Assesssment Techniques

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Assessment techniquesused in Guidance


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Introduction To Psychological

Assessment

A psychological assessment is the attempt of a

skilled professional, usually a psychologist, touse the techniques and tools of psychology tolearn either general or specific facts about

another person, either to inform others of how

they function now, or to predict their behaviorand functioning in the future.


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STANDARDIZEDPSYCHOLOGICALTEST

Standardized tests are used in psychology, as well

as in everyday life, to measure intelligence,

aptitude, achievement, personality, attitudes and

interests.

Standardized tests are used to produce norms-or

statistical standards-that provide a basis for

comparisons among individual members of the

group of subjects.


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Standardized norm-referenced tests may at times

need to be supplemented with more informal

assessment procedures, as such as projective tests

or even career-testing or teacher-made tests.


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INFORMAL ASSESSMENT

TECHNIQUES

Methods for informal assessment can be divided

into two main types: unstructured (e.g., student

work samples, journals) and structured (e.g.,

checklists, observations).

Another important aspect of informal assessments

is that they actively involve the students in the

evaluation process-they are not just paper-and-pencil tests.


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UNSTRUCTUREDASSESSMENTTECHNIQUES

Unstructured techniques for assessing students can

run the gamut from writing stories to playing gamesand include both written and oral activities. The

range of possible activities is limited only by the

creativity of the teacher and students.


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TYPESOFUNSTRUCTUREDASSESSMENT

TECHNIQUES

Writing Samples

Homework

Logs or journals Games

Debates

Brainstorming

Story retelling

Anecdotal

Naturalistic


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STRUCTUREDASSESSMENTTECHNIQUES

Structured assessments are planned by the teacher

much more specifically than are unstructured

assessments.

Structured assessment measures are more varied

than unstructured ones.

In each case, definitely "right" and "wrong,"

"completed" or "not completed" determinations can

be made.

Consequently, the scoring of structured assessment

activities is relatively easier compared to the

scoring of unstructured assessment activities.


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TYPESOFSTRUCTUREDINFORMAL

ASSESSMENTS

Checklists- Checklists specify student behaviors

or products expected during progression through

the curriculum.

Cloze Tests- Cloze tests are composed of text

from which words have been deleted randomly. The

procedure is intended to provide a measure of

reading comprehension.

Criterion-referenced Tests- This type of test is

tied directly to instructional objectives, measuresprogress through the curriculum and can be used

for specific instructional planning.


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Rating Scales- This is an assessment technique

often associated with observation of student work

or behaviors.

Questionnaires- A questionnaire is a self-report

assessment device on which students can provide

information about areas of interest to the teacher.

Miscue Analysis- An informal assessment of

strategies used by students when reading aloud or

retelling a story.

Structured Interviews- Structured interviews are

essentially oral interview questionnaires.


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Observation

Naturalistic Observation is a techniquethat involves observing subjects in

their natural environment.

This type of research is often utilized

in situations where conducting lab

research is unrealistic, cost prohibitiveor would unduly affect the subject's

behavior.


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Observations of the person being referred in theirnatural setting especially if its a child can

provide additional valuable assessment

information. In the case of a child, how do they

behave in school settings, at home, and in theneighborhood? Does the teacher treat them

differently than other children? How do their friends

react to them?

The answers to these and similar questions cangive a better picture of a child and the settings in

which they function. It can also help the

professional conducting the assessment better

formulate treatment recommendations.


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Questionnaires and interviews

Questionnairesare a type of self report methodwhich consist of a set of questions usually in a

highly structured written form.

Questionnaires can contain both openquestionsand closed questionsand participantsrecord their own answers.


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Interviewsare a type of spoken questionnairewhere the interviewer records the responses.Interviews can be structured whereby there is a

predetermined set of questions or unstructuredwhereby no questions are decided in advance.


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Open and closed questions.

Questionnaires and interviews can use open orclosed questions or both.

Closed questions are questions which providea limited choice

Open questions are those questions which

invite the respondent to provide their ownanswers and provide qualitative data.


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Rating Scales

One of the most common rating scales isthe Likert scale. A statement is used and the

participant decides how strongly they agree ordisagree with the statements.

A strength of Likert type scales is that they cangive us an idea about how strongly aparticipant feels about something. Thistherefore gives more detail than a simple yesno answer.


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Psychometrics

Psychometric tests are instruments which havebeen developed for measuring mental

characteristics. Psychological tests have beendeveloped to measure a wide range of things,including creativity, job attitudes and skills,brain damage and, of course, 'intelligence'.


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Sampling

One of the most important issues about anytype of method is how representative of the

population the results are.

Opportunity Sampling

Opportunity sampling is the sampling

technique most used by psychology students. Itconsists of taking the sample from people whoare available at the time the study is carried outand fit the criteria your are looking for.


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Self selected sampling

` Self selected sampling (or volunteer sampling)consists of participants becoming part of a

study because they volunteer when asked or inresponse to an advert.

Random Sampling

This is a sampling technique which is definedas a sample in which every member of thepopulation has an equal chance of beingchosen.


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Stratified Sampling

Stratified sampling involves classifying the populationinto categories and then choosing a sample whichconsists of participants from each category in the same

proportions as they are in the population.Snowball Sampling

Snowball sampling can be used if your population isnot easy to contact. For example if you were interestedin studying students who take illegal drugs you mayask a participant who fits your target population to telltheir friends about the study and ask them to get intouch with the researcher and so on.


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Assessment through observation of groupsrequires competency in observingcommunication processes and knowledge of

group dynamics.

Examples:

leadership styles

decision-making models

phases of group development


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Examine the dynamics and major approaches togroup counseling with emphases on starting acounseling group, leading groups effectively, andevaluating results. Understanding of group processes,leadership, and membership is stressed. Special

populations including minorities, intellectually orphysically challenged, women, perpetrators or abusevictims, as well as those with chronic or lifethreatening diseases are considered. Support andself-help groups are covered along with the ethical

issues unique to group settings. Program planning anddevelopment in agencies, schools, higher education,and private practice are covered. Students will beexpected to arrange and facilitate outside of class aseries of group counseling sessions during the term.

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Assesssment Techniques