Assessment of Water Quality and Heavy Metals in Water ...from El Baddalah and Mit-Mazah districts and terminates in Manzala Lake through Tard-El Serw and Esalam Canal with approximately

International Journal of Environment ISSN 2077-4505

Volume : 07| Issue : 04 | Oct.-Dec. | 2018 Page:124-141

Corresponding Author: Asmaa M.R. Gouda, Ecology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mansoura University, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected]

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Assessment of Water Quality and Heavy Metals in Water, Sediments, and Some Organs of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in El-Serw drain, Nile Delta, Egypt

Ahmed E. Hagras, Heba Allah M. Elbaghdady and Asmaa M.R. Gouda

Ecology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mansoura University, Egypt.

Received: 11 Nov. 2018 / Accepted: 10 Dec. 2018/ Publication date: 20 Dec. 2018 ABSTRACT

The current investigation focused on analysis of physicochemical parameters of water and concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd and Co) in water, sediment and within some body tissues of C. gariepinus which inhabited two different aquatic ecosystems namely: El-Serw Drain as a polluted environment and the Damietta branch of River Nile as control water in the period from winter 2017and autumn 2018. Also, this study evaluates the negative impacts of all measured parameters on the general health of the fish. The data indicated that TDS, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, N and P recorded higher concentration in El-Serw drain water than those in River Nile. The data showed that there were a highly significant variation in the levels of heavy metals in water, sediment samples and within fish tissues (muscles, testis and ovary) between River Nile and El-Serw drain in all seasons per one year(p ≤ 0.05). The data showed that Pb and Co have the highest accumulation percentage in water, while Cu has the highest accumulation percentage in sediments, muscles, testis and ovary. The CF in male fish showed very highly significant difference between control and polluted fish in winter, spring and autumn, while CF in female fish indicated very highly significant difference between control and polluted fish in autumn. The GSI in male and female fish in River Nile and El-Serw drain showed very highly significance in the four seasons (p ≤ 0.05).

Key words: El-Serw drain, River Nile, Heavy metals, Condition factor, Gonadosomatic index,

Accumulation factor.

Introduction

The River Nile is the fundamental source for drinking water for Egypt, however recently the

excessive quantities of industrial influences and agricultural wastes are discharged through it (El-Amier et al., 2015; Nada et al., 2016; Al-Halani, 2017). River Nile receives pollutants from various sources such as domestic wastes, agricultural and industrial activities which have negative impacts on the aquatic fauna inhabiting this ecosystem (Ashraf et al., 2010; Authman et al., 2013). The polluted water has a severe influence on the health, aquatic life, soil quality and the production of different crops (Scipeeps, 2009; Ashraf et al., 2010).Some water pollution effects could appear immediately, while others need more years for appearance (Ashraf et al., 2010). EL-Serw drain is one of the most important drains in Egypt, it located between Dakahlia Governorate and Damietta Governorate, and it passes through many villages dotted along it receiving their agricultural drainage water, domestic waste waters and industrial effluents (Khafagy et al., 2014). El-Serw drain represented the third drain after Bahr El-Baqar and Hadous drains in the wastes discharge within El-Manzala Lake (Goher et al., 2017). Untreated industrial and domestic wastes possess many environmental hazards for man, soil, crops, drinking, and aquatic life. The drainage water includes biological contaminants and heavy elements, which find their way to drinking water. These contaminants influence the existence of fish and also have harmful alterations in its physiological processes including growth and reproduction (Ostrowski et al., 1999). Water pollution has a significant harmful impacts on the quality of water which are represented in depletion in the dissolved oxygen and transparency of water, and elevation in the water temperature, electric conductivity, levels of total dissolved solids, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and water alkalinity (Seham et al., 2013).

Int. J. Environ., 7(4): 124-141, 2018 ISSN: 2077-4508

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Heavy metals have a significant harmful impacts on the public health, it may result in mutation in the genetic materials, influence the biochemical processes by impairment the synthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates, protein and lipids (Drastichova et al., 2005; Azmat et al., 2008). The hazards of heavy metals was represented in its ability of bioaccumulation within body tissues resulted in poisoning of fish as well as in water and sediments (Monroy et al., 2014; Authman et al., 2015). The heavy metals pollution becomes severe problem in which the whole world were suffered from it (Aiman et al., 2016). The African catfish namely, Clarias gariepinus is one of the most common fish species inhabiting River Nile and drainage canals in Egypt. These fish types are abundant throughout the year in higher proportion than many other Egyptian fish. They are important and cheap source of the animal protein (Kime et al., 1996; Hagras et al., 2017; Al-Halani, 2018). The current investigation aimed to evaluate water physicochemical characteristics and Heavy Metals in Water, Sediments and Some Organs of Clarias gariepinus in El-Serw drain, Nile Delta, Egypt. Materials and Methods Study area

The current investigation was performed in the period from Winter 2017 to Autumn 2018 in two different aquatic ecosystems: namely El-Serw Drain as a polluted environment which originated from El Baddalah and Mit-Mazah districts and terminates in Manzala Lake through Tard-El Serw and Esalam Canal with approximately 44.5 km in total length and about 15 m in mean breadth, It flows across 2 governates, namely Dakahlia and Damietta making it receives the wastes of 20 sub drains communicating with the main course of El-Serw drain and the Damietta Branch of the River Nile at Busat Karim Ad Din village, Sherbeen, Dakahlia governorate which located at 23 km north of Mansoura City a less polluted habitat as control water (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1: Map showing the study area: El-Serw Drain and River Nile .


