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Assessing the Effect of Exclusionary Discipline on Student Academic
Outcomes
KaitlinAndersonGaryRitter
OfficeforEducationPolicyUniversityofArkansas
PresentationfortheArkansasStateBoardofEducationNovember10,2016
•AREducationReports
• PolicyBriefs
• ReportCards
•Newsletters
•DataResources
www.officeforeducationpolicy.org/
Agenda1. IntroductionandMotivation2. Revisittimetrends3. Revisitdisproportionalities4. Asknewquestions:– Whatistheimpactofexclusionarydisciplineonstudentacademicachievement?
– Doesexclusionarydisciplineaffectacademicachievementofcertainsubgroupsdifferently?
5. ConclusionandResources
IntroductionandMotivation
IntroductiontoArkansasAct1329• OEPhasbeenpresentingregularlyinresponsetoAct1329:– Disproportionalities• Therearedisparitiesforbothsubjectiveandobjective typesofinfractions
• Mostbutnotallofthesedisparitiesaredrivenbybetweenschooldifferencesratherthanwithinschooldifferences
– Differencesacrosstypesofschools• Non-whitestudentsaremorelikelytoattend“high-discipline”schools
– Timetrends
MotivationforThisStudy• Exclusionarydiscipline(suspensions/expulsions) and
zerotoleranceassociatedwith:
– loweracademicachievement(Raffaele-Mendez, 2003;Skiba &Rausch,2004;Rausch&Skiba,2005;Arcia,2006;Beck&Muschkin,2012;Cobb-Clarketal.,2015)
– schooldrop-outandgraderetention(Raffaele-Mendez, 2003;Fabeloetal.,2011;Balfanz etal.,2014;Marchbanks etal.,2014;Cobb-Clarketal.,2015)
– involvementinthejuvenilejusticesystem(Balfanz etal.,2003;Nicholson-Crottyetal.,2009;Fabelo etal.,2011)
• Disproportionateratesofexclusionformarginalized/disadvantagedstudents(Skiba etal.,2002;Losen &Skiba,2010;Skiba etal.,2011;Anyon etal.,2014;Skiba etal.,2014;Losen etal.,2015;Sartainetal.,2015;Anderson&Ritter,2015;Anderson&Ritter,2016)
MovingTowardCausalImpactsPreviousworkisonlycorrelational;greatpotentialforreversecausality:
• Weseesuspensionsprecedelowacademicperformance(Rausch&Skiba,2005;McIntoshetal.,2008;Balfanz etal.,2014;Cobb-Clarketal.,2015)
• Suspensionsandlossofinstructionaltimeareassociatedwithloweracademicachievement(Davis&Jordan,1994;Scott&Barrett,2004)
• Butlowacademicachievementisalsopredictiveofavarietyofundesirablebehaviorsinthefuture(Miles&Stipek2006;Arcia,2006;Choi2007;McIntoshetal.,2008)
GoalsforTodayI. RevisittimetrendsII. RevisitdisproportionalitiesIII. Asknewquestions:– Whatistheimpact ofexclusionarydisciplineonstudentachievement,measuredbystudenttestscores?
– Doesexclusionarydisciplineaffectacademicachievementofcertainsubgroupsdifferently?• Low- versushigh-performingstudents• Bygradelevel• SocioeconomicStatus(FRL)• Byrace/ethnicity
TimeTrends
41,483 39,935 36,973 37,886 40,433 42,539 48,018
125,539 121,638 119,361 118,020 105,616158,908
207,206
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
ReportedConsequenceTypesOverTime
TotalExclusionary TotalNon-Exclusionary
Asa%oftotal,exclusionarydisciplinehasdecreasedoverpastfewyears,butbothbucketshaveincreased(perhapsimprovedreporting).
