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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ISSN 2307-8235 (online)IUCN 2019: T12765A123585768Scope: GlobalLanguage: English
Smutsia temminckii, Temminck's Pangolin
Assessment by: Pietersen, D., Jansen, R. & Connelly, E.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Pietersen, D., Jansen, R. & Connelly, E. 2019. Smutsia temminckii. The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species 2019: e.T12765A123585768. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Chordata Mammalia Pholidota Manidae
Taxon Name: Smutsia temminckii (Smuts, 1832)
Synonym(s):
• Manis temminckii Smuts, 1832
Common Name(s):
• English: Temminck's Pangolin, Cape Pangolin, Ground Pangolin, Steppe Pangolin• French: Pangolin de Temminck, Pangolin terrestre du Cap• Spanish: Pangolín del Cabo
Taxonomic Notes:
Included in Manis by most authors (with Smutsia usually considered a subgenus) and referred to
Phataginus by Grubb et al. (1998), but here included in the genus Smutsia, along with the Giant Pangolin
(S. gigantea) following Gaudin et al. (2009). The preferred common name (as accepted by the African
Pangolin Working Group and the IUCN Species Survival Commission Pangolin Specialist Group) is
Temminck’s Pangolin. No subspecies are recognised.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable A4cd ver 3.1
Year Published: 2019
Date Assessed: May 1, 2019
Justification:
Temminck's Pangolin is listed as Vulnerable under criteria A4cd because there is an inferred
past/ongoing and future population reduction of 30–40% over a 45 year period (15 years past, 30 years
future; generation length estimated at 15 years) based primarily on ongoing exploitation for traditional
medicine and bushmeat throughout the species' range and evidence of increased intercontinental trade
to Asia. True rates of decline are imperfectly known but are unlikely to exceed 50%. The assessors have
chosen to take a precautionary approach in listing the species as Vulnerable, especially considering the
burgeoning demand for pangolins in the Asian markets, the resultant severe declines in some Asian
pangolin populations and more recently plausible declines in at least two African pangolin species and
the unquantified levels of both local and international trade (although both are known to be increasing).
The growing human population is also increasingly restricting this species to protected areas through a
combination of direct persecution and habitat transformation, with a simultaneous decrease in the Area
of Occupancy. Further research into the levels of trade and status of this species is urgently required.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2014 – Vulnerable (VU)http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T12765A45222717.en
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Smutsia temminckii – published in 2019.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
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2008 – Least Concern (LC)
1996 – Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
The most widespread African pangolin species, recorded from southeastern Chad, through South Sudan,
much of East Africa and southern Africa as far south as the Northern Cape, North-West and northeast
KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa (Swart 2013, Pietersen et al. 2016), with the western limits of
its range being reached in Namibia and southern Angola. The northern limits of the distribution are not
well defined, although the species has been recorded from extreme northeastern Central African
Republic, southeastern Chad and South Sudan (Swart 2013, APWG unpubl. data). They are also
confirmed from the Omo River basin region of southwest Ethiopia and so probably do occur, marginally,
in the western border regions of Ethiopia (Swart 2013). Their presence in Somalia is doubtful (Swart
2013). Records from West Africa undoubtedly refer to the Giant Pangolin (Smutsia gigantea; see Grubb
et al. 1998). The species may have been extirpated in eSwatini (Pietersen et al. 2016)
Country Occurrence:
Native: Angola; Botswana; Burundi; Central African Republic; Chad; Ethiopia; Kenya; Malawi;Mozambique; Namibia; Rwanda; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan; Tanzania, United Republic of;Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Possibly extinct: Eswatini
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Smutsia temminckii – published in 2019.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
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Distribution MapSmutsia temminckii
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Smutsia temminckii – published in 2019.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
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PopulationIn the eastern Lowveld of South Africa Temminck's Pangolins have an estimated breeding density of 0.12
individuals/km² and an estimated total density of 0.24 individuals/km² (Swart 2013). In the Northern
Cape Province of South Africa, densities have been calculated at 0.16 reproductively active
individuals/km² and overall densities at 0.23 individuals/km² (Pietersen et al. 2014). In the Gokwe
district of Zimbabwe they had an estimated overall density of 0.11 individuals/km² (Heath and Coulson
1997, Pietersen et al. 2014); however populations in Zimbabwe are thought to have decreased since this
time (L. Hywood and E. Connelly, unpubl. data). South Africa is estimated to have 16,329–24,102 mature
individuals (Pietersen et al. 2016) but abundances in other regions of Africa are unknown.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
This is a predominantly solitary, terrestrial species that inhabits mainly savannas and woodlands in low-
lying regions with moderate to dense scrub where average annual rainfall is between 250 mm and 1,400
mm. Also occurs in floodplain grassland, rocky slopes and sandveld up to 1,700 m asl (Coulson 1989,
Pietersen 2013, Swart 2013), but does not inhabit forest or true desert. It occurs widely on well-
managed livestock farms where it is afforded protection from human persecution, but is absent from
croplands and human settlements.
