Assessment of Physico-Chemical properties and … (Mahananda et al., 2010). Seasonal variations revealed slightly higher values in Post monsoon season in contrast to other two seasons

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 2, No 1, 2011

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Received on July 2011 Published on September 2011 337

Assessment of Physico-Chemical properties and sewage pollution indicator

bacteria in surface water of River Gomti in Uttar Pradesh Srivastava Anukool, Srivastava Shivani

National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) Lucknow

Industrial Toxicology Research Institute (IITR) Lucknow*

[email protected]

doi:10.6088/ijes.00202010034

ABSTRACT

This study was aimed to estimate current status of Physico-chemical chararacterstics and

level of sewage pollution indicator bacteria and their variation at whole stretch of river Gomti.

The sampling covered from upstream to downstream regions of the river representing pre

monsoon (Jan-April), monsoon (May-Aug), and post monsoon (Sept-Dec) in two years i.e.

2008 and 2009. Eight water samples are subjected to Physico-chemical analysis like Water

temperature, Total Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solid, Conductivity, pH,

COD, BOD and DO. The bacteriological study of these samples included bacteriological

parameters like Total Coli (TC), Faecal Coli (FC) and Faecal Streptocoli (FS) has given the

information regarding the suitability of the water for various uses like drinking and other

domestic applications. The results are based on Spatial Variation, Seasonal Variation and

Temporal Variation. Conclusions revealed that large number of drains in Lucknow city and

industrial discharge is mainly responsible for pollution in river Gomti.

Keywords: Physico-chemical parameters, Sewage pollution indicator bacteria, River Gomti

1. Introduction

Fresh water is essential for agriculture, industry and human existence; it is a finite resource of

earth. Without adequate quantity and quality of fresh water sustainable development will not

be possible (N.Kumar, 1997, Mahananda et al., 2005). Fresh water resource are becoming

deteriorate day-by-day at the very faster rate. Now water quality is a global problem

(Mahananda et al., 2005). The healthy aquatic ecosystem is depended on the biological

diversity and Physico-chemical characteristics (Venkatesharaju et al., 2010). Microorganisms

are widely distributed in nature and diversity of microorganisms may be used as an indicator

for organic pollution (Okpokwasili and Akujobi, 1996). Bacteriological quality of drinking

water usually shows concentration of particular species of bacteria and their occurrence

(Sandy and Richard 1995). High levels of fecal-indicator bacteria can be indicated by

presence of pathogenic microorganisms present in water body. Higher the level of indicator

bacteria is directly propositional to faecal contamination and greater the risk of water-borne

diseases (Pipes, 1981). Cryptosporidiosis, typhoid fever, Cholera, dysentery, hepatitis are

some of the common waterborne diseases that spread through contaminated water. Human

faecal material is generally caused greater risk to human health because it contains human

enteric pathogens (Scott et al., 2003). Contaminated water can cause eye, ear, nose, and throat

infections also. Faecal coli and Faecal streptococci are most widely used indicator bacteria

(Kistemann et al., 2002; Pathak and Gopal, 2001; Harwood et al., 2001; Vaidya et al., 2001).

Bacteria concentration in a sample of water means the number of bacteria colonies present in

per 100 milliliters (col/100mL) of water sample. Discharge of organic wastes human excreta,

sewage waste, polythenes, municipal garbage and toxic discharge from the factories

Assessment of Physico-Chemical properties and sewage pollution indicator bacteria in surface water of River

Gomti in Uttar Pradesh

Srivastava Anukool, Srivastava Shivani

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.1, 2011 338

increasing bacterial pollution in the river Gomti. This waste flow into the storm drains,

mixing with common water and subsequently posing a serious threat to the water ecology,

animals and human; spatially in Lucknow and Barabanki district. Faecal polluted water may

cause health hazard for bathers due to the presence of several microbial pathogens, including

bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa (Mohamed et al, 2008). The present investigation

reveals the Physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics and their spatial, seasonal

and yearly variations in the river water during the year 2008 and 2009. The aim of the study

is to revealed out the pollution status of whole stretch of river Gomti in terms of Physico-

chemical and bacteriological characteristics in Uttar Pradesh.

2 Materials and Method

2.1 Study Area

River Gomti flows through a vast stretch with numerous small and big tributaries and forms a

great river before joining the river Ganga at Udyar Ghat near Jaunpur district. The water is

mainly used for drinking purpose. Irrigation is also an important aspect of this river water.

