Assessment of air quality and its health implications on

J. Sci. Technol. Environ. Inform. 07(01): 500-509 | Ugbebor et al. (2019) EISSN: 2409-7632, Journal home: www.journalbinet.com Crossref: https://doi.org/10.18801/jstei.070119.52

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Assessment of air quality and its health implications on Abuja campus residence, University of port Harcourt, Nigeria Ugbebor, J. N., Yorkor, B. and Amadi, G. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Article Information ABSTRACT

Key Words: Air quality, Business area, Campus, University, Pollutants, Pollution rose and Health Received: 22.11.2018 Revised: 28.02.2019 Published: 14.03.2019

For any information: [email protected]

This study investigated the concentrations air pollutants in the air quality of

the Abuja campus business area of the University of port Harcourt. Air

pollutants and meteorological parameters were monitored on monthly basis

for a period of six months (February to July 2017) using suitable calibrated

air quality instrument. Daily 1-hour averaging of pollutants concentrations

was carried out for a period of 8 hours. SO2 showed minimum mean

concentration of 0.25ppm in April and maximum mean concentration of

0.63ppm in March; NO2 showed minimum mean concentrations of 0.13ppm in

April and maximum mean concentration of 0.75ppm in March; CO showed

minimum mean concentrations of 0.5ppm in April and maximum mean

concentration of 2.25ppm in February; H2S showed minimum mean

concentration of 0.25ppm in March and April and maximum mean

concentration of 0.38ppm in February, May and July; mean concentrations of

CH4 ranged from 21.25ppm (minimum) in May to 32.5ppm (maximum) in

February; mean concentrations of NH3 ranged from 0.13ppm (minimum) in

February to 1.163ppm (maximum) in July; also mean concentrations of SPM

ranged from 62.65 µg/m3 (minimum) in July to 555.5 µg/m3 (maximum) in

March; mean concentrations of PM10 range between 51.75 µg/m3 (minimum)

in April and 428 µg/m3 (maximum) in March; mean concentrations of PM2.5

ranged between 24.13 µg/m3 in April (minimum) and 203.63 µg/m3

(maximum) in March. The study revealed that the air quality in the Business

Area of Abuja Campus of the University of Port Harcourt is polluted and poses

a major risk to human health. Long-time exposure may exacerbate cases of

respiratory and cardiovascular problems among the exposed population.

Citation: Ugbebor, J. N., Yorkor, B. and Amadi, G. (2019). Assessment of air quality and its health implications on Abuja campus residence, University of port Harcourt, Nigeria. Journal of Science, Technology and Environment Informatics, 07(01), 500-509. Crossref: https://doi.org/10.18801/jstei.070119.52.

© 2019, Ugbebor et al. This is an open access article distributed under terms of the Creative Common Attribution

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Assessment of air quality of Nigeria

501

I. Introduction

Air pollution is the discharge of toxic or harmful substances into the atmosphere through human activities or natural means. Human activities, including burning of fossil fuels, industry, transportation release pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons into the air (Leton 2007; Rao and Rao, 2005; Davis and Cornwell, 2008). The presence of these pollutants in the atmosphere in high concentrations above permissible limits poses serious threat to public health and the environment (Leton 2007). Most cities of the world are faced with serious air pollution problems due to industrialization, urbanization and rapid economic development (Rather et al. 2014). The pollution of the air quality of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria has been said to be a major problem confronting the various levels of government in the region (Tawari and Abowei, 2012) especially with the appearance of carbon black (black soot) in the air environment of port Harcourt city. Air pollution in the Port Harcourt city has therefore become a source of concern to all stakeholders in recent times (Renner and Iroegbu, 2017; Yakubu 2017; Akindejoye 2018) due to its deleterious health consequences. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) Nigeria have set air quality standards for different pollutants as presented in Table 01.

