music history include source studies

    (esp.manuscriptstudies),paleography,philology(especiallytextual criticism), style

    criticism, historiography (the choice ofhistorical method),musical analysis,

    andiconography. The application of musical analysis to further these goals is often a

    part of music history, though pure analysis or the development of new tools of music

    analysis is more likely to be seen in the field ofmusic theory. (For a more detailed

    discussion of the methods see the section on "Research in Music History" below) Some

    of the intellectual products of music historians include editions of musical

    works,biographyof composers and other musicians, studies of the relationship

    betweenwordsand music, and the reflections upon the place of music insociety.

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    7. and give the kinds of music.

    Rap

    A lot of people like rap music, and rap a lot. Rap is a fast singing

    rhyming kind of music. It is the latest kind of music.

    Country

    Not a lot of kids listen to country music. If you do, you can

    listen to 98.7 FM in Washington D.C. They usually play country

    music with regular acoustic guitars.

    Rock

    Rock is a kind of music that you will usually use drums,

    keyboards, and electric guitars.Rock singers sing very loud.

    Disco

    A lot of kids liked this music 10-20 years ago. People take disco

    and mix it with rap, like Y Cleff Shawn.

    Pop Rock

    Pop is like a regular kind of music. Kids listen to it. Sometimes

    when you listen to pop, you can hear two of every kind of

    instrument from each family of instruments!