Temminck's Pangolins are largely water independent but will drink from free-standing water when it is
available (Stuart 1980, D. Pietersen, unpubl. data). The most important habitat requirements are
believed to be a sufficient population of the various ant and termite prey species and the availability of
dens or above-ground debris in which to shelter. Ambient temperatures and annual temperature
fluctuations are likely also important governing factors as these directly affect the prey species, while
pangolins also have poor thermoregulatory capabilities and appear to rely on environmental conditions
for thermoregulation (Pietersen 2013).
The female gives birth to a single young (rarely twins) after a gestation period of 105–140 days (van Ee
1966, D.W. Pietersen unpubl. data, R, Jansen, unpubl. data). Based on the gestation period, the observed
time that it takes the female to regain her pre-parturition condition and field observations on the
frequency of births, it is suspected that females may only give birth every second year. Adults come
together briefly to mate and the offspring typically remains with the mother for 3–6 months, though
this appears to vary somewhat with region (Pietersen et al. 2014, W. Panaino unpubl. data). Young start
dispersing when about one year old (Pietersen et al. 2014).
There are very few data on the longevity of any pangolin species in the wild, making estimates of
generation length difficult. Two Indian Pangolins (Manis crassicaudata), which have a similar ecology
and are of a similar size to Temminck’s Pangolin, lived for 12 and 19 years, respectively, in captivity (Hoyt
1987; Weigl, 2005). Considering that captive pangolins usually show a greatly attenuated lifespan (Hoyt
1987, Hua et al. 2015), these lifespans are probably minimum estimates. Based on available growth
rates, the relative late onset of the start of reproduction, the slow reproductive rate (on average one
young per year, perhaps only every second year), and longevity of the sympatric Aardvark (Orycteropus
afer), which has a similar ecology and life history, Temminck’s Pangolins are expected to be relatively
long-lived, probably surviving for 20 years or more in the wild (D.W. Pietersen and L. Hywood, unpubl.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Smutsia temminckii – published in 2019.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
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data).
Systems: Terrestrial
Use and TradeThe species is eaten as bushmeat to various extents across its range (for example in South Africa,
Zimbabwe, Namibia, Mozambique and Tanzania), although its use as bushmeat appears to be limited. Of
greater threat is overexploitation for body parts and scales which have superstitious and spiritual value
and which are extensively used for medicinal purposes (Cunningham and Zondi 1991, Bräutigam et al.
2004, Setlalekgomo 2014, Baiyewu et al. 2018).
In Tanzania, Temminck’s Pangolins are sometimes referred to as Bwana mganga ('the doctor') because
every part is believed to have some medicinal value (Wright 1954). Many East African people believe
that burning pangolin scales keeps lions away (Kingdon 1971). Across their range the scales are widely
believed to bring good luck and to bring rain, while smoke from burning scales is said to improve the
health of cattle and cure persistent nose-bleeds. The amaZulu believe that seeing a pangolin indicates
that there will be a drought, and the only way to prevent the drought is by killing the animal (Kyle 2000).
Scales are also used as talismans and in traditional dress (Kyle 2000, Manwa and Ndamba 2011).
In Zimbabwe it is traditionally a good omen to catch and present a pangolin to a superior such as a local
chief (Coulson 1985) and 25 individuals were reportedly captured and presented to the Zimbabwean
president and other authority figures at the onset of majority rule in Zimbabwe.
Between 2008 and 2018 more than 100 Temminck’s Pangolins were seized in Africa, each comprising
one individual (Challender et al. 2019). In South Africa, trade has increased dramatically with 10
individuals seized in 2016, 16 in 2017 and 43 in 2018 (APWG unpubl. data). In addition to local use,
there is increasing evidence that at least some of the trade is destined for international markets
(Challender and Hywood 2012, Xu et al. 2016).