Many university campuses in Nigeria have established minimarts for business and mercantile activities. Due to the unstable source of power supply on university campuses in Nigeria, many of the business centers resort to the use of generating sets for the daily running of their businesses. These generating sets utilize fossil fuel (either gasoline or diesel) to function and emit a wide range of mixture of air pollutants into the atmosphere, thus constitute major sources of air pollutants on university campuses. Akinfolarin et al. (2018) in their study on air quality characteristics in industrial areas of Port Harcourt reported high levels of total particulate matter that exceeded set standards. Osimobi and Nwankwo (2018) and Ogbu and Nwankwo (2017) assessed the concentrations of particulate matter in Choba and Abuja Campuses of the University of Port Harcourt respectively. The studies reported high concentrations of particulate matter of size less than 2.5 (PM2.5) on both campuses. A study by Ubong and Osaghe (2018) also reported high levels of air pollution around the business area of the Rivers State University. This study therefore assesses the air quality around the business area of Abuja campus of the University of Port Harcourt and its implications on the residence. II. Materials and Methods

Ambient air monitoring of pollutants and meteorological parameters in the study area was conducted for six Months (from February to July, 2017). The field survey was carried out to assess the concentration levels of Sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen oxide, Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen oxide, methane, Ammonia and suspended particulate (SPM, PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations in the study area. The study area (Figure 01) is the Abuja campus of the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. It is located between latitude 4ᵒ54’01.889” North and longitude 6ᵒ55’18.131” East. There are three main campuses in the University namely: Abuja campus, Delta campus and Choba campus. Abuja campus was chosen for this study because it has a business area and a car park situated close to students’ residential hostels. The sampling location was chosen closed to the business area. The student residential cut across the southeast and northeast relative to the business area.

Real time in-situ measurement of air pollutants was carried out between February and July 2017. A Madur GA-21 plus multi-gas detector and Aeroqual series 200 instruments were used to measure the concentrations of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane gas, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia by electrochemical methods. A CW – HAT200 particulate sampler Aeroqual PM10/PM2.5 instrument that displays particulate concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) were used to measure SPM, PM10 and PM2.5. The instruments measured particulate matter by light scattering method. Meteorological parameters (temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and wind direction) were measured using a digital Kestrel 4500 weather tracker instrument. The instruments were raised at 1.2m above the ground. Measurement of air pollutants and meteorological parameters was carried out on monthly basis and data were collected at one-hour interval between 7.0am 15.0pm (on 8-hourly) on each monitoring day.



The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2013. The mean values and standard deviations were computed using Microsoft Excel; also, the graphs were plotted using the same package. The pollution roses were plotted using Open Air package in R software (Carslaw 2015).

Figure 01. Aerial view of the Abuja campus of university of port Harcourt (Source: Google Earth).

Table 01. Air Quality Standards

WHO 2006 (2005 update) FMEnv (FEPA 1991) SO2 20 μg/m3 (24hour mean) 0.01ppm (24hour mean) NO2 200 μg/m3 (1hour mean) 0.06ppm (24hour mean) CO 10ppm (8hour mean) O3 100 μg/m3 (8hour mean) 0.06ppm (1hour mean) TSP 250 μg/m3 (24hour mean) PM10 50 μg/m3 (24hour mean) PM2.5 25 μg/m3 (24hour mean) NMOC - 3-160μg/m3 (24hour mean)

III. Results and Discussion

Monthly wind directions measured in study area are shown in Table 02; while statistics of monthly meteorological parameters in the area are shown in Table 03. Monthly variations of relative humidity and ambient temperature are shown in Figure 02; plot of monthly mean wind speed recorded in the area is presented in Figure 03. The monthly mean concentrations of air pollutants are presented in Table 04; while plots of monthly mean concentrations are presented in Figure 04. Figure 05 shows monthly mean concentrations of methane hydrocarbon, while Figure 06 shows monthly concentration of particulate matter measured in the business area. The variations of air pollutants with percentage wind speed and directions in the business area are shown in the pollution roses of Figure 07.

Prevailing wind direction shown in (Table 02) was southwest in the month of February, southeast in the months of March, June and July, northwest in the month of April and northeast in the month of May. Minimum mean value of 48.9% of relative humidity was obtained in February; while the maximum mean value of 100% was obtained in the Months of May and June respectively as shown in Table 03 and Figure 02. The month of February falls within the dry season period and therefore has low mean relative humidity levels; March, April, and May are transition months to the rainy season (Yorkor et al. 2017); while June and July are the months of rainy season and record, high mean relative humidity levels as shown in Table 03. Computed monthly mean ambient temperature (Table 03 and Figure 02) showed



503

minimum value of 23.90C in the month of June and maximum value of 36.70C in the month of February. A minimum mean wind speed of 0.2m/s was obtained in the month of July; while the maximum value of 3.4m/s was obtained in the month of February (Table 03 and Figure 03). Table 02. Monthly wind direction of study area