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Sampling strategy and analysis Water Sampling

Subsurface water samples were monthly collected in one liter polyethylene bottles from each site at 50 cm depth for measuring water temperature (T), electric conductivity (EC), hydrogen ion concentration (pH), Dissolved oxygen (DO) with the aid of a Multi-parameter Analyzer (model YK-22DO) and a digital pH-meter (Orion Research Model PTI20). Water sample was divided to three portions: the first was kept in in dark-colored bottles for measuring biological oxygen demand (BOD5) by measuring DO again after 5 days and calculated according to the formula: BOD5 = DO (initial value) – DO after 5 days (Ademoroti, 1996). The second portion was kept in refrigerator at 4°C until conducting the intended analyses involved total dissolved solids (TDS), bicarbonates (HCO3-), sulphates (SO4-2), chlorides ( Cl- ), calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P). The procedures were performed according to Piper (1947), Hesse (1971), Olsen and Sommers (1982) and APHA (1998). The third portion was transferred in brown bottles (100 ml) and 3 ml nitric acid (HNO3) were added to the sample in the field. The amounts of heavy metals were estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (WFXAA spectrophotometer model 130B) (APHA, 1992).

Sediment Sampling

Sediment samples were collected with the aid of a plastic core (12 cm in diameter) lowered to the bottom at the water body. Then, the sample was transferred to the laboratory. The coarse objects (plant parts and stones) were picked up from the sediment. A homogeneous sample of sediment was filtrated on Whatman filter paper to get rid of fluids impregnated among sediment components. Then, sediment was exposed to the direct sunlight for few days. The dried sediment was grinded and digested according to Petreburgski (1968). For estimating the concentration of the heavy metals Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Cobalt (Co) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (WFXAA spectrophotometer model 130B) (APHA, 1992).

Fish Sampling

A total of 80 (40 males and 40 females) specimens of the African sharp tooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus were collected from each ecosystem seasonally from winter 2017 to autumn 2018. Fish samples were transferred alive in a plastic container containing an appropriate amount of water to the laboratory under good aeration condition as soon as possible. At the laboratory, the total length (in cm), total body weight (g), as well as gonad weight (g) were recorded and tabulated. The condition factor (CF) calculated according to the following formula described by Fulton (1904). CF= [W (g) / L3 (cm)] × 100, W: total body weight, L: total length. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated according to the following formula described by Lagler (1956). GSI = [gonads weight (g) / body weight (g)] × 100.

Muscle tissues were cut using stainless steel scalpel. Then, gonads were separated and washed by distilled water. Fish samples were then thoroughly dried at 75°C on a hot plate for 24 hr. Each sample was crushed to fine granules with the aid of a porcelain mortar, then the sample was digested according to the method of Dhaneesh et al. (2012 a; b) to estimate heavy metals concentration by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (WFXAA spectrophotometer model 130B) (APHA, 1992). Accumulation factor (AF)

The accumulation factor (AF) is the average of the accumulated concentration of pollutant in any organ and its concentration in water. It gives an indication about the accumulation efficiency for any particular pollutant in any fish organ. AF was calculated using the following equation (Authman and Abbas, 2007): AF = Pollutant concentration in fish muscle μg g-1/ Pollutant concentration in water μg l-1.

Statistical Analysis

The recorded data were represented as (Mean ±SE). Variations in the water, sediment and fish parameters were tested statistically using One-Way ANOVA test on SPSS package (version 20). Furthermore, a Post Hoc test, namely Tukey’s range test (Tukey’s LSD) was employed to detect the


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differences between the two corresponding ecosystems to detect that the difference was significant or not between the components of the two ecosystems. Probability values ≤ 0.05 were set as significant, those > 0.05 as non-significant. The ordination (CCA: Canonical Correspondence Analysis) was determined using MVSP software program (version 3.2). This analysis aimed to illustrate relationship between condition factor and heavy metals concentrations in water, also indicated the relationship between the heavy metals in gonads and gonadosomatic index. Results Physical-Chemical parameters of water.

Seasonally variations in the physicochemical parameters of water samples (temperature, electric conductivity, pH, DO, BOD, TDS, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Ca2+ Mg2+, Na+, K+, N and P were given in table 1. The data showed that there was a highly significant difference among the water of River Nile and El-Serw drain in EC, DO, BOD, TDS, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, N and P (p ≤ 0.05), while the insignificant difference was reported in temperature and pH (p > 0.05). The data indicated that electric conductivity in El-Serw drain was higher than that in River Nile water; it ranged between 0.42 µs/cm in the Nile during summer and 1.29 µs/cm in El-Serw Drain during spring, with mean values of 0.36 µs/cm and 1.16 µs/cm in the two water bodies, respectively. Dissolved oxygen showed higher values in Nile water than El-Serw water which ranged between 8.08 mg/l and 4.83 mg/l in the two aquatic ecosystems in winter. In contrast to BOD which showed higher values in El-Serw drain water than that in the control water, the higher BOD readings was recorded 4.14 mg/l and 2.68 mg/l during spring season in the polluted and control water respectively. The data indicated that TDS, HCO3 -, SO4 2-, Cl -, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Na +, K +, N and P recorded higher concentrations in El-Serw drain water than those water of River Nile (Table 1).

