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CRICOS No. 00213J
Assessment of Precision Timing and Real-Time Data Networks for
Digital Substation Automation
David M. E. IngramElectrical Engineering &
Computer Science
PhD FinalSeminar
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Principal SupervisorProfessor Duncan Campbell
• Associate Supervisor (QUT)Adjunct Professor Richard Taylor
• Associate Supervisor (Industry)Mr Pascal Schaub, QGC
Supervisory Team
2
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Powerlink Queensland supported this project.
• Research took place at Powerlink’s Secondary Systems Test & Development Centre.
• Other funding provided by the Australian Government and QUT.
Project Support & Funding
3
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Summary
• Background
• Research Objectives
• Review of Past Work
• Experimental Methodology
• Research Findings
• Conclusions
• Publications
Presentation Outline
4
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Utility drivers
– Environmental & safety risk from aging plant
– Cost of conventional connections in large substations
• Technology options
– NCITs available, but not being used.
– Standards in place since early 2000s
– Product only just coming onto the market
• Research focus
– Creation of test methods for a multi-function process bus
– Provide evidence for decision makers.
Summary of the Project
5
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Research domains
• Transmission substation information
– Australian power grid
– Substation definitions
• The need for digital switchyard connections
• Communication standards
• Participants in substation design & construction
• Research objectives
INTRODUCTION
6
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Research Domains
7
Power SystemAutomation
Real-timeData
Networking
PrecisionTiming
DigitalProtection &
Control
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Transmission Substations
8
350 m
460 m
500 kVswitchyard
330 kVswitchyard
Aerial photograph from NearMap Pty Ltd (www.nearmap.com)
Control Room
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Current Transformer Failures
9
Photograph courtesy of Irvin Piraman
Use of NCITs in Queensland
• Fibre Optic Current Transformer
– Large measuring dynamic range
– No oil or SF6
• Rogowski Coil & capacitive voltage sensor
– Integrated into switchgear
– First process bus outside of China
Photograph courtesy of Powerlink Queensland
Sensor Head
Insulator stringwith fibre optic
cable
Sensor Units
10
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• History
– EPRI Utility Communications Architecture1986-1999
– IEC and UCA combined efforts in 1997
– Result was IEC 61850, released in 2002-2004
• IEC 61850 “Communication networks and systems for power utility automation”
– Not just substations
– Wind, hydro, distributed & conventional generation
• IEEE Std 1588 “Precision Time Protocol” (PTP)
• IEEE Std C37.238 “PTP Power System Profile”
Substation Automation Standards
11
Process Bus Networks
12
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
The Merging Unit
13
Vizimax AMU
Schniewindt SAMU
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
1 Fibre ≈ 10× 8-core (CT) & 20× 4-core (VT) cables
Secondary Connections
14
Ø 4 mm18 g/m
Ø 23 mm, 1000 g/m
Ø 19 mm600 g/m
8 core 6 mm² • 3× 8 core CT cables• 2× 4 core VT cables• 3× 2 core CB cables• $50/m, 6 kg/m
• 1× 2 core FO cable• $1/m, 18 g/m• Ethernet Switch $4000
4 core 6 mm²
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Who Builds an Automation System?
15
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Create test procedures to be used by system integrators, end users & researchers:
– Time synchronising systems
– Real-time Ethernet data networks
– Fully-digital process bus protection systems
• Examine in detail the behaviour & operation of process bus networks
– Behaviour of sub-systems
– Interaction of components
– Provide quantitative evidence of performance
Research Objectives
16
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
1. Do the protocols used to implement a shared process-level network interact with each other, and can the performance requirements specified by grid codes and international standards be met?
2. How do the devices used in a network-based timing system contribute to error, and how do these devices affect protection performance?
3. Can the components of an advanced digital substation automation system be tested in isolation to predict performance in the completed system?
Research Questions
17
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Protection performance standards
• Process bus substations
• Sampled value protection
• Real-time power system simulation
• Precision timing for industrial applications
• Real-time Ethernet networks
REVIEW OF PAST WORK
18
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• National Electricity Rules
• IEC 61850-5 “P2” transmission substations
Performance Standards
19
Voltage Fault Clearance Time
CB Operating Time
≥ 400 kV 80 ms 40 ms
250 – 400 kV 100 ms 40-60 ms
100 – 250 kV 120 ms 60 ms
Class Application
T4 Time Sync Sampled value time sync accuracy ±4 µs
Type 1A Message “Fast Trip” network latency: 600 µs
Type 4 Message “Raw data” network latency: 600 µs
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Event Based Simulation
– Tools include OPNET and OMNeT++.