Time February March April May June July 7am – 8am NW NE SW SE NW SE 8am – 9am SW SE SE NE SW SE 9am – 10am NE SE NW NE SE NE 10am – 11am SW NE NW NE SE SE 11am -12noon SW NE NW SE NW SE 12noon – 13pm NE SE NW NE SE NE 13pm – 14pm SW SE NE SW SE SE 14pm -15pm NW SW NE SE NE NW Prevailing wind direction SW SE NW NE SE SE

Table 03. Statistics of meteorological parameters

Months

Wind speed (m/s) Temp. (0C) Rel. humid. (%) February Min 0.7 26.2 48.90

Max 3.4 36.7 84.60

Mean 1.91 33.26 64.28

Stdv. 0.93 3.68 13.04 March Min 0.4 27 82.1

Max 1.9 29.6 92.6

Mean 0.94 28.21 87.39

Stdv. 0.53 0.9 4.59 April Min 0.8 24.5 56.7

Max 1.9 35.5 89.1

Mean 1.4 30.4 73.34

Stdv. 0.34 4.37 13.04 May Min 0.3 28.9 60.7

Max 3.2 34.6 100

Mean 1.7 31.34 81.13

Stdv. 1.01 2.4 15.28 June Min 0.3 23.9 70.4

Max 3.1 31.9 100

Mean 1.5 27.24 91.23

Stdv. 1.08 2.55 11.46 July Min 0.2 26.8 74.8

Max 1.7 31.6 96.9

Mean 0.81 29.59 84.2 Stdv. 0.5 1.7 7.37



Figure 02. Monthly mean relative humidity and temperature in the study area.

Figure 03. Monthly mean wind speed in the study area. Table 04. Monthly mean concentrations of pollutants in the study area

Parameter February March April May June July References SO2 (ppm) 0.38 0.63 0.25 0.38 0.40 0.38 NO2 (ppm) 0.00 0.75 0.13 0.25 0.50 0.38 CO (ppm) 2.25 1.38 0.50 0.75 0.88 1.13 H2S (ppm) 0.38 0.25 0.25 0.38 0.30 0.38 CH4 (ppm) 32.50 27.50 28.75 21.25 30.00 26.25 NH3 (ppm) 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 1.63 SPM (µg/m3)

258.75 555.50 79.75 115.13 238.63 62.65 25.25-154.3µg/m3 (Osimobi and Nwankwo, 2018); 100.5-112.0µg/m3 (Ogbu and Nwankwo, 2017)

PM10

(µg/m3) 250.38 428.00 51.75 117.88 290.00 65.50 27.63-142.75µg/m3 (Osimobi

and Nwankwo, 2018); 101.5-115.8µg/m3 (Ogbu and Nwankwo, 2017)

PM2.5

(µg/m3) 119.50 203.63 24.13 55.88 137.38 31.50 17.0-62.88µg/m3 (Osimobi

and Nwankwo, 2018); 49.8µg/m355.0µg/m3 (Ogbu and Nwankwo, 2017)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

February March April May June July

Val

ue

Month

Temperature (0C) Relative humidity (%)



505

Computed monthly mean concentrations of the pollutants are presented in Table 04 and Figures 02 to Figure 04. Sulphur dioxide mean concentration February, March, April, May, June and July were 0.38ppm, 0.63ppm, 0.25ppm, 0.38ppm, 0.38ppm and 0.4ppm each (Figure 02). The mean values exceeded both the FMEnv and NAAQS permissible limits of 0.1ppm and 0.14ppm respectively. Exposure may lead to symptoms such as respiratory problems (WHO 2006; ATSDR 1999; Khan and Siddiqui, 2014). Nitrogen dioxide mean values in March, April, May, June and July were 0.75ppm, 0.13ppm, 0.25ppm, 0.5ppm and 0.38ppm respectively (Figure 02). The monthly mean values of NO2 far exceeded both the FMEnv and NAAQS stipulated limits of 0.06ppm and 0.1ppm respectively; and therefore constitute health hazards ( such as irritation of the nose, eyes, lungs, coughing, and tiredness etc.) to the expose population. (ATSDR 2002; Khan and Siddiqui, 2014) especially the students population.