Heavy metals concentrations in water and sediment sample

The data recorded in Table 2 showed the seasonal fluctuations in the heavy metals concentrations in water and sediment samples in the two studying sites (p ≤ 0.05), the data showed that there were a highly significant variation in the levels of whole heavy metals in water and sediment samples between Nile and El-Serw drain. Cupper concentration in water samples in Nile water reported the highest concentration was 0.10 in autumn and the lowest concentration was 0.01 in winter, while in El-Serw Drain the highest concentration was1.27 in spring and the lowest concentrations was 0.13 in winter. Lead concentration in Nile water samples reported the highest concentration was 0.46 in winter and the lowest concentrations was 0.19 in spring, while in El-Serw drain the highest concentration was 1.43 in spring and the lowest concentrations was 0.67 in autumn. Cadmium concentration in Nile water samples reported the highest concentration was 0.23 in spring and the lowest concentrations was 0.14 in winter and autumn, while in El-Serw drain the highest concentration was 1.30 in spring and the lowest concentrations was 0.36 in winter. Cobalt concentration in Nile water samples reported the highest concentration was 0.40 in winter and the lowest concentrations was 0.18 in summer, while in El-Serw drain the highest concentration was 1.67 in spring and the lowest concentrations was 0.81 in winter. The data given in Table 2 showed that the highest concentration of cupper in Nile sediments was recorded in 1.42 in winter and the lowest was 0.13 in summer, while in El-Serw sediments the highest Cu levels was 4.29 in winter and the lowest was 3.43 in autumn. Lead concentration in Nile sediments showed the highest value 0.30 in winter and the lowest was 0.09 in summer, while in El-Serw sediments the highest Pb levels was 1.35 in spring and the lowest value was 0.63 in winter and autumn. Cadmium concentration in Nile sediments showed the highest value 0.31 in autumn and the lowest was 0.22 in summer, while in El-Serw sediments the highest Cd levels was 1.12 in spring and the lowest value was 0.35 in winter. Cobalt concentration in Nile sediments showed the highest value 1.12 in winter and the lowest was 0.03 in summer, while in El-Serw sediments the highest Cd levels was 2.54 in spring and the lowest value was 0.95 in autumn.


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Table 1 Seasonal changes of physicochemical parameters (mean ± SE) at various sampling sites.

Site

Season

Temp. °C

EC (µs/cm)

pH DO BOD TDS 3HCO

− Cl− 24SO− 2+Ca 2+Mg +Na +K N P

(mg/l)

Riv

er N

ile

Winter 14.50

±0.33 0.41

± 0.02 7.59

±0.01 8.08

±0.15 1.46

±0.30 230.94

±26.66 121.31

±12.03 47.77

±1.31 20.82

±2.94 16.23

±0.77 0.99

±0.09 63.07

±1.61 10.16

±0.48 0.53

±0.44 0.13

±0.01

Spring 21.88

±2.39 0.35

± 0.05 6.85

±0.14 7.98

±0.61 2.68

±0.12 213.86

±24.85 89.78

±9.91 56.95

±4.70 28.24

±1.04 14.05

±1.78 4.40

±2.11 71.42

±2.58 6.80

±1.33 1.73

±0.74 0.13

±0.03

Summer 30.06

±1.46 0.42

± 0.06 7.63

±0.06 6.52

±0.19 1.56

±0.27 255.16

±36.36 84.50

±5.36 51.78

±4.72 93.60

±4.58 12.90

±1.20 2.61

±0.65 80.94

±9.17 5.69

±0.66 2.11

±0.21 0.14

±0.01

Autumn 22.77

±4.50 0.25

± 0.04 7.32

±0.11 6.98

±0.12 1.92

±0.24 183.60

±45.03 66.96

±18.53 36.92

±7.61 65.48

±11.40 13.87

±1.97 3.15

±0.19 43.85

±5.30 6.89

±0.75 4.56

±2.58 0.10

±0.01

Mean 23.30

±2.76 0.36

± 0.03 7.35

±0.15 7.39

±0.33 1.91

±0.24 220.89

±13.03 90.64

±9.81 48.35

±3.68 52.04

±14.68 14.26

±0.61 2.79

±0.61 64.82

±6.83 7.39

±0.84 2.23

±0.73 0.12

±0.01

El-

Ser

w D

rain

Winter 15.89

±0.32 1.05

±0.09 7.45

±0.01 4.83

±0.09 3.72

±0.15 624.26

±60.34 205.28

±1.29 165.79

±1.68 158.44

±1.07 37.50

±1.55 7.31

±0.36 201.61

±1.94 7.89

±0.37 18.66

±0.60 12.36

±0.64

Spring 22.06

±2.11 1.29

±0.19 6.64

±0.20 4.50

±0.20 4.14

±0.09 649.08

±25.73 218.03

±11.32 168.19

±4.31 154.92

±36.57 38.04

±6.61 9.76

±1.28 175.10

±3.09 7.82

±0.90 19.19

±0.87 15.46

±5.70

Summer 30.83

±1.65 1.14

±0.10 7.46

±0.11 4.16

±0.12 3.74

±0.09 715.49

±16.08 185.96

±7.12 122.03

±10.13 253.89

±8.23 43.06

±3.48 6.65

±1.02 191.17

±6.82 8.83

±0.77 17.03

±0.87 15.50

±0.88

Autumn 26.82

±4.23 1.04

±0.30 7.18

±0.07 4.36

±0.09 3.94

±0.09 478.03

±58.52 129.13

±44.63 104.03

±18.56 162.17

±19.55 38.63

±12.61 7.69

±3.15 118.49

±11.24 10.13

±0.24 14.59

±1.19 13.84

±4.88

Mean 23.90 ±2. 79

1.16 ±0.05

7.20 ±0.17

4.36 ±0.06

3.99 ±0.08

640.71 ±49.09

184.60 ±17.00

140.01 ±13.87

182.35 ± 20.69

39.31 ±1.10

7.85 ±0.58

171.59 ±16.04

8.67 ± 0.47

17.37 ±0.90

14.29 ± 0.65


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Table 2: Seasonal changes of heavy metals concentrations (mean ± SE) in water and sediment at various sampling sites