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
ExclusionaryConsequencesOverTime
Out-of-SchoolSuspension Expulsion
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Non-ExclusionaryDisciplineOverTime
In-SchoolSuspension Other CorporalPunishment NoAction ALE
RevisitingDisproportionalities
WhataretheOUTOFSCHOOLSUSPENSIONratesforvarioussubgroupsofstudents?
KeyTakeaways:1. African-Americanstudentsareover-represented inOSSrates2. Rateshaveincreasedoverthepastfewyears
4
25
4 54
26
4 55
29
5 6
- 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
White AfricanAmerican
Hispanic OtherRaces
IncidencesPer100Students
FrequencyofOutofSchoolSuspension
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
WhataretheEXPULSIONratesforvarioussubgroupsofstudents?
KeyTakeaways:1. African-Americanstudentsareover-represented inExpulsion
rates2. Yettheseratesoverallarequite low
0.04
0.07
0.03 0.030.04
0.11
0.030.04
0.03
0.06
0.03 0.02
-
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
White AfricanAmerican
Hispanic OtherRaces
IncidencesPer100Students
FrequencyofExpulsion
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
WhataretheCORPORALPUNISHMENTratesforvarioussubgroupsofstudents?
KeyTakeaways:1. African-Americanstudentsareover-represented inCorporal
Punishment Rates2. Overallratesrelativelystableoverpastfewyears
4
7
1
2
4
8
1
2
4
7
12
- 123456789
White AfricanAmerican
Hispanic OtherRaces
IIncidencesPer100Students
FrequencyofCorporalPunishment
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
DifferencesAcrossSchoolTypes
• Compared2014-15disciplineratesinschoolswithhighandlownon-whitepopulations
• Focusonthreemostcommonconsequences(ISS,OtherAction,andOSS),representing91%ofallconsequences
Highdisciplineschoolstendtoservemorenon-whitestudents.
13
14
15
25
33
21
16
17
17
21
31
21
5
5
6
11
25
11
- 20 40 60 80 100
Quintile5(0- 7%Minority)
Quintile4(8- 17%Minority)
Quintile3(18- 37%Minority)
Quintile2(38- 60%Minority)
Quintile1(61- 100%Minority)
ARTotal
ISS OtherAction OSS
NumberofSchoolsin
EachQuintile:
200
197
193
195
199
Whatistheimpact ofexclusionarydisciplineonstudentachievement,measuredbystudenttestscores?
Howdoesexclusionarydisciplinerelatetostudentacademicperformance?
LowAchievement
DisengagedStudent
BadBehavior
Suspensionandlostinstruction
Othershocktostudent’s
life?
Howdoesexclusionarydisciplinerelatetostudentacademicperformance?ONLYCORRELATIONAL
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
BelowBasic
Basic
Proficient
Advanced
IncidencesPer100Students
DisciplinaryRatesbyMathProficiencyLevel
OSS ISS TotalInfractions
Howdoesexclusionarydisciplinerelatetostudentacademicperformance?ASSESSINGCAUSALITY
Onerigorousmethod:
Testhowexclusionarydisciplineaffectsastudent’stestscoretrajectory(“studentfixedeffects”)
StudentFixedEffectsMethod
TypicalTrajectory
WithExposuretoExclusionaryDiscipline
-0.27
-0.15
-0.11 -0.03 -0.01
-0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0ZeroControls Addcontrolsfor
infractionsreported
Schoolyear,gradelevel,and
district
Studentdemographicsandprioryeartestscores
StudentFE(constantindividualstudent
characteristics)
St.D
ev.TestScoreIm
pacts
Per-incident“effect”ofexclusionaryconsequenceonnextyear’smathtestscores
Howisexclusionarydisciplinerelatedtofuturemathtestscores?
PURELYCORRELATIONAL
MORECAUSAL
WeseeaverysimilarstorywithELA….
Butaredifferenttypesofstudentsaffecteddifferently?