Computed mean concentration of Carbon dioxide (Figure 04) in February, March, April, May, June and July were 2.25ppm, 1.38ppm, 0.5ppm, 0.57ppm, 0.88ppm, and 1.13ppm respectively. These values are far lower than both the FMEnv and NAAQS permissible limits of 10ppm and 9ppm respectively and therefore may pose no immediate hazard to the expose population. Hydrogen sulphide mean value in February, May, and July was 0.38ppm each, while the months of March and April showed a mean value of 0.25ppm each. Similarly, the month of June had a mean value of 0.3ppm (Figure 04). Short-term exposure to H2S may cause irritate the throat, nose, eyes, tiredness, headaches, and breathing difficulties in asthmatic patients while long-term exposure may affect the nervous system and respiratory tract (ATSDR 2016). The mean concentrations of ammonia measured in the area (Figure 04) in February, June and July were 0.13ppm, 0.38ppm and 1.63ppm respectively. Ammonia concentrations were not detected in the area in the months of March, April and May. No serious health effects have been associated with human exposure to ambient concentrations of ammonia; however, exposure to high concentrations may result in coughing, and irritation of the eyes, skin, throat and lung damage (ATSDR 2004). Mean concentrations of methane hydrocarbon (Figure 05) obtained in February, march, April, May, June and July were 32.5ppm, 27.5ppm, 28.75ppm, 21.25ppm, 30.0ppm, and 26.25ppm respectively. Any exposure to high concentration may lead to asphyxia and may also cause cute pulmonary injury and pneumonitis (Jo et al. 2013).

The mean concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter (Figure 06) measured in the area in February, March, April, May, June and July were 258.75 µg/m3, 555.5 µg/m3, 79.75 µg/m3, 115.13 µg/m3, 238.63 µg/m3 and 62.65 µg/m3. Ogbu and Nwankwo (2017) obtained mean values of SPM between 100.5 µg/m3

and 112.0 µg/m3 around Motor Park and Ofrima building areas respectively in Abuja Campus. Similarly, Osimobi and Nwankwo (2018) obtained mean values of SPM between 25.25 µg/m3 and 154.3 µg/m3 in Choba campus. Mean concentrations of PM10 (Figure 06) measured in the area in February, March, April, May June and July were 250.38 µg/m3, 428.0 µg/m3, 51.75 µg/m3, 117.88 µg/m3, 290.0 µg/m3 and 65.5 µg/m3 respectively. These results showed significant increase in particulate matters in February, March and June at business area of Abuja campus when compared with Ogbu and Nwankwo (2017) PM10 mean values of 101.5 µg/m3 and 115.8 µg/m3 at Motor Park and Ofrima building respectively in Abuja campus; and Osimobi and Nwankwo (2018) PM10 mean values between 27.63 µg/m3 and 142.75 µg/m3 in Choba campus. Mean concentrations of PM2.5 particulate (Figure 06) measured in the area in February, March, April, May, June, and July were 119.5 µg/m3, 203.63 µg/m3, 24.13 µg/m3, 55.88 µg/m3, 137.38 µg/m3, and 31.5 µg/m3 respectively. The results showed increased mean values compared to 49.8 µg/m3 and 55.0 µg/m3 obtained by Ogbu and Nwankwo (2017) on PM2.5 around Motor Park and Ofrima building in Abuja campus; and Osimobi and Nwankwo (2018) PM2.5 mean values of 17.0 µg/m3 and 62.88 µg/m3 in Choba campus.

The mean values of SPM exceeded FMEnv limit by 3.5% in the month of February and 122.2% in the month of March. The mean values of PM10 exceeded NAAQS limit of 150 µg/m3 by 66.9%, 185.3%, and 93.3% in the months of February, March and June respectively. The mean values of PM2.5 exceeded NAAQS limit of 35 µg/m3 by 241.4%, 481.8%, 59.1%, and 293.5% in the months of February, March, May and June. The months of February and March fall within the dry season period when high concentrations of particulate matter are expected in the atmosphere. WHO (2006) reported that exposure to these concentration levels can increase the risk of acute lower respiratory diseases and mortality (Khan and Siddiqui, 2014).



Figure 04. Monthly mean concentration of air pollutants in the study area.

Figure 05. Monthly mean concentration of methane in the study area.

Figure 06. Monthly mean concentration of particulate matter in the study area.

The pollution roses of the area (Figure 07) show that SO2 and NO2 were dispersed towards northeast and southeast, H2S was dispersed towards northwest, NH3 was dispersed towards southeast and southwest,

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

pp

m)

Month

SO2

NO2

CO

H2S

NH3

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00


Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

pp

m)

Month

CH4

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00


Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µg/

m3

)

Month

SPM PM10 PM2.5



507

CO, CH4, SPM, PM10 and PM2.5 were dispersed towards northeast and northwest. These findings revealed that the students’ residential hostels are the major recipients of the noxious air pollutants emanating from the business area, especially in the months of March, May, June and July.