Heavy metals concentrations in water and sediment (μg/L)

Site Season Water Sediment

Copper (Cu)

Lead (Pb)

Cadmium (Cd)

Cobalt (Co)

Copper (Cu)

Lead (Pb)

Cadmium (Cd)

Cobalt (Co)

Riv

er N

ile

Winter 0.01

±0.00 0.46

±0.36 0.14

±0.02 0.40

±0.04 1.42

±0.20 0.30

±0.03 0.24

±0.01 1.12

±0.04

Spring 0.06

±0.02 0.19

±0.10 0.23

±0.03 0.27

±0.03 0.25

±0.06 0.18

±0.05 0.30

±0.04 0.06

±0.03

Summer 0.03

±0.01 0.21

±0.08 0.21

±0.01 0.18

±0.02 0.13

±0.06 0.09

±0.05 0.22

±0.04 0.03

±0.03

Autumn 0.10

±0.09 0.28

±0.04 0.14

±0.02 0.25

±0.05 1.29

±0.64 0.21

±0.04 0.31

±0.03 0.13

±0.10

Mean 0.05

±0.02 0.28

±0.02 0.18

±0.02 0.27

±0.04 0.77

±0.29 0.20

±0.01 0.27

±0.02 0.34

±0.23

El-

Ser

w D

rain

Winter 0.13

±0.07 1.02

±0.02 0.36

±0.02 0.81

±0.08 4.29

±0.07 0.63

±0.02 0.35

±0.02 2.27

±0.08

Spring 1.27

±0.10 1.43

±0.10 1.30

±0.08 1.67

±0.12 3.47

±0.49 1.35

±0.26 1.12

±0.19 2.54

±0.12

Summer 1.31

±0.04 1.27

±0.15 0.95

±0.12 1.12

±0.13 3.47

±0.49 0.69

±0.26 0.68

±0.19 1.22

±0.12

Autumn 0.67

±0.32 0.67

±0.16 0.59

±0.23 0.86

±0.34 3.43

±0.23 0.63

±0.07 0.38

±0.02 0.95

±0.08

Mean 0.85

±0.24 1.10

±0.02 0.80

±0.18 1.11

±0.17 3.67

±0.18 0.82

±0.01 0.63

±0.15 1.74

±0.34

Heavy metals concentrations in muscles and gonads of C. gariepinus

The data recorded in Table 3 showed the seasonal changes of heavy metals concentrations

(mean ± standard deviation) in some organs of African Catfish, C. gariepinus. The data prove that there was a highly significant difference between the heavy metals concentration in muscles and gonads of River Nile fish and that in El-Serw drain fish in all seasons per one year (p ≤ 0.05.

The highest mean values of Cu, Pb, Cd and Co concentration were recorded in muscles of River Nile fish were 1.25, 2.69, 0.45 and 1.26 respectively, and the lowest concentrations were 0.92, 1.93, 0.04 and 0.01 respectively. While in muscles of El-Serw drain fish the highest concentrations were 13.65, 7.73, 2.76 and 6.45 for Cu, Pb, Cd and Co respectively, and the lowest concentrations were 7.35, 4.17, 0.33 and 2.65 respectively. The highest mean values of Cu, Pb, Cd and Co concentration were recorded in testis of River Nile fish were 4.77, 1.44, 0.52 and 4.82 respectively, and the lowest concentrations were 1.01, 0.55, 0.01 and 0.32 respectively. While in testis of El-Serw drain fish the highest concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd and Co were 18.53, 5.61, 3.12 and 7.01 respectively, and the lowest concentrations were 8.48, 4.25, 1.65 and 3.39 respectively. In the ovary of River Nile fish the highest values of Cu. Pb, Cd and Co were 5.51, 2.70, 1.34 and 0.11 respectively, and the lowest values were 1.70, 0.24, 0.59 and 0.09 respectively. In the other hand the highest concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd and Co in the ovary of El-Serw drain fish were 18.48, 7.20, 5.94 and 7.07 respectively, and the lowest values were 13.88, 1.32, 2.35 and 3.37 respectively. Accumulation Factor (AF)

The accumulation factor (AF) of these heavy metals within body organs was given in Table 4: the data indicated that the highest value of accumulation factor of Cu in muscles of River Nile fish was 31.00 in summer and the lowest was 9.20 in autumn. While in El-Serw drain muscles the highest value was 88.85 in winter and the lowest was 6.72 in spring. Accumulation factor of Pb in muscles of Nile fish showed the highest value 14.16 in spring and the lowest was 9.19 in summer, while the AF of Pb in muscles of El-Serw drain fish recorded the highest value 8.72 in autumn and the lowest value was 2.92 in spring. Accumulation factor of Cd in muscles of Nile fish showed the highest value 2.50 in autumn and the lowest was 0.17 during winter. While the AF of Cd in muscles of El-Serw drain fish recorded the highest value 2.58 in autumn and the lowest value was 0.55 in summer. Accumulation factor of Co in muscles of Nile fish showed the highest value 5.04 in autumn and the lowest value was 0.04 in winter. But in muscles of El-Serw drain fish the highest value was 6.96 in winter and the lowest value was 2.02 during spring.