Eight water samples from eight different locations were selected from upstream to

downstream and analyzed to access the bacteriological pollution in river Gomti, during three

seasons and two years. The sampling location description of river Gomti is given below:

River

Course

Location Description

Gomti Neemsar Sampling location is near the Devi Lalita’s temple. Water at

is good in quality and clean in nature. It is used for fishing,

irrigation and bathing. Fish population is very good.

Gomti Bhatpur Water is clear. Main activity observed at this site is fishing.

Gomti Gaughat Sampling point is near the pumping station. From here water is

pumped to Jal Sansthan for water supply in whole city.

Gomti Mohan

Meakin

Sampling point is between the Lal pul and Shahid Smarak.

Water is dirty and black in color. It is not suitable for any

purpose.

Gomti Piperaghat This sampling location is near the Piperaghat bridge. Water at

is black in color, smelled bad, and very dirty in nature. It is not

suitable for any purpose.

Gomti Barabanki This sampling location is near the Gangaganj area. Water is

not good in quality. This is the second most polluted site of

river Gomti.

Gomti Sultanpur This sampling location is less polluted than Barabanki and

Lucknow.

Gomti Jaunpur Sampling site is near the shahi pul. Water is not so polluted.

Sampling Sampling was carried out in two different years i.e. 2008 and 2009 in three different seasons

i.e. pre monsoon (Jan-April), monsoon (May-Aug), and post monsoon (Sept-Dec) to the mid

flow of river Gomti at different locations selected from upstream to downstream i.e. Neemsar,

Bhatpur, Gaughat, Mohan Meakin, Piperaghat, Barabanki, Sultanpur and Jaunpur. Triplicate

Samples of surface water were collected in sterile glass bottles and immediately transported

to the laboratory in an ice bucket at 4oC for analysis.





Physico-chemical analysis: The temperatures of the samples were noted at the sampling

point itself. The samples were put to examination in the laboratory of Indian Institute of

Toxicological Research (IITR) to determine some physico-chemical parameters. Analysis

was carried out for various water quality parameters such as Temperature of Water, Total

solids (TS), Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, Conductivity,

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Dissolved

Oxygen (DO) using standard method. The reagents used for the analysis were AR grade and

double distilled water was used for preparation of solutions.

Bacteriological analysis: The bacteria indicators of sewage pollution i.e. Total Coli (TC),

Faecal Coli (FC), and Faecal Streptocoli (FS) were analyzed together and the ratio of FC/FS

were also calculated. Analysis of these indicator bacteria were enumerated using the Multiple

Test Tube Method (APHA 20th

edition). The analysis was carried out in the laboratory of

Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow.

Statistical analysis: A two tailed (α=2) probability p<0.05 was considered to be statistically

significant. All statistical analyses were preformed on STATISTICA (version 6.0).

2.2 Results and Discussion

The Spatial, Seasonal and Temporal averages of physico-chemical and bacteriological

characteristics are given in Table 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and Correlation Coefficient between various

physico-chemical parameters and bacteriological parameters are showed in Table 7.

Temperature: The fluctuation in river water temperature usually depends on the season,

geographic location, sampling time and temperature of effluent entering the stream

(Ahipathy, 2006). Temperature of river water ranged from a minimum of 19.77 ± 0.98oC

to

32.59 ± 0.61oC at different locations (Table 1) and in different seasons (Table 2). Spatial

variations showed near about same trend of Temperature at all sampling locations (Table 1).

High Seasonal variations were observed at all the sites (Table 2). Temporal variations

indicates increasing trend at all the sites (Table 3). Temperature showed significant positive

correlation with pH and Dissolved Oxygen and significant negative correlation with Total

Solids, Dissolved Solids, Suspended Solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen

Demand, Total Coliform (TC), Faecal Coliform (FC) and Faecal Streptocoli (FS) (Table 7).

Total Solids (TS): During the study average of Total Solids were found to be higher at

Barabanki site and lower at Sultanpur site (Table1). Seasonal variations revealed significantly

higher values in post monsoon season and lower in pre monsoon season (Table 2). Yearly

averages of shows comparatively decreasing trend of Total Solids in the next year (Table.3).