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
Although present in a number of protected areas across their range and protected by law in all range
states (though not included as a protected species in all range states), it is inferred that Temminck's
Pangolin numbers are declining due to an increasing demand for their body parts, including scales, for
local and international use for medicinal purposes and superstitious value (Coulson 1985, Cunningham
and Zondi 1991, Bräutigam et al. 1994, Whiting et al. 2011, Swart 2013, Xu et al. 2016, Baiyewu et al.
2018). Over-exploitation of Temminck's Pangolin for medicinal use is occurring in South Africa and
elsewhere throughout its range, and is increasingly focused on core conservation areas (Cunningham
and Zondi 1991, Baiyewu et al. 2018).
There has been a sharp increase in the number of individuals that have been seized from illegal trade
since 2010 (APWG unpubl. data, Tikki Hywood Foundation unpubl. data). Although the final market for
these individuals is unknown, the majority were confiscated in rural areas suggesting local use, although
some were confiscated in ports and high-end suburbs suggesting that at least some individuals are likely
destined for international markets or for local consumption, potentially by foreigners. This is further
supported by large shipments of scales being exported from East Africa to Asia (Xu et al. 2016).
A number of seizures of African pangolins or their body parts in Asia (or en route to Asia) provide
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Smutsia temminckii – published in 2019.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
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evidence of an intercontinental trade in African pangolins to Asian markets (Challender and Hywood
2012, Xu et al. 2016, Cheng et al. 2017, Heinrich et al. 2017). The demand for, and price of, pangolin
products in Asia appears to be increasing, and traffickers are turning their attention to the African
species. As syndicates smuggling pangolins (and rhino horn and ivory) from Africa to Asia become ever
more sophisticated and as the Asian pangolin numbers dwindle, so African pangolin species have
become more important as source populations for the Asian markets.
Across its range Temminck’s Pangolin is increasingly threatened by shifting agriculture, small-holder
farming and agro-industry farming. These farming practices are directly impacting pangolins through
habitat loss and alteration, while the increased human presence in these previously undisturbed areas is
resulting in increased levels of poaching. Nomadic grazing is also having a negative impact on
Temminck’s Pangolins across their range as a result of increased levels of poaching. In Zimbabwe, and
likely in other parts of this species’ range, artisanal mining is negatively impacting pangolins and other
wildlife species. Artisanal mining results in the creation of deep mining pits which are invariably
abandoned once the mineral reserves are depleted. These pits are left uncovered and form lethal pitfall
traps into which various animals fall and cannot escape. Artisanal mining also affects pangolins through
increased rates of poaching and habitat destruction, while a lot of these mining activities (especially in
Zimbabwe) occur within the borders of National Parks and other protected areas.
Temminck's Pangolins are regularly electrocuted on the lower strands of electrified fences in South
Africa in particular (Beck 2008, Pietersen et al. 2014), but also throughout their range where electrified
fences are prevalent. The mortality rate for South Africa is estimated at 2–13% of the total population
per annum (Pietersen et al. 2016). Fencing is becoming more prevalent across this species’ range, and
although not all of these fences are electrified, these fences are likely to become more prevalent and
more widespread. Road mortalities are also having a negative impact on the species (Coulson 1989,
Pietersen et al. 2014). In South Africa and Namibia accidental bycatch of Temminck’s Pangolins in gin
traps that have been set for other species is also a threat, while in Zimbabwe substantial habitat
alteration and loss of protected areas due to changes in the land use systems since independence has
further impacted populations (L. Hywood, unpubl. data). Elsewhere in Africa local and international
trade and habitat loss are the main threats, although reports of accidental electrocutions are
increasingly reported from across the species’ range (L. Hywood, E. Connelly and D.W. Pietersen, unpubl.
data).
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
Although locally extirpated in some areas (e.g., parts of South Africa - see Pietersen et al. 2016),
Temminck's Pangolins occur in many national parks and other protected areas (e.g. Kruger National
Park, South Africa). While it is listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and is afforded at least some legislative protection
in all range states, there is a need to improve protective legislation and facilitate capacity development
to enforce this legislation over much of its range. Projects are needed to determine current population
densities and rates of population decline through anthropogenic influences. These should be coupled
with research into the scale of both local and intercontinental trade in this species. Mitigation measures
are also required to reduce the number of pangolins that are electrocuted on electrified fences.
Credits
Assessor(s): Pietersen, D., Jansen, R. & Connelly, E.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Smutsia temminckii – published in 2019.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
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Reviewer(s): Hoffmann, M.