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Table 3 Seasonal changes of heavy metals concentrations (mean ± SE) in some organs of African Catfish, C. gariepinus at various sampling sites.

Site Season Muscles Testis Ovary

Copper (Cu)

Lead (Pb)

Cadmium (Cd)

Cobalt (Co)

Copper (Cu)

Lead (Pb)

Cadmium (Cd)

Cobalt (Co) Copper

(Cu) Lead (Pb)

Cadmium (Cd)

Cobalt (Co)

Riv

er N

ile

Winter 1.02±0.01 2.29±0.01 0.04±0.01 0.01±0.01 1.01±0.01 1.44±0.01 0.01±0.00 0.32±0.01 1.70±0.01 2.70±0.01 0.59±0.01 0.11±0.01

Spring 1.25±0.01 2.69±0.01 0.45±0.01 1.20±0.01 4.77±0.01 0.78±0.01 0.52±0.01 4.82±0.01 5.51±0.01 0.39±0.01 1.34±0.01 0.11±0.01

Summer 0.93±0.01 1.93±0.01 0.32±0.01 0.09±0.01 2.00±0.01 0.55±0.01 0.08±0.00 0.54±0.00 2.81±0.01 0.79±0.01 0.63±0.01 0.10±0.01

Autumn 0.92±0.01 2.59±0.01 0.35±0.01 1.26±0.01 2.68±0.01 0.63±0.01 0.42±0.01 3.76±0.01 3.36±0.01 0.24±0.01 0.99±0.01 0.09±0.01

Mean 1.03±0.07 2.38±0.02 0.29±0.08 0.64±0.30 2.61±0.69 0.85±0.02 0.26±0.11 2.36±0.98 3.34±0.69 1.03±0.01 0.89±0.15 0.10±0.00

El-

Ser

w D

rain

Winter 11.55±0.01 6.21±0.01 0.33±0.01 5.64±0.01 18.53±0.01 4.25±0.01 1.89±0.01 3.39±0.01 13.88±0.01 6.55±0.01 5.94±0.01 4.27±0.01

Spring 8.53±0.01 4.17±0.01 2.48±0.01 3.37±0.01 8.48±0.01 5.61±0.01 2.73±0.01 7.01±0.01 18.48±0.01 1.32±0.01 2.83±0.01 3.37±0.01

Summer 13.65±0.01 7.73±0.01 0.52±0.01 6.45±0.01 16.35±0.01 5.23±0.01 1.65±0.01 4.12±0.01 15.08±0.01 7.20±0.01 4.88±0.01 7.07±0.01

Autumn 7.35±0.01 5.23±0.01 2.76±0.01 2.65±0.01 9.54±0.01 5.00±0.01 3.12±0.01 6.54±0.01 16.65±0.01 3.75±0.01 2.35±0.01 4.63±0.01

Mean 10.27±1.24 5.84±0.04 1.52±0.55 4.53±0.78 13.22±2.15 5.02±0.04 2.35±0.30 5.26±0.77 16.02±0.86 4.71±0.03 4.00±0.73 4.83±0.68

Table 4 Seasonal Accumulation Factor (AF) of heavy metals in some organs of C.gariepinus (μg/g).

Ovary Testis Muscles

Season

Site Cobalt (Co)

Cadmium (Cd)

Lead (Pb)

Copper (Cu)

Cobalt (Co)

Cadmium (Cd)

Lead (Pb)

Copper (Cu)

Cobalt (Co)

Cadmium (Cd)

Lead (Pb)

Copper (Cu)

0.41

0.41

0.56

0.36

0.43±0.09

5.27

2.02

6.31

5.62 4.80±1.91

2.57

5.83

3.00

7.07

4.62±2.18

16.50

2.18

5.14

6.78 7.65±6.20

14.21

2.05

3.76

0.86

5.22±6.11

6.42

0.92

5.67

7.03 5.01±2.78

28.33

91.83

93.67

33.6

61.86±35.7

106.77

14.55

11.51

23.91 39.19±45.4

1.19

17.85

3.00

15.04

9.27±8.40

4.19

4.20

3.68

6.12 4.54±1.08

0.04

2.26

0.38

3.00

1.42±1.44

5.25

2.10

1.74

3.98 3.27±1.65

7.58

4.11

2.62

2.25

4.14±2.43

4.17

3.92

4.12

7.49 4.93±1.71

16.83

79.50

66.67

26.8

47.45±30.3

142.54

6.68

12.48

19.73 45.36±65.0

0.04

4.44

0.50

5.04

2.51±2.60

6.96

2.02

5.76

5.27 5.00±2.11

0.17

1.96

1.52

2.50

1.54±0.99

0.92

1.91

0.55

2.58 1.49±0.93

12.05

14.16

9.19

9.25

11.16±2.4

6.09

2.92

6.09

8.72 5.95±2.37

17.00

20.83

31.00

9.20

19.51±9.1

88.85

6.72

10.42

15.33 30.33±39.2

Winter

Spring

Summer

Autumn

Mean

Winter

Spring

Summer

Autumn Mean

R

iver

Nil

e

El-

Ser

w D

rain


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The highest value of accumulation factor of Cu in testis of River Nile fish was 79.50 in spring and the lowest was 16.83 in winter. In contrast in El-Serw drain muscles the highest value was 142.54 in winter and the lowest was 6.68 in spring. Accumulation factor of Pb in testis of Nile fish showed the highest value 7.58 in winter and the lowest was 2.25 in autumn, while the AF of Pb in testis of El-Serw drain fish recorded the highest value 7.49 in autumn and the lowest value was 3.92 in spring. Accumulation factor of Cd in testis of Nile fish showed the highest value 3.00 in autumn and the lowest was 0.04 during winter, while the AF of Cd in testis of El-Serw drain fish recorded the highest value 5.25 in winter and the lowest value was 1.74 in summer. Accumulation factor of Co in testis of Nile fish showed the highest value 17.85 in spring and the lowest value was 1.19 in winter. But in testis of El-Serw drain fish the highest value was 6.12 in autumn and the lowest value was 3.68 during summer.