Figure 07. Pollution roses of the area.

Frequency of counts by wind direction (%)

W

S

N

E

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

mean = 0.39583

calm = 0 %

mean SO2 (ppm)

0 to 1

1 to 2

2 to 3

3 to 4

4 to 5

5 to 6


W

S

N

E1%

2%

3%4%

5%6%

7%8%

9%10%

11%

mean = 0.33333

calm = 0 %

mean NO2 (ppm)

0 to 1

1 to 2

2 to 3

3 to 4

4 to 5

5 to 6


W

S

N

E2%

4%6%

8%10%

12%14%

16%18%

20%22%

mean = 1.1458

calm = 0 %

mean CO (ppm)

0 to 1

1 to 2

2 to 3

3 to 4

4 to 5

5 to 6


W

S

N

E

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

mean = 0.3125

calm = 0 %

mean H2S (ppm)

0 to 1

1 to 2

2 to 3

3 to 4

4 to 5

5 to 6


W

S

N

E

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

mean = 0.35437

calm = 0 %

mean NH3 (ppm)

0 to 1

1 to 2

2 to 3

3 to 4

4 to 5

5 to 6

6 to 8


W

S

N

E

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

mean = 27.708

calm = 0 %

mean CH4 (ppm)

0 to 10

10 to 20

20 to 30

30 to 40

40 to 50


W

S

N

E

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

mean = 218.33

calm = 0 %

mean SPM ( g m3)

0 to 100

100 to 200

200 to 300

300 to 400

400 to 500

500 to 600

600 to 700

700 to 1216


W

S

N

E

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

mean = 184.06

calm = 0 %

mean PM10 ( g m3)

0 to 100

100 to 200

200 to 300

300 to 400

400 to 500

500 to 600

600 to 1154


W

S

N

E

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

mean = 95.333

calm = 0 %

mean PM2.5 ( g m3)

0 to 50

50 to 100

100 to 150

150 to 200

200 to 250

250 to 300

300 to 550



IV. Conclusion The study concludes that the air quality within the Abuja campus of the University of Port Harcourt is

polluted due to high concentration levels of air pollutants emanating from the business area. The

students’ residential hostels are the major recipients of the noxious air pollutants emanating from the

business area that may adversely affect the health of both students and the public. Awareness should be

created among students and the public on the impaired air quality of the area so that precautionary

measures can be taken by sensitive individuals. The researchers advised the University management as

a matter of urgency to regulate the use of generating sets by business operators in the area and there may

be need to reconstruct the business area when there is available fund and install a central low emission

proof generating set to reduce environmental health risk in the study area.

Conflict of interest

Authors have declared that no conflict interests exist.

Source of funding

The study was originated and funded by the authors.

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HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE?

Crossref: https://doi.org/10.18801/jstei.070119.52. MLA Ugbebor, et al. “Assessment of air quality and its health implications on Abuja campus residence, University of port Harcourt, Nigeria.” Journal of Science, Technology and Environment Informatics 07(01) (2019): 500-509. APA Ugbebor, J. N., Yorkor, B. and Amadi, G. (2019). Assessment of air quality and its health implications on Abuja campus residence, University of port Harcourt, Nigeria. Journal of Science, Technology and Environment Informatics, 07(01), 500-509. Chicago Ugbebor, J. N., Yorkor, B. and Amadi, G. “Assessment of air quality and its health implications on Abuja campus residence, University of port Harcourt, Nigeria.” Journal of Science, Technology and Environment Informatics 07(01) (2019): 500-509. Harvard Ugbebor, J. N., Yorkor, B. and Amadi, G. 2019. Assessment of air quality and its health implications on Abuja campus residence, University of port Harcourt, Nigeria. Journal of Science, Technology and Environment Informatics, 07(01), pp. 500-509. Vancouver Ugbebor, JN, Yorkor, B and Amadi, G. Assessment of air quality and its health implications on Abuja campus residence, University of port Harcourt, Nigeria. Journal of Science, Technology and Environment Informatics. 2019 March 07(01): 500-509.

https://doi.org/10.13188/2471-4879.1000024

https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5010002

https://doi.org/10.9734/JSRR/2017/36613


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Assessment of air quality and its health implications on