Contributor(s): Hoffmann, M., Hywood, L., Waterman, C., Challender, D., Rankin, P., O'Neill, H.,Wells, K. & Soewu, D.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Smutsia temminckii – published in 2019.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
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BibliographyBaiyewu, A.O., Boakye, M.K., Kotzé, A., Dalton, D.L. and Jansen, R. 2018. Ethnozoological survey oftraditional uses of Temminck’s Ground Pangolin (Smutsia temminckii) in South Africa. Society andAnimals 26(3): 306-325.
Beck, A. 2008. Electric fence induced mortality in South Africa. University of the Witwatersrand.
Bräutigam, A., Howes, J., Humphreys, T. and Hutton, J. 1994. Recent information on the status andutilization of African pangolins. TRAFFIC Bulletin 15: 15–22.
Challender, D.W.S. and Hywood, L. 2012. African pangolins under increased pressure from poaching andintercontinental trade. TRAFFIC Bulletin 24(2): 53-55.
Challender, D.W.S., Shepherd, C.R., Heinrich, S. and Katsis, L. 2019. International trade and trafficking inpangolins, 1900-2018. In: Challender, DWS., Nash, HC., Waterman, C. (ed.), Pangolins: Science, Societyand Conservation, Academic Press.
Challender, D.W.S., Waterman, C. and Baillie, J.E.M. 2014. Scaling up pangolin conservation. IUCN SSCPangolin Specialist Group Conservation Action Plan. Zoological Society of London, London, UK.
Cheng, W., Xing, S. and Bonebrake, T.C. 2017. Recent pangolin seizures in China reveal priority areas forintervention. Conservation Letters 10(6): 757-764.
Coulson, I.M. 1985. Is the pangolin really so rare? Zimbabwe Wildlife 42: 29-30.
Coulson, I.M. 1989. The pangolin (Manis temminckii Smuts, 1832) in Zimbabwe. African Journal ofEcology 27: 149-155.
Cunningham, A.B. and Zondi, A.S. 1991. Use of animal parts for the commercial trade in traditionalmedicines. Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
Gaudin, T.J., Emry, R.J. and Wible, J.R. 2009. The phylogeny of living and extinct pangolins (Mammalia,Pholidota) and associated taxa: A morphology based analysis. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 16:235–305.
Grubb, P., Jones, T.S., Davies, A.G., Edberg, E., Starin, E.D. and Hill, J.E. 1998. Mammals of Ghana, SierraLeone and The Gambia. Trendrine Press, Zennor, St Ives, Cornwall, UK.
Heath, M.E. and Coulson, I.M. 1997. Home range size and distribution in a wild population of Capepangolins, Manis temminckii, in north-west Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 35: 94-109.
Heinrich, S., Wittmann, T.A., Ross, J.V., Shepherd, C.R., Challender, D.W.S. and Cassey, P. 2017. The GlobalTrafficking of Pangolins: A comprehensive summary of seizures and trafficking routes from 2010–2015.TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia Regional Office, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
Hoyt, R. 1987. Pangolins: Past, present and future. Proceedings of the AAZPA National Conference: 107-134.
Hua, L., Gong, S., Wang, F., Li, W., Ge, Y., Li, X. and Hou, F. 2015. Captive breeding of pangolins: Currentstatus, problems and future prospects. ZooKeys 507: 99-114.
IUCN. 2019. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.(Accessed: 10 December 2019).
Kingdon, J.S. 1971. East African Mammals. An Atlas of Evolution in Africa. Academic Press, London, UK.
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Kyle, R. 2000. Some notes on the occurrence and conservation status of Manis temminckii, the pangolin,in Maputaland, Kwazulu/Natal. Koedoe 43: 97-98.
Manwa, L. and Ndamba, G.T. 2011. The language of dress among the subcultural group of theDzimbabwe people in Masvingo, Zimbabwe. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research andPolicy Studies 2(6): 436-442.
Pietersen, D., Jansen, R., Swart, J. and Kotze, A. 2016. A conservation assessment of Smutsia temminckii.In: M.F. Child, L. Roxburgh, E. Do Linh San, D. Raimondo and H.T. Davies-Mostert (eds), The Red List ofMammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho, South African National Biodiversity Institute andEndangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa.
Pietersen, D.W. 2013. Behavioural ecology and conservation biology of ground pangolins Smutsiatemminckii in the Kalahari Desert. Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria.
Pietersen, D.W., McKechnie, A.E. and Jansen, R. 2014a. A review of the anthropogenic threats faced byTemminck’s ground pangolin, Smutsia temminckii, in southern Africa. South African Journal of WildlifeResearch 44: 167-178.