The highest value of accumulation factor of Cu in ovary of River Nile fish was 93.67 in summer and the lowest was 28.33 in winter. While in El-Serw drain ovary the highest value was 106.77 in winter and the lowest was 11.51 in spring. Accumulation factor of Pb in ovary of Nile fish showed the highest value 14.21 in winter and the lowest was 0.86 in autumn, while the AF of Pb in ovary of El-Serw drain fish recorded the highest value 7.03 in autumn and the lowest value was 0.92 in spring. Accumulation factor of Cd in ovary of Nile fish showed the highest value 7.07 in autumn and the lowest was 2.57 during winter, while the AF of Cd in ovary of El-Serw drain fish recorded the highest value 16.50 in winter and the lowest value was 2.18 in spring. Accumulation factor of Co in ovary of Nile fish showed the highest value 0.56 in summer and the lowest value was 0.36 in autumn. But in ovary of El-Serw drain fish the highest value was 6.31 in summer and the lowest value was 2.02 during spring.

Fig.2. showed that Pb and Co have the highest accumulation percentage in water was 30 % followed by Cd which recorded 21% then Cu which was recorded the lowest accumulation percentage 19 %. While in the sediments Cu has the highest accumulation percentage was 52 % followed by Co with precipitation percentage 25 % then pb and Cd represented 12% and 11%, respectively as shown in Fig.3. On the other hand heavy metals percentages in the muscles of C.gariepinus can be seen in Fig.4. It was observed that Cu has the highest accumulation percentage was 43% followed by Pb and Co which were 31 % and 19%, respectively, then Cd which was recorded the lowest accumulation percentage 7 %. The heavy metals percentages in the testis of C.gariepinus can be seen in Fig.5. It was observed that Cu has the highest accumulation percentage was 50% followed by Co and Pb which were 24 % and 18 %, respectively, then Cd which was recorded the lowest accumulation percentage 8 %. The heavy metals percentages in the ovary of C.gariepinus can be seen in Fig.6. It was observed that Cu has the highest accumulation percentage was 56% followed by Pb which was 16 %, then Co and Cd which were recorded the lowest accumulation percentage 14 %. The heavy metals concentration were recorded to be at minimum value in water which was 4% followed in sediments which was 8%, while the precipitation of heavy metals was noticed at the highest values in Catfish ovaries, testis and muscles which were 33%, 30% and 25% respectively Fig.7 and table 4.

Estimation of somatic indices of fish

The mean Condition factor male and female C. gariepinus are shown in Table 5. It is obvious that the highest CF value of male River Nile fish was 1.01 in autumn while the lowest CF value was 0.71 in spring. In the other hand, the maximum value of CF of El-Serw Drain male fish was 0.97 during autumn and the minimum value was 0.65 in winter. However, the maximum CF in a female River Nile fish was 0.92 during autumn and its minimum value was 0.68 in spring. While the highest value of CF in a female El-Serw drain fish was 0.80 in autumn and the lowest value was 0.69 in spring. The CF in male fish showed very highly significant difference between control and polluted fish in winter, spring, and autumn (p ≤ 0.05), while the insignificant difference was found in summer (p > 0.05). The CF in female fish indicated the very highly significant difference between control and polluted fish in autumn (p ≤ 0.05), while the insignificant difference was reported in winter, spring and summer (p > 0.05). The CF in male and female River Nile fish showed the very highly significant difference in summer and autumn (p ≤ 0.05), but the insignificant difference was observed in winter and spring (p > 0.05). While the CF in male and female El-Serw Drain fish showed the very highly significant difference in the four seasons (p > 0.05).


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Fig. 2: Accumulation factor % of different heavy metals in the water samples

Fig. 3: Accumulation factor % of different heavy metals in the sediment samples.

Fig. 4: Accumulation factor % of different heavy metals in testis of C.gariepinus

Fig. 5: Accumulation factor % of different heavy . metals in testis of C. gariepinus.

Fig. 6: Accumulation factor % of different heavy metals in ovary of C.gariepinus

Fig. 7: Accumulation factor % of different heavy metals in water, sediments and fish organs(muscles, testis and ovary).


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Table 5: Seasonal variation of the somatic indices (condition factor and gonadosomatic index) (mean ± SE) of C. gariepinus at studying sites.