– Require detailed Ethernet switch models.
– Results are not valid if protocol assumptions are wrong.
– Kanabar et al. (2009), Thomas & Ali (2010)
• COMTRADE replay of EMTP simulations
– Kanabar et al. (2011)
• Protection secondary injection test sets
– Crossley et al. (2011)
– Sun et al. (2012)
Sampled Value Protection
20
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) for “hardware in the loop” testing.
• Established as a mean of testing protection (McLaren et al., 1992).
• “GTNET” IEC 61850 specific interface (Desjardine et al., 2007)
– Publish sampled values
– Publish and subscribe to GOOSE messages
• No power amplifiers required for process bus protection testing.
Real Time Power System Simulation
21
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Message passing time transfer.
• Ethernet based
• Significantly improved & revised in 2008
– IEEE Standard 1588-2008, PTPv2
– Introduced the “transparent clock”
– Introduced “profiles” that restrict settings
• Used in factory automation and telecoms
• Error models developed:
– Giorgi & Narduzzi (2007) and Scheiterer et al. (2009).
– Loschmidt et al. (2012) recently updated models.
Precision Time Protocol (PTP)
22
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Recommended by IEC and NIST smart grid roadmaps.
• NIST (US) have a PTP test bed for synchrophasors (Amelot et al., 2010).
• Most interest is synchronising of Phasor Monitoring Units (PMUs)– Ferrari et al. (2008), Lixia et al. (2009)
• Sync for sampled values discussed, but no experimental work– Brunner & Antonova (2011), Skendzic &
Steinhauser (2012).
Use of PTP for Substation Applications
23
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Collisions eliminated with recent changes.
– Ethernet switches instead of hubs + full duplex
• IEEE Std 802.1Q introduced Virtual LANs and prioritisation to Ethernet.
– Affects the way that switches handle frames
• Real-time performance improved with multiple classes of traffic (Jasperneite et al. 2007).
• Classes of traffic (Decotignie, 2005):– Real-time periodic (e.g. sampled values & PTP)
– Real-time sporadic (e.g. GOOSE)
– Best effort (e.g. MMS & SNMP)
Ethernet Prioritisation & Performance
24
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Software and hardware options for tools– Software is lower cost
– Hardware has higher performance
• Tools
– Capture: software capture may drop frames
• (Schafer & Felser, 2007).
– Traffic Generation: need to validate software based systems (Botta et al., 2010).
• tcpreplay (software),
• Calibre, Endace DAG, Napatech NT4 (hardware)
– Network Impairment Emulation
• Anue GEM, Simena, Ixia N2X (Layer 2, hardware)
Network Testing
25
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Experimental, using “live equipment”.
– Most products are commercially available.
– First published experimental evaluation of sampled values and PTP.
– Capable of loading process and station bus networks to 100%.
• Real-time simulation.
– “Hardware in the loop”
– Only the power system is simulated
– Very flexible testing approach• No risk to power system security
PROCESS BUS TEST BED
26
Test BedPhotos (1)
27
PTPSlaveclock
GTNET-SVmerging units
GTNET-GSEGOOSE publisher/subscriber
PTP slave andTransparent clocks
RTDS power systemsimulator
28
Test BedPhotos (2)
PTP master &transparent clock
Process Busswitches
PTP masterclocks
Protectionrelays
Station Busswitch
Ethernet tap
Digitaloscilloscope
Networkemulator
Server withEthernet
capture card
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Performance of the Precision Time Protocol
• Characterisation of real-time network traffic
• “Closed loop” protection performance
RESEARCH METHOD
29
Assessing Synchronising Performance
30
Sync performance of PTP devices
Effect of sampled value traffic on PTP performance
(3 devices)
(4 devices)
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
PTP Grandmaster & Slave Clock Selection
31
XO XO TCXO
Slave ClocksOCXO
XO
OC
XO
TC
XO
Gra
nd
maste
r C
locks
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Protocol Interaction – SV & PTP
32
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0.0
00.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
5
Effect of Sampled Value Traffic on PTP Performance
Offset (ns)
Den
sit
y
SV Traffic
none1x MU3x MU6x MU12x MU 21x MU
40 60 80 100 120 140
0.0
00.0
20.0
4
Effect of Prioritisation – 12x SV MU
Offset (ns)
Den
sit
y
PTP Priority
247
40 60 80 100 120 1400.0
00.0
20.0
40.0
6
Effect of Prioritisation – 21x SV MU