Correlation analysis shows positive correlation of Total Solids with Total Dissolved Solids,

conductivity, COD, BOD, Total coli, Faecal Coli and Faecal Strepto coli and had negative

correlation with Suspended Solids, pH and Dissolved Oxygen (Table 7).

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Spatial variations shows comparatively increasing level of

Dissolved Solids at Barabanki Site in comparison to other sites. In water, total dissolved

solids are composed mainly of carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, phosphates and nitrates of

calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and manganese, organic matter, salt and other

particles (Mahananda et al., 2010). Seasonal variations revealed slightly higher values in Post

monsoon season in contrast to other two seasons it may be due to accumulation of carbonates





and bicarbonates after heavy rainfall. Yearly averages shows comparatively decreasing trend

of Dissolved Solids in next year. Correlation analysis shows significant positive correlation

of pH with all the parameters except Suspended Solids and Dissolved Oxygen.

Total suspended solids (TSS): During the study Spatial Variation analysis shows higher

values of Suspended Solids at Lucknow i.e. Gaughat, Mohan Meakin, Piperaghat (Table 1) it

might be due to presence of high organic matter and lowest values were found to be at

Control site i.e. Neemsar and Bhatpur. The total suspended solids are composed of

carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, phosphates and nitrates of calcium, magnesium, sodium,

potassium, manganese, organic matter, salt and other particles. Seasonal analysis revealed

higher values of Suspended Solids in Post monsoon. It might be due to run off from many

bathing Ghats, drain water discharge and garbage dump sites (Table 2). Its lower values were

found to be in pre monsoon. Yearly averages shows increasing trend of Suspended Solids

(Table 3). Correlation analysis shows its positive correlation with pH and Dissolved Oxygen

(Table 7)

Ph: Present investigation reveals that there was no great difference found in pH values in

Spatial (Table 1), Seasonal (Table 2) and Temporal analysis (Table 3) which indicates the

alkaline nature of river water, may be due to high temperature which causes reduction in

solubility of CO2 (Mahananda et al., 2010). Correlation analysis reveals significant positive

correlation with Dissolved Oxygen, Suspended Solids, Water temperature and negative

correlation with Conductivity, COD, BOD, Total Coli, Faecal Coli and Faecal Streptocoli

(Table 7).

Conductivity: Increasing levels of conductivity and cations are the products of

decomposition and mineralization of organic materials (Abida, 2008). In the present study

Barabanki site showed higher value of Conductivity in contrast to other sites due to higher

discharge of industrial effluent to the river (Table 1). Seasonal variations showed higher

value in pre-monsoon and lower value in monsoon due to dilution with rain water. Yearly

averages showed decreasing level of Conductivity was found in the next year at all sites.

Conductivity showed significant positive correlation with all the parameters except Dissolved

Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids and Total Solids (Table 7).

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): The measure of COD determines the quantity of

organic matter found in water. This makes COD useful as an indicator of organic pollution in

surface water (King et al., 2003 and Faith, 2006). Spatial Variations shows comparatively

higher values at Barabanki and Lucknow (Gaughat, Mohan Meakin, and Piperaghat) in

contrast to other sites (Table 1). Seasonal averages of COD values disclose marginal

variations in all the three seasons (Table 2). Slight decreasing trend was observed in yearly

averages (Table 3). Correlation analysis showed positive correlation with BOD, DO,

Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids Total Solids, Total Coli, Faecal Coli while Faecal

Streptocoli and negative correlation with Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids and Total

Solids (Table 7).

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): Biological oxygen demand increases due to

biodegradation of organic materials which exerts oxygen tension in a water body (Abida,

2008). Sources of BOD include leaves; dead plants and animals; effluents from various

industries specially pulp and paper mills, Wastewater treatment plants and food-processing

plants; failing septic systems; and wastewater runoff (USEPA 1997). Spatial analysis reveals

that BOD value was found to be more at Lucknow (that is Gaughat, Mohan Meakin (MM)





and Piperaghat) and Barabanki because of direct merging of sewage waste, drain water

discharge and industrial effluent at sampling sites while BOD was found within range at

Control site that is Neemsar and Bhatpur (Table 1). Seasonal and Temporal analysis shows

marginal variations in all the three seasons (Table 2) and both of years (Table 3). Correlation

analysis of BOD exhibit significant positive correlation with pH. Suspended Solids and water

temperature and had negative correlation with, COD, Conductivity, Total solids, Total

Dissolved Solids (Table 7).