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.02 -0.01
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
MATH ELA
EffectofExclusionaryDisciplinebyRacialSubgroup
White Black Non-White
Non-whitestudents’testscoresareharmedslightlymorethanwhitestudents’testscores.
-0.02
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
MATH ELA
EffectofExclusionaryDisciplinebyPriorYearTestScores
BelowAverageTestScore AboveAverageTestScore
Lowerperformingstudentsareharmedmorebyexclusionarydiscipline.Higher-performingELAstudentsunharmedinELA.
-0.02
0.00
-0.01 -0.01
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
MATH ELA
EffectofExclusionaryDisciplinebyFRLStatus
Non-FRL FRL
Inmath,non-FRLstudentsmaybeharmedmore,butinELA,non-FRLstudentsappearunharmed.
Conclusion• Needforrigorousmethodstoaddressreversecausality
• Slightnegativeimpactsonacademicoutcomesforstudentswhoareexcludedfromthelearningenvironmentmoreoften
• Moreharmfulforstudentswhoarealreadylowerperformingandforminoritystudents
• Giventhattherearedisproportionalitiesintheadministrationofstricterpunishments,particularlyacrossschools,whatresourcesareavailable?
Resources– AsofMay2015,lawsin22statesandDCrequireorencouragelimitinguseofexclusionarydiscipline,implementmorenon-punitivestrategies(Steinberg &Lacoe,2016)
– Someevidencethatchangestostudentcodesofconductcanbeeffective(Lacoe &Steinberg,2016;Mader etal.,2016)
– Littlerigorousevidenceonalternativeschool-basedstrategies:
• Non-experimentalevidencesupportsResponsetoIntervention(Fairbanksetal,2007),restorativejustice(Fronius etal,2016)orsomecombination (Collins-Ricketts&Rambo,2015)
• ExperimentalstudiesfindbenefitsofPBIS(Flanneryetal.,2014;(Horneretal.,2009)
FutureResearch• Alternativestrategies/solutions
– Qualitativeresearchtofurtherunderstandschool-levelimplementationofdisciplinepolicy(strengths,weaknesses,challenges,opportunities)andrelationshiptoschoolclimateandacademicperformance
– Rigorousassessment(randomassignment)ofPBIS,restorativejustice,orotheralternatives
• Anotherissuewedon’tcoverinthisstudy:
– School-wide/system-wideorpeereffects
– Impactsonthenon-suspendedstudentsarehypothesizedtoeitherbepositive(Burke&Herbert,1996;Kinsler,2013)ornegative(Perry&Morris,2014)
[email protected]@[email protected]
www.officeforeducationpolicy.org
REFERENCES
Anderson,K.P.&Ritter,G.W.(2015).Disciplinedisproportionalitiesinschools:Therelationshipbetweenstudentcharacteristicsandschooldisciplinaryoutcomes. EDREWorkingPaper2015-08accessibleat:http://www.uaedreform.org/downloads/2015/11/edre-working-paper-2015-08.pdf
Anderson,K.P.&Ritter,G.W.(2016).Disparateuseofexclusionarydiscipline:EvidenceoninequitiesinschooldisciplinefromaU.S.State. EDREWorkingPaper2016-14accessibleat:http://www.uaedreform.org/downloads/2016/09/disparate-use-of-exclusionary-discipline-evidence-on-inequities-in-school-discipline-from-a-u-s-state.pdf
Anyon,Y.,Jenson,J.M.,Altschul,I.,Farrar,J.,McQueen, J.,Greer,E.,Downing,B.,&Simmons,J.(2014).Thepersistenteffectofraceandthepromiseofalternativestosuspensioninschooldisciplineoutcomes.ChildrenandYouthServicesReview,44, 379-386.
Arcia,E.(2006).Achievementandenrollmentstatusofsuspendedstudents:Outcomesinalarge,multiculturalschooldistrict.EducationandUrbanSociety,38(3),359-369.