Season

Types

River Nile El-Serw Drain

Male Female Male Female

CF GSI CF GSI CF GSI CF GSI

Winter 0.72

±0.04 0.31

±0.06 0.70

±0.03 2.08

±0.34 0.65

±0.03 0.48

±0.06 0.71

±0.03 2.44

±0.49

Spring 0.71

±0.04 0.60

±0.08 0.68

±0.03 2.94

±0.42 0.67

±0.03 0.62

±0.06 0.69

±0.03 2.92

±0.48

Summer 0.86

±0.25 0.69

±0.12 0.72

±0.09 3.02

±0.64 0.86

±0.20 0.56

±0.07 0.71

±0.13 2.78

±0.35

Autumn 1.01

±0.18 0.69

±0.13 0.92

±0.12 2.53

±0.11 0.97

±0.14 0.49

±0.02 0.80

±0.10 2.28

±0.11

Mean ± SE

0.82 ±0.09

0.57 ±0.06

0.75 ±0.07

2.64 ±0.26

0.78 ±0.08

0.53 ±0.04

0.72 ±0.05

2.60 ±0.24

The mean gonadosomatic index of male and female C. gariepinus are shown in Table 5. Hi is

clear that the highest GSI value of male River Nile fish was 0.69 in summer and autumn while the lowest GSI value was 0.31 in winter. In the other hand, the maximum value of GSI in male El-Serw Drain fish was 0.62 during spring and the minimum value was 0.48 in winter. However, the maximum GSI in female in control fish was 3.02 during summer and its minimum value was 2.08 in winter. While the highest value of GSI in female of polluted fish was 2.92 in spring and the lowest value was 2.28 in autumn. The GSI in male River Nile and El-Serw drain fish showed the very highly significant difference in winter, summer, and autumn (p ≤ 0.05), while the insignificant difference was found in spring (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the GSI in female control and polluted fish indicated a very high significant difference in the four seasons (p ≤ 0.05). The GSI in male and female fish in River Nile and El-Serw Drain showed a very highly significant difference in the four seasons (p ≤ 0.05). Correlation between condition factor and heavy metals concentrations in water

The Canonical Corresponding Analysis (CCA) program analyzed the input data of heavy metals concentrations in water with condition factor values of male C.gariepinus seasonally, then detects degree of correlation between heavy metal values in water and condition factor of male fish. The arrow length of each element indicates the effective degree of this element on condition factor. It was obvious that cadmium and cobalt indicated high significant correlations with the condition factor in all seasons as shown in Fig.8. Also, the correlation between heavy metal values in water and condition factor of female fish, it was clearly that all elements have a highly significant correlations with the condition factor in all seasons as shown in Fig.9.

Correlation between gonadosomatic index and heavy metals concentrations in gonads

The Canonical Corresponding Analysis (CCA) program analyzed the input data of heavy metals concentrations in testis with gonadosomatic index values of male C.gariepinus seasonally, then detects the degree of correlation between heavy metal values in testis and gonadosomatic index of male fish. The arrow length of each element indicates the effective degree of this element on gonadosomatic index. It was obvious that the concentration of cadmium and lead in testis indicated high significant correlations with the gonadosomatic index in all seasons as shown in Fig.10. Also, the correlation between heavy metal values in ovaries and gonadosomatic index of female fish showed that all elements have a highly significant correlations with the gonadosomatic index in all seasons as shown in Fig.11.


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Fig. 8: Canonical Corresponding Analysis (CCA) ordination diagram of the condition factor of male C. gariepinus according to the gradient of heavy metals in water (arrows) during the four seasons in the two study areas.

Fig. 9: Canonical Corresponding Analysis (CCA) ordination diagram of the condition factor of female C. gariepinus according to the gradient of heavy metals in water (arrows) during the four seasons in the two study areas.

Fig. 10: Canonical Corresponding Analysis (CCA) ordination diagram of the gonadosomatic index of male C. gariepinus according to the gradient of heavy metals in testis (arrows) during the four seasons in the two study areas.


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Fig. 11. Canonical Corresponding Analysis (CCA) ordination diagram of the gonadosomatic index of female C. gariepinus according to the gradient of heavy metals in ovary (arrows) during the four seasons in the two study areas.

Discussion

Water temperature is an important parameter in the water ecosystem as it has a great impact on the physical, chemical and biological components in the water system due to its effects on the organism's existence, evolution, distribution, reproductive performance and endurance to the infected diseases (Tayel et al., 2008; Abdo et al., 2010; Moustafa et al., 2010). The relative elevation in water temperature of El-Serw drain has negative impacts on DO as water temperature plays an important role in the bacterial activity, organic compounds dissolution, the solubility of dissolved oxygen and the photosynthesis in the phytoplankton (Kato, 1994; Ahmed, 2007; Akaahan et al., 2016).

Electrical conductivity is the aqueous solution ability to transfer current of electricity that influenced by total concentrations of ions, their abundance and medium temperature, The electric conductivity of water is directly proportional with the availability of ions (APHA, 1995; Gaber et al., 2013). The elevation of the EC in El-Serw drain water reflected the high levels of anions and cations concentrations which agree with the study of Gaafer et al. (2009) who stated that using drainage water (Kafr Dokmiss) in irrigation of agriculture land recorded significantly the highest EC, anions and cations concentrations followed by irrigation with mixed water while the irrigation with Nile water had the lowest values.

The acidity of water (pH) was influenced by the water temperature, photosynthetic activity in algae, DO, dissolution of organic compounds, discharged wastes and sediments precipitations (Abdel Satar, 1994; Tayel, 2003). The natural water pH has impacts on the biological and chemical reactions such as controls the solubility of metal ions and affects natural aquatic life (Tayel, 2003). The pH values of river water overrun the legal allowance for public health can affect flora and fauna (Ahmed, 2007). Also, the pH of water directly affects fish and other aquatic life (Brooks et al., 2003). The pH values in the samples of both River Nile and El-Serw drain showed slightly alkalinity which lied within the permissible limits according to United States Public Health Standards limits of pH for drinking water are 6.0-8.5 (De, 2002; El-Naggar et al., 2016).