Setlalekgomo, M.R. 2014. Ethnozoological survey of the indigenous knowledge on the use of pangolins(Manis Sps) in traditional medicine in Lentsweletau extended area in Botswana. Journal of AnimalScience Advances 4(6): 883-890.
Stuart, C.T. 1980. The distribution and status of Manis temminckii Pholidota Manidae.Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 28: 123-129.
Swart, J.M. 2013. Smutsia temminckii. In: J. S. Kingdon and M. Hoffmann (eds), The Mammals of Africa.Volume 5: Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids, Rhinoceroses, Bloomsbury Publishing, London.
van Ee, C.A. 1966. A note on breeding the Cape Pangolin Manis temminckii at Bloemfontein Zoo.International Zoo Yearbook 6: 163-164.
Weigl, R. 2005. Longevity of Mammals in Captivity: From the Living Collections of the World. KleineSenckenberg-Reihe, Stuttgart.
Whiting, M.J., Williams, V.L. and Hibbitts, T.J. 2011. Animals traded for traditional medicine at theFaraday market in South Africa: species diversity and conservation implications. Journal of Zoology 284:84-96.
Wright, A.C.A. 1954. The magical importance of pangolins among the Basukuma. Tanganyika Notes andRecords 36: 64.
Xu, L., Guan, J., Lau, W. and Xiao, Y. 2016. An overview of pangolin trade in China. TRAFFIC BRIEFINGPAPER.
CitationPietersen, D., Jansen, R. & Connelly, E. 2019. Smutsia temminckii. The IUCN Red List of ThreatenedSpecies 2019: e.T12765A123585768. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
DisclaimerTo make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
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External ResourcesFor Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
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Appendix
Habitats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat Season SuitabilityMajorImportance?
1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable Yes
2. Savanna -> 2.1. Savanna - Dry Resident Suitable Yes
2. Savanna -> 2.2. Savanna - Moist Resident Suitable Yes
4. Grassland -> 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable Yes
4. Grassland -> 4.6. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical SeasonallyWet/Flooded
Resident Suitable Yes
Threats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.1. Habitatshifting & alteration
Ongoing Majority (50-90%)
Unknown Unknown
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.1. Shiftingagriculture
Ongoing Minority (50%) Slow, significantdeclines
Low impact: 5
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holderfarming
Ongoing Minority (50%) Slow, significantdeclines
Low impact: 5
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industryfarming
Ongoing Minority (50%) Slow, significantdeclines
Low impact: 5
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming& ranching -> 2.3.1. Nomadic grazing
Ongoing Minority (50%) Slow, significantdeclines
Low impact: 5
3. Energy production & mining -> 3.2. Mining &quarrying
Ongoing Minority (50%) Negligible declines Low impact: 4
4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.1. Roads &railroads
Ongoing Minority (50%) Negligible declines Low impact: 4
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trappingterrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species isthe target)
Ongoing Majority (50-90%)
Slow, significantdeclines
Mediumimpact: 6
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Smutsia temminckii – published in 2019.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
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5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trappingterrestrial animals -> 5.1.2. Unintentional effects(species is not the target)
Ongoing Minority (50%) Negligible declines Low impact: 4
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Conservation Actions in Place(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Action Recovery plan: Yes
Systematic monitoring scheme: No
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over part of range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Area based regional management plan: No
In-Place Species Management
Harvest management plan: No
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: Yes
Subject to ex-situ conservation: No
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes
Included in international legislation: Yes
Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions Needed
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
3. Species management -> 3.1. Species management -> 3.1.1. Harvest management
3. Species management -> 3.1. Species management -> 3.1.2. Trade management
4. Education & awareness -> 4.2. Training
4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.1. International level
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Smutsia temminckii – published in 2019.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
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Conservation Actions Needed
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.3. Sub-national level
Research Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
3. Monitoring -> 3.2. Harvest level trends
3. Monitoring -> 3.3. Trade trends
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes
Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No
Upper elevation limit (m): 1700
Population
Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes
Extreme fluctuations: No
Population severely fragmented: No
Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No
Habitats and Ecology
Generation Length (years): 15
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Smutsia temminckii – published in 2019.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ISSN 2307-8235 (online)IUCN 2019: T12765A123585768Scope: GlobalLanguage: English
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.
The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens
Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;
Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Smutsia temminckii – published in 2019.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12765A123585768.en
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