Offset (ns)
Den
sit
y
PTP Priority
247
PTP Priority = 4, Sampled Value Priority =4
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Assessing Transparent Clock Corrections
33
Background trafficto stress switch
Makes reference clock onDAG7.5G4 extremely accurate
(syntonisation)
Normal PTP messagessent by grandmaster
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Transparent Clock Corrections
34
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Effect of GPS Outages on PTP
Without Redundancy With Redundancy
35
0 20 40 60 80
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
PTPA Correction
Off
set
(µs)
PTPA GPS Drift
0 20 40 60 80
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
Time (s)
Off
set
(µs)
PTPB SlavePTPF Slave
0 20 40 60 80
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
PTPC Correction
Off
set
(µs)
PTPC GPS Drift
0 20 40 60 80
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Time (s)
Off
set
(µs)
PTPB SlavePTPF Slave
-1000
-500
0500
GPS Antenna Failure on Grandmaster PTPA
Off
set
(ns)
17:46:00 17:48:00 17:50:00 17:52:00 17:54:00 17:56:00
Dis
connect
Reconnect
Slave c.f. PTPC
PTPBPTPF
PTPA c.f. PTPC
PTPA
Time
G'm
aste
r
17:46:00 17:48:00 17:50:00 17:52:00 17:54:00 17:56:00C
A
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• “Coherent transmission” by merging units
• Queuing effects in switches
• Interaction between SV, GOOSE and PTP
Characterisation of Network Traffic
36
Measuring Latency & Publishing Times
37
Measuring latency introduced by an Ethernet switch
Measuring publishing time of a merging unit
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Coherent TransmissionRTDS Substation Merging Unit
38
80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0.0
00
0.0
10
0.0
20
Delay Distribution – Direct Connect
Delay (µs)
Den
sit
y
99.97%
Logarithmicy-axis
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Queuing Effects – Bunched/Spaced
39
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Bunched Data — One Switch
Latency (µs)
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
rob
ab
ilit
y
MU 1MU 2MU 3MU 4MU 5MU 6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Bunched Data — Five Switches
Latency (µs)
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
rob
ab
ilit
y MU 1MU 2MU 3MU 4MU 5MU 6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Spaced Data — One Switch
Latency (µs)
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
rob
ab
ilit
y
MU 1MU 2MU 3MU 4MU 5MU 6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Spaced Data — Five Switches
Latency (µs)
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
rob
ab
ilit
y
MU 1
MU 2MU 3MU 4MU 5MU 6
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Protocol Interaction – SV & GOOSE
40
P0 G
OO
SE
, 0S
V
P4 G
OO
SE
, 0S
V
P7 G
OO
SE
, 0S
V
P0 G
OO
SE
, 12S
V
P4 G
OO
SE
, 12S
V
P7 G
OO
SE
, 12S
V
P0 G
OO
SE
, 20S
V
P4 G
OO
SE
, 20S
V
P7 G
OO
SE
, 20S
V
36
38
40
Outgoing GOOSE Latency with SV Traffic
GO
OS
E L
ate
ncy (
µs)
P0 G
OO
SE
, 0S
V
P4 G
OO
SE
, 0S
V
P7 G
OO
SE
, 0S
V
P0 G
OO
SE
, 12S
V
P4 G
OO
SE
, 12S
V
P7 G
OO
SE
, 12S
V
P0 G
OO
SE
, 20S
V
P4 G
OO
SE
, 20S
V
P7 G
OO
SE
, 20S
V
50
150
250
Incoming GOOSE Latency with SV Traffic
GO
OS
E L
ate
ncy
(µs)
No G
OO
SE
MU
1
No G
OO
SE
MU
20
Pri 0
GO
OS
EM
U 1
Pri 4
GO
OS
EM
U 1
Pri 7
GO
OS
EM
U 1
Pri 0
GO
OS
EM
U 2
0
Pri 4
GO
OS
EM
U 2
0
Pri 7
GO
OS
EM
U 2
0
50
150
Effect of Outbound GOOSE on Sampled Values
SV
La
tency (
µs)
No G
OO
SE
MU
1
No G
OO
SE
MU
20
Pri 0
GO
OS
EM
U 1
Pri 4
GO
OS
EM
U 1
Pri 7
GO
OS
EM
U 1
Pri 0
GO
OS
EM
U 2
0
Pri 4
GO
OS
EM
U 2
0
Pri 7
GO
OS
EM
U 2
0
50
150
250
Effect of Inbound GOOSE on Sampled Values
SV
La
tency (
µs)
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Comparison of SV+GOOSE to CT+relays
• Effect of artificial network traffic
• Effect of controlled sync errors
• Network latency effects
Protection System Performance
41
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Protection Test Schematic
42
RET670TransformerProtection
Load~GTNET-SV
Merging UnitGTNET-SV
Merging Unit
MACH1040Ethernet Switch
HV SV(9-2LE)
HV SV(9-2LE)
HV SV + LV SV(9-2LE)
GTNET-GSESmart CB +Tap Changer
PDIF.ST.Op(GOOSE)
Tap Position(GOOSE)
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Comparison of Relay Connections
43
RT
DS
GO
OS
E
OM
ICR
ON
SV
/GO
OS
E
OM
ICR
ON
CT
/GO
OS
E
RT
DS
Rela
y
OM
ICR
ON
SV
/Rela
y
OM
ICR
ON
CT
/Rela
y
10
12
14
16
18
20
Three-phase HV Faults
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e (