Balfanz,R.,Spiridakis,K.,Neild,R.C.,&Legters,N.(2003).High-povertysecondaryschoolsandthejuvenilejusticesystem:Howneitherhelpstheotherandhowthatcouldchange.NewDirectionsforYouthDevelopment, No.99.
Beck,A.N.&Muschkin,C.G.(2012).TheEnduringImpactofRace:UnderstandingtheDisparitiesinStudentDisciplinaryInfractionsandAchievement.SociologicalPerspectives,55(4), 637-662.
Burke,E.,&Herbert,D.(1996).Zerotolerancepolicy:Combatingviolenceinschools.NationalAssociationofSecondarySchoolPrincipals.NASSPBulletin, 80(579),49.
Choi,Y.(2007).AcademicachievementandproblembehaviorsamongAsianPacificIslanderAmericanadolescents.JournalofYouthAdolescence,36(4),403-415.
Cobb-Clark,D.A.,Kassenboehmer,S.C.,Le,T.,McVicar,D.,&Zhang,R.(2015).Isthereaneducationalpenaltyforbeingsuspendedfromschool?EducationEconomics,23(4),376-395.
REFERENCES,Continued
Collins-Ricketts,J.E.&Rambo,A.(2015).ThePROMISEprogramcaseexamples:Fromgettoughtosolutionbuilding.InternationalJournalofSolution-FocusedPracctices,3(2),17-22.
Davis,J.E.,&Jordan,W.J.(1994).Theeffectsofschoolcontext, structure,andexperiencesonAfricanAmericanmalesinmiddleandhighschools.Journalof NegroEducation,63,570-587.
Fabelo,T.,Thompson,M.D.,Plotkin,M.,Carmichael,D.,Marchbanks,M.P.,&Booth,E.A.(2011).BreakingSchools’Rules:AStatewideStudyofHowSchoolDisciplineRelatestoStudents’SuccessandJuvenileJusticeInvolvement. TheCouncilofStateGovernmentsJusticeCenter&PublicPolicyResearchInstitute.
Fairbanks,S.,Sugai,G.,Guardino,D.&Lathrop,M.(2007).Responsetointervention:Examiningclassroombehavior supportinsecondgrade.ExceptionalChildren,73(3),288-310.
Flannery,K.B.,Fenning,P.,McGrathKato,M.,&McIntosh,K.(2014).EffectsofSchool-WidePositiveBehavioralInterventionsandSupportsandfidelityofimplementationonproblembehavior inhighschools.AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,29(2),111-124.
Fronius,T.,Persson,H.,Guckenberg,S.,Hurley,N.,&Petrosino,A.(2016).RestorativejusticeinU.S.schools:Aresearchreview.WestEd.Retrievedfrom:http://jprc.wested.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RJ_Literature-Review_20160217.pdf
Horner,R.H.,Sugai,G.,Smolkowski,K.,Eber,L.,Nakasato,J.,Todd,A.W.,&Esperanza,J.(2009).Arandomized,wait-listcontrolledeffectivenesstrialassessingschool-widepositivebehavior supportinelementaryschools.JournalofPositiveBehaviorInterventions,11(3),133-144.
Kinsler,J.(2013).Schooldiscipline:Asourceor salvefortheracialachievementgap?InternationalEconomicReview,54(1),355-383.
Lacoe,J.R.,&Steinberg,M.P.(2016).Rollingbackzerotolerance:Theeffectofdisciplinepolicyreformonsuspensionusage,schoolclimate,andstudentachievement.Manuscriptinpreparation.
REFERENCES,Continued
Losen,D.,Hodson,C.,Keith,M.,Morrison,K.,&Belway,S.(2015).Areweclosingtheschooldisciplinegap?TheCivilRightsProject,UCLA.
Losen,D.&Skiba,R.(2010).SuspendedEducation:UrbanMiddleSchoolsinCrisis. Report:TheCivilRightsProjectatUCLA,TheEquityProjectattheIndianaUniversityCenterforEvaluationandEducationPolicy,andtheSouthernPovertyLawCenter.