Dissolved Oxygen (DO): The average value of DO levels (6.5mg/l) indicates the average

quality of river water (APHA 2005). During the study DO values were found maximum at

Control Site (Neemsar + Bhatpur) which might be due to good productivity of aquatic plants

and algae at the river bank and minimum at Barabanki site due to higher level of organic

pollution (Table1). Seasonal Variations showed near about similar trend. No variation was

found in yearly averages at all sites (Table3.). DO showed significant positive correlation

with pH, Suspended Solids, Water Temperature and negative correlation with Conductivity,

COD, BOD, Total Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Coli (TC), Faecal Coli (FC) and

Faecal Streptocoli (FS) (Table 7).

Bacteriological Parameters: The Bacteriological characteristics of river Gomti is

summarized in Table 4, 5, 6 and Fig.1, 2, 3. Table 4 showed that the mean level of Total Coli

(TC) at Lucknow side (Gaughat + Mohan Meakin + Piperaghat) were found to be very high

than the other sides. Continuously increase in population of Lucknow is mainly responsible

for increased level of pollution. More than 95% of drain water often added during flushing to

carry down a drain, pathogen, and organic matters like faeces, food, vomit, waste paper, dead

plant, and humus. Most of them are discharging their waste in to river directly. Rather than,

poor people living near the river, discard their shit at river bank throughout the Lucknow. On

comparing, the mean level of Total Coli (TC), Faecal Coli (FC), Faecal Streptocoli (FS) at

Control side (Neemsar + Bhatpur) were found to be significantly (p<0.05 or p<0.01) different

and lower than the respective level at Barabanki, Sultanpur and Jaunpur (Table 4). The

association of bacteriological parameters in three different seasons i.e. pre monsoon,

monsoon and post monsoon of both of the years i.e. 2008 and 2009 were summarized in

Table 5 and Fig 2. Table 5 showed that except Total Coli (TC), Faecal Coli (FC), Faecal

Streptocoli (FS) and FC/FS were found to be higher in Monsoon season than the respective

level found in Pre monsoon and Post monsoon. Higher bacterial population during monsoon

due to increased land run off and higher faecal inputs in to river from various sources. An

increase in the Faecal Coliform level after rainfall was also reported by Shehane et al., 2005.

Table 6 and Fig 3, showed the association of all bacteriological parameters in both of the

years i.e. 2008 and 2009. A little bit variation in all bacteriological parameters were found in

both of the years. To see the results, it is clear that at all the sampling locations, in all the

seasons and in both of the years, Total Coli, Faecal coli and Faecal Streptocoli of river water

were beyond the permissible limit and was not suitable for drinking purpose without

pretreatment.





Table 1: Summary (Mean ± SE, n=10) of Physico-chemical parameters at different

locations- Spatial Variations

Table 2: Summary (Mean ± SE, n=10) of Physico-chemical parameters in different seasons-

Seasonal Variations

Parameters Pre monsoon Monsoon Post monsoon

Temp. Water 19.77 ± 0.98ab

32.59 ± 0.61 22.99 ± 0.96a

Total Solids 336.90 ± 8.77 348.80 ± 34.68 402.60 ± 27.87

Dissolved.

Solids

312.20 ± 8.20 314.00 ± 38.38 344.38 ± 26.08

Suspended

Solids

24.70 ± 2.95b 36.50 ± 8.03 58.28 ± 6.37

a

Ph 8.10 ± 0.09b 8.12 ± 0.09 8.34 ± 0.10

a

Conductivity 526.75 ± 14.20a 374.22 ± 75.41 483.93 ± 13.54

COD 15.47 ± 0.85 17.08 ± 1.14 15.41 ± 1.56

BOD 6.30 ± 0.84 7.06 ± 1.20 5.11 ± 0.59a

DO 5.87 ± 0.65 5.33 ± 0.57 6.02 ± 0.47

Table 3: Summary (Mean ± SE, n=10) of Physico-chemical parameters in two different

years- Temporal Variations

Parameters Control

(Neemsar +

Bhatpur)

Lucknow

(Gaughat+M.

M+Piperaghat

)

Barabanki Sultanpur Jaunpur

Temp.