ms)
RTDSOMICRON SVOMICRON CTGOOSERelay
RT
DS
GO
OS
E
OM
ICR
ON
SV
/GO
OS
E
OM
ICR
ON
CT
/GO
OS
E
RT
DS
Rela
y
OM
ICR
ON
SV
/Rela
y
OM
ICR
ON
CT
/Rela
y
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Line-ground LV Faults
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e (
ms)
RTDSOMICRON SVOMICRON CTGOOSERelay
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Effect of Traffic – Sampled Values
44
0 3 6 12 18
10
12
14
16
18
20
Different Multicast Destination
SV Load (Background Merging Units)
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e (
ms)
0 3 6 12 16 17 1810
12
14
16
18
20
Same Multicast Destination
SV Load (Background Merging Units)
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e (
ms)
900 ms
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Change in Restraint Characteristic
45
0 1 2 3 4 5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
No Fixed Delay
Ibias (p.u.)
Idiff
(p.u
.)
No TripTripRestraint Curve
0 1 2 3 4 5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
100 µs Fixed Delay
Ibias (p.u.)
Idiff
(p.u
.)
No TripTripRestraint Curve
0 1 2 3 4 5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
500 µs Fixed Delay
Ibias (p.u.)
Idiff
(p.u
.)
No TripTripRestraint Curve
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
Effect of Network Latency on Protection
46
0 2 5 8 10
10
15
20
25
Fixed Latency on SV
Latency (ms)
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e (
ms)
0 5 10 15 201
01
52
02
53
03
54
0
Fixed Latency on GOOSE
Latency (ms)
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e (
ms)
+1.4 ms
+4.4 ms
+7.4 ms
+9.4 ms
+5.0 ms
+10.3 ms
+15.0 ms
+19.4 ms
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Performance of the Precision Time Protocol
– Clock quality impacts performance
– Slave clock servo response introduces sync errors
• Characterisation of real-time network traffic
– PTP tolerant of traffic produced by merging units
– Protocols do not interact
• “Closed loop” protection performance
– Test system shown to be accurate
– Effect of network traffic on protection response
– Restraint characteristic tolerant of large sync errors
RESEARCH FINDINGS
47
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Risks posed by CTs & cost of substation cabling are challenges for utilities.
– NCITs and network process buses solve both
• Real-time networks and networked timing established in other industries.
– Power industry can learn from this.
– Other industries will learn from power industry too.
• Experimental approach used to assess performance.
– Avoids simulation and modelling uncertainty
CONCLUSIONS
48
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• PTP slave servo response undefined
• PTP grandmaster self-reporting is accurate and effective. Faster than previously reported.
• Quality of GM & slave directly affects sync performance
• Use of transparent clocks means SV/PTP interaction a non-issue
– Prioritisation not required
Key Findings – Precision Timing
49
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• ‘Coherent’ SV transmission can occur
• Most latency created at first switch
– Subsequent switches only have transmission delay
– Enables use of field switches to reduce cabling required.
• SV/GOOSE interaction
– Non-issue for outbound GOOSE
– Inbound GOOSE delays capped ~ 250 µs
• Multicast traffic management required
– Filter at switch or in protection relay
Key Findings – Real-time Networks
50
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Multiple test methods that use common hardware (precision Ethernet capture card)
– PTP transparent clock Correction accuracy test
– Direct measurement of MU publishing time
– Measurement of SV & GOOSE latency
• Process bus test bed design that incorporates SV, GOOSE and PTP
• Vendor independent test procedures
– Demonstrated that component tests predict performance at the system level
Major Contributions
51
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Long term performance
– Aging of precision time clocks
– Environmental effects on time clocks
• Assess wider range of protection devices
– Distance protection, feeder diff, over-current
– Increase number of manufacturers in test bed
• Use of sampled values for metering
– Needed for customer & generator connections
Future Work
52
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Multifunction process buses are surprisingly resilient. Precision Time Protocol is robust & compensates for network traffic.