Mader,N.,Sartain,L.,&Steinberg,M.(Forthcoming).Whensuspensionsareshorter:Theeffectsonschoolclimateandstudentlearning.Workingpaper.
Marchbanks,M.P.,Blake,J.J.,Smith,D.,Seibert,A.L.,&Carmichael,D.(2014).Morethanadropinthebucket:Thesocialandeconomiccostsofdropoutsandgraderetentionsassociatedwithexclusionarydiscipline.JournalofAppliedResearchonChildren:InformingPolicyforChildrenatRisk,5(2).
McIntosh,K.,Flannery,K.B.,Sugai,G.,Braun,D.H.,&Cochrane,K.L.(2008).Relationshipsbetweenacademicsandproblembehaviorinthetransitionfrommiddleschool tohighschool. JournalofPositiveBehaviorInterventions,10(4),243-255.
Miles,S.B.&Stipek,D.(2006).Contemporaneousandlongitudinalassociationsbetweensocialbehaviorandliteracyachievementinasampleoflow-incomeelementaryschoolchildren.ChildDevelopment,77(1),103-117.
Nicholson-Crotty,S.,Birchmeier,Z.,&Valentine,D.(2009).ExploringtheImpactofSchoolDisciplineonRacialDisproportion intheJuvenileJusticeSystem.SocialScienceQuarterly,90(4), 1003-1018.
Perry,B.L.,&Morris,E.W.(2014).Suspendingprogress:collateralconsequencesofexclusionarypunishmentinpublicschools.AmericanSociologicalReview,79(6),1067-1087.
Raffaele-MendezL.M.(2003).Predictorsofsuspensionandnegativeschooloutcomes:Alongitudinalinvestigation.NewDirectionsforYouthDevelopment, No.99.
REFERENCES,Continued
Rausch,M.K.,&Skiba,R.J.(2005).Theacademiccostofdiscipline:Thecontributionofschooldisciplinetoachievement.PaperpresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAmericanEducationalResearchAssociation,Montreal,Quebec.
Sartain,L.,Allensworth,E.M.,&Porter,S.with Levenstein,R.,Johnson,D.W.,Huynh,M.H.,Anderson,E.,Mader,N.,&Steinberg,M.P. (2015).SuspendingChicago’sStudents:DifferencesinDisciplinePracticesacrossSchools. TheUniversityofChicagoConsortiumonChicagoSchoolResearch.
Scott,T.M.,&Barrett,S.B.(2004).Usingstaffandstudenttimeengagedindisciplinaryprocedurestoevaluatetheimpactofschool-widePBS.JournalofPositive BehaviorInterventions,6,21-27.
Skiba.R.J,Chung,C.,Trachok,M.,Baker,T.,Sheya,A.,&Hughes,R.(2014).ParsingDisciplinaryDisproportionality: ContributionsofInfraction,Student,andSchoolCharacteristicstoOut-of-SchoolSuspensionandExpulsion.AmericanEducationalResearchJournal,51(4),640-670.
Skiba,R.J.,Horner,R.,Chung,C.G.,Rausch,M.K.,May,S.,&Tobin,T.(2011).RaceisNotNeutral:ANationalInvestigationofBlackandLatinoDisproportionality inSchoolDiscipline.SchoolPsychologyReview,40(1), 85-107.
Skiba,R.J.,Michael,R.,Nardo,A.,&Peterson,R.(2002).TheColorofDiscipline:SourceofRacialandGenderDisproportionality inSchoolPunishment.TheUrbanReview,34(4), 317-342.
Steinberg,M.P.&Lacoe,J.(2016).Whatdoweknowaboutschooldisciplinereform?EducationNext. Retrievedfrom:http://educationnext.org/what-do-we-know-about-school-discipline-reform-suspensions-expulsions/