Water

24.83 ± 2.62 25.08 ± 2.82 24.50 ±

3.11

25.83 ±

2.37

25.33 ±

2.48

Total Solids 353.50 ± 22.07 354.00 ± 29.66 421.33 ±

54.36

335.33 ±

27.46

349.67 ±

31.75

Dissolved.

Solids

320.92 ± 19.59 307.06 ± 29.03 384.00 ±

55.46

301.67 ±

22.96

304.00 ±

33.03

Suspended.

Solids

32.58 ± 8.18 47.06 ± 10.68 37.33 ±

11.06

42.83 ±

8.36

39.33 ±

11.74

Ph

8.33 ± 0.13 8.10 ± 0.13 7.96 ± 0.15a 8.21 ± 0.10 8.33 ±

0.07

Conductivit

y

439.17 ± 46.13 444.67 ± 64.88 506.17 ±

86.65

444.17 ±

58.67

474.00 ±

66.38

COD 13.10 ± 0.46 18.86 ± 0.76a 19.88 ±

2.06a

13.48 ±

0.49bc

14.62 ±

0.87bc

BOD 3.98 ± 0.23 9.32 ± 0.49a 9.00 ±

1.31a

4.03 ±

0.21bc

4.45 ±

0.23bc

DO 7.13 ± 0.24 4.23 ± 0.24a 3.48 ±

0.57a

6.93 ±

0.23bc

6.92 ±

0.27bc





Parameters 2008 2009

Temp. Water 23.98 ± 1.98 26.26 ± 1.05*

Total Solids 407.36 ± 22.41 318.18 ± 14.55**

Dissolved Solids 374.36 ± 20.54 272.70 ± 13.86**

Suspended Solids 34.87 ± 5.69 44.79 ± 6.37ns

Ph 8.34 ± 0.07 8.03 ± 0.07**

Conductivity 534.82 ± 19.09 388.44 ± 45.41*

COD 17.29 ± 1.10 14.68 ± 0.73**

BOD 6.16 ± 0.74 6.15 ± 0.79ns

DO 5.86 ± 0.50 5.61 ± 0.42ns

Table 4: Summary (Mean ± SE, n=15) of bacteriological parameters in different locations-

spatial Variations

Parameters Control

(Neemsar

+Bhatpur)

Lucknow

(Gaughat

+Mohan

Meakin +

Piperaghat)

Barabanki Sultanpur Jaunpur

Total Coli

(MPN/100ml)

416.67 ±

24.72

1916838.89 ±

361049.04a

25833.33

±

1492.57b

1550.00

±

67.08b

1350.00

±

22.36b

Faecal Coli (FC)

(MPN/100ml)

416.67 ±

24.72

2216838.89 ±

185342.23a

688000.00

±

662401.64b

1550.00

±

67.08b

1350.00

±

22.36b

Faecal Strepto Coli

(FS)

(MPN/100ml)

300.00 ±

13.35

1835115.00 ±

237763.17a

533666.67

±

513268.98b

1233.33

±

61.46b

1066.67

±

91.89b

FC/FS 1.39

±

0.06

1.46

±

0.13

1.29

±

0.11

1.26

±

0.02b

1.31

±

0.11

Note: a p<0.05 or

a p<0.01 in comparison with “Control”,

b p<0.05 or

b p<0.01 in comparison

with “Lucknow” cp<0.05 or

cp<0.01 in comparison with “Barabanki”,

d p<0.05 or

d p<0.01 in

comparison with “Sultanpur”

Table 5: Summary (Mean ± SE, n=10) of bacteriological parameters in different seasons-

Seasonal Variations

Parameters Pre monsoon Monsoon Post monsoon

Total Coli

(MPN/100ml)

259308.33

±

214960.94

436398.33

±

303269.68

471886.67

±

311279.45

Faecal Coli (FC)

(MPN/100ml)

439308.33

±

287937.27

833698.33

±

462249.36

471886.67

±

311279.45

Faecal Strepto Coli

(FS)

(MPN/100ml)

327469.83

±

216626.40

697135.50

±

388227.97

398223.67

±

262625.85

FC/FS 1.37±0.07b 1.45±0.08 1.21±0.04

a





Note: a

p<0.05 or a

p<0.01 in comparison with “Monsoon” b

p<0.05 or b

p<0.01 in comparison with “Post monsoon”

Table 6: Summary (Mean ± SE, n=10) of bacteriological parameters in two different years-