DO is one of the most beneficial agents to the organisms inhabiting the water systems, its benefits were represented in helping these organisms to perform the biological activities, oxidize organic compounds in their habitat and respiration (Tayel et al., 2008). Fishes and other aquatic organisms depend on the DO for their respiration which is influenced by the solubility of various inorganic nutrients (Ahmed, 2007; Adeogun, 2012). According to Das and Acharya (2003) the oxygen content depends on several factors such as pH, the degree of brininess, water temperature, phytoplankton photosynthesis, organic matters decomposition, the consumed oxygen by organisms submerged at the bottom as well as the exchanged gas between water and the atmosphere. The data


136

showed that DO value in El-Serw drain was lower than that in River Nile, the reduction in the content of dissolved oxygen in water may be due to the bacterial decomposition of the organic compounds which consume more oxygen, yielding nitrogen and phosphate which are inorganic nutrients which resulted in severe problems to water habitat such as eutrophication (Tayel et al., 2007; Hegab, 2010). The declined gradient of oxygen from water to body tissues may result from the decreased level of dissolved oxygen (less than 5 mg/L) which consequently harmed the existence of aqua organisms(Adeogun, 2012)

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is the quantity of dissolved oxygen which was consumed in the converting of biodegradable organic compounds such as carbohydrate, proteins, lipid into CO2 and H2O as simple stable inorganic compounds within water, which rely on the amount of organic compounds, the numbers of phytoplankton and the water temperature. Microorganisms utilize either aerobic or anaerobic oxidation pathway according to the allowed conditions. Also, it increases by increasing the chemical oxygen demand. The biodegradation of the organic compounds in the water systems can be determined by measuring BOD (Mahmoud, 2002; Tayel, 2003; Ahmed, 2007). The high value of BOD in El-Serw drain water reflected the real of large amounts of pollutants which discharged within it (Abdo, 2010; Ezzat et al., 2012; Al-Halani et al., 2018).

TDS comprise primarily chlorides, bicarbonates, phosphates, sulfates and conceivably nitrates of magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, in addition to traces of manganese, iron and further ingredients (Akan et al., 2012). TDS value in El-Serw drain was higher than that in River Nile drain which may be due to the continuous discharge of agricultural drainage within it. The present data agree with the findings of Soltan (2006) which showed elevated concentration of TDS at the Kima drain which receive industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes.

The elevated levels of HCO3-, SO4-2, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, N and P in El-Serw drain was reported in the present investigation which agree with the study of El-Naggar et al. (2016) and Hagras et al. (2017), whose findings indicated increased concentrations of total dissolved solids, TSS, sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), Lithium (Li+), chloride (Cl‐), bicarbonate (HCO3-) and sulfates (SO42-) in the analyzed samples; this elevation occurred as a consequence of wastes introduced from industrial activities and domestic wastes.

Worldwide attention was directed toward the water pollution which threatened organisms inhabited these ecosystems due to the elevated amounts of pollutants such as organic contaminants, pesticides and heavy metals resulted from the increased domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes (Sekabira et al., 2010; Lushchak, 2011; Pereira et al., 2013; Jorundsdottir et al., 2014). The discharge of the untreated effluents resulted from industrial and agricultural activities are the fundamental cause of River Nile pollution (Abd El-Hady, 2014). These effluents are highly loaded with extremely toxic components including heavy elements whose danger was represented in its accumulation within body organs and its non-degradability property making it settled in the environment and resulting in severe troubles (Shamrukh and Abdel- Wahab, 2011; Ezzat et al., 2012; Goher et al., 2014).

The current study reported a significant variation between the two different aquatic ecosystems in the concentrations of heavy metals in samples of water, sediments and fish muscles and gonads which agree with the study of Daifullah et al. (2003) and Moustafa et al. (2010) whose findings stated that the concentration of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Hg was higher in the water sampled from Kafr El-Zayat than the admissible values due to the discharge of untreated industrial wastes produced from El-Malyia companies for Soda and Salt.

The concentration of the heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd and Co) was seen in Fig.7 which showed that heavy metals were highly accumulated in the ovary of C. gariepinus with 33 % followed in testis, muscles and sediment by 30, 25 and 8% respectively. The lowest concentration of heavy metals were reported in the water 4 %. The results of the present agree with the results of Elnimr (2011) who found elevation in the values of these elements especially Cd and Pb in African catfish tissues whose values exceeded the allowable limits. Metal pollutants were concentrated in the body of the organisms which absorb thrown pollutants to aquatic ecosystem (Ravera, 2001). According to Lasheen et al. (2012) assessment of the water systems can be occurred by heavy metals estimation in the water, sediment and in biological organisms, these elements showed high concentrations in sediments and biota compared to water (Rashed, 2001).

The introduction of these elements into water system from the wastes produced from different industrial activities such as mining, tanneries, dyeing, textiles, electroplating industries, ceramic and


137

pharmaceutical industries (Azmat and Talat, 2006). Then it was incorporated within the fish body and move through the food chain reaching to high-tropical consumers and finally to human-being, causing serious poisonous effects (El-Shehawi et al., 2007). The study of Tayel et al. (2008) explained that the total dissolved metals in the River Nile water and sediments are the main cause for the accumulated heavy metals in the biological organisms in that habitat.

The present data showed the gradient precipitation of heavy metals in water, sediment and C.gariepinus muscles and gonads was water


138

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Assessment of Water Quality and Heavy Metals in Water ...from El Baddalah and Mit-Mazah districts and terminates in Manzala Lake through Tard-El Serw and Esalam Canal with approximately