• A model SAS was built to develop test procedures & to assess performance
• Success in this test bed does not guarantee all process buses will meet expectations
– Testing/validation is required
• Process bus meets utility needs, and performance exceeds that of conventional SAS.
Closing Thoughts
53
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• IEC 61850
– Presented at IEC TC57 WG10 meeting in Noosa and provided material for other meetings.
• IEEE Std C37.238 – Power Profile
– Corresponding member of IEEE PSRC Working Group H7/Sub C7
– Co-authored three conference papers
• IEEE Std 1588
– Study group member for PTPv3
Standards Participation
54
Journal Publications
55
• Published / Early Access– D.M.E. Ingram, D.A. Campbell & P. Schaub (2012): “Use of Precision Time
Protocol to Synchronize Sampled-Value Process Buses”. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation & Measurement, 61(5) pp. 1173-1180.
– D. M. E. Ingram, F. Steinhauser, C. Marinescu, R. R. Taylor, P. Schaub & D. A. Campbell (2012): “Direct Evaluation of IEC 61850-9-2 Process Bus Network Performance”. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(4) pp. 1853–1854.
– D.M.E. Ingram, P. Schaub, D.A. Campbell & R.R. Taylor (2012): “Performance Analysis of IEC 61850 Sampled Value Process Bus Networks”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. Early access.
– D.M.E. Ingram, P. Schaub, R.R. Taylor & D.A. Campbell (2012): “Network Interactions and Performance of a Multi-Function IEC 61850 Process Bus”. IEEE Transactions Industrial Electronics. Early access.
• Accepted, In-press– D.M.E. Ingram, P. Schaub, D.A. Campbell & R.R. Taylor (2012): “Performance
Analysis of PTP Components for IEC 61850 Process Bus Applications”. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation & Measurement.
– D.M.E. Ingram, P. Schaub, D.A. Campbell & R.R. Taylor (2013): “Quantitative Assessment of Fault Tolerant Precision Timing for Electricity Substations”. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation & Measurement.
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• D.M.E. Ingram, P. Schaub & D.A. Campbell, “Use of IEEE 1588-2008 for a sampled value process bus in transmission substations”, 2011 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Hangzhou, China, May 2011
• D. M. E. Ingram, D. A. Campbell, P. Schaub & G. Ledwich (2011), “Test and evaluation system for multi-protocol sampled value protection schemes”, 2011 IEEE Trondheim PowerTech, Trondheim, Norway, June 2011.
• D. M. E. Ingram, P. Schaub & D. A. Campbell (2011). “Multicast traffic filtering for sampled value process bus networks”, 37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Melbourne, Australia, November 2011
• D. M. E. Ingram, P. Schaub, D. A. Campbell & R. R. Taylor, “Evaluation of precision time synchronisation methods for substation applications”, 2012 International IEEE Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication (ISPCS), San Francisco, USA, September 2012
Conference Presentations
56
CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• Powerlink process bus publications– P. Schaub, A. Kenwrick and D. Ingram (2012): “Powerlink leads with Process
Bus”. Transmission & Distribution World, Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 25–32.
– P. Schaub, J. Haywood, D. M. E. Ingram, A. Kenwrick & G. Dusha (2011): “Test and evaluation of Non Conventional Instrument Transformers and sampled value process bus on Powerlink’s transmission network”. CIGRÉ South East Asia Protection and Automation Conference 2011 (SEAPAC), Sydney, Australia, March 2011.
• PSRC Working Group H7/Sub C7 Publications– IEEE PES PSRC Working Group H7/Sub C7 Members and Guests (2012).
“Standard profile for use of IEEE Std 1588-2008 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) in power system applications”. 2012 International IEEE Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication (ISPCS), San Francisco, USA, September 2012.
– IEEE PSRC Working Group H7/Sub C7 Members and Guests (2012). “Standard profile for use of IEEE Std 1588-2008 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) in power system applications”. Western Protective Relaying Conference (WPRC), Spokane, WA, USA, October 2012.
Additional Publications
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CRICOS No. 00213JPhD Final Seminar
• The following people at Powerlink provided me assistance during this research:– Shane Williams, Alwyn Janke & Terry Easlea
– Bruce Capstaff, Katie Hadley & Lyndall Josey
– Geoff Dusha & Anthony Kenwrick
• Equipment was donated or lent by following companies, for use in the test bed:
Acknowledgements
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