Temporal Variations

Parameters 2008 2009

Total Coli (TC)

(MPN/100ml)

392181.11

±

209726.44

386214.44

±

240822.16ns

Faecal Coli (FC)

(MPN/100ml)

657047.78

±

316736.12

506214.44

±

268444.58ns

Faecal Strepto Coli (FS)

(MPN/100ml)

496785.11

±

242638.97

451767.56

±

242871.51ns

FC/FS 1.44

±

0.07

1.24

±

0.03**

Note: ns- p>0.05, **- p<0.01

Table 7: Correlation coefficients between the Physico-chemical parameters and bacteriological

parameters in the stretch of river Gomti

Note: TS= Total Solids, TDS= Total Dissolved Solids, SS= Suspended Solids, Cond.

=Conductivity, COD= Chemical Oxygen Demand, BOD= Biological Oxygen Demand,

DO=Dissolved Oxygen, TC= Total Coli, FC= Faecal Coli, FS= Faecal Streptocoli

Temp.

Water TS TDS SS pH Cond. COD BOD DO TC FC FS

Temp.

Water 1.00

TS -0.63 1.00

TDS -0.51 0.94 1.00

SS -0.15 -0.13 -0.46 1.00

pH 0.41 -0.73 -0.70 0.13 1.00

Cond. -0.64 0.98 0.93 -0.18 -0.84 1.00

COD -0.34 0.68 0.64 -0.08 -0.77 0.71 1.00

BOD -0.31 0.61 0.55 -0.01 -0.74 0.64 0.98 1.00

DO 0.53 -0.79 -0.71 0.01 0.82 -0.83 -0.93 -0.93 1.00

TC -0.24 0.51 0.59 -0.37 -0.55 0.52 0.85 0.87

-

0.74 1.00

FC -0.24 0.51 0.59 -0.37 -0.55 0.52 0.85 0.87

-

0.74 1.00 1.00

FS -0.24 0.51 0.59 -0.38 -0.55 0.52 0.85 0.86

-

0.74 1.00 1.00

1.0

0





0.0

500000.0

1000000.0

1500000.0

2000000.0

2500000.0

Me

an

va

lue

s

Control Lucknow Barabanki Sultanpur Jaunpur

Locations

Total Coli

Faecal Coli (FC)

Faecal Strepto Coli

Figure 1: Bar graph showing spatial variations of different bacteriological parameters in

water of river Gomti.

0.0

100000.0

200000.0

300000.0

400000.0

500000.0

600000.0

700000.0

800000.0

900000.0

Me

an

va

lue

s

Pre monsoon Monsoon Post monsoon

Seasons

Total Coli

Faecal Coli (FC)

Faecal Strepto Coli

Figure 2: Bar graph showing seasonal variations of different bacteriological parameters in


0.0

100000.0

200000.0

300000.0

400000.0

500000.0

600000.0

700000.0

Me

an

va

lue

s

2008 2009

Years

Total Coli

Faecal Coli (FC)

Faecal Strepto Coli

Figure 3: Bar graph showing temporal variations of different bacteriological parameters in






Figure 4: Bar graph showing correlation between Physico-chemical parameters and

bacteriological parameters.

3. Conclusion

The present study revealed that water quality of river Gomti from upstream to downstream

was found to be more polluted with reference to bacteriological parameters rather than all

physico-chemical parameters. The high values of sewage pollution indicator bacteria detected,

revealed that the microbiological quality of water of river Gomti was very poor, unsafe and

not acceptable for any purpose especially in Lucknow and Barabanki districts. The main

cause of the Coliform pollution is the total absence of the wastewater treatment system for all

cities situated along side of Gomti River. The deterioration in water quality is found due to

the regular outfalls of more than 26 drains only in Lucknow. A number of industries

discharge their industrial effluent in to river especially in Barabanki and at other locations.

Due to presence of such huge amount of pollutants in to surface water, river lost their self

purifying nature, resulting high level of pathogenic bacteria. Despite the above scenario, the

people use the water of river Gomti for various purposes. That’s why proper treatment of

waste water before merging in to river Gomti needed for good water ecology and to avoid

various human diseases

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1222

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Documents

Assessment of Physico-Chemical properties and … (Mahananda et al., 2010). Seasonal variations revealed slightly higher values in Post monsoon season in contrast to other two seasons