Assessing the availability of biomass residues for energy

11

Assessing the availability of biomass residues for energy conversion:

promotors & constraints

Johannes Lindorfer

Karin Fazeni

Energy Institute

at the Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria

WSED2014, 26-28th of February 2014

2

Outline

Background

Characterisation of raw materials for second generation

biofuels

Key aspects of raw material supply for 2nd generation

biofuels

Options of raw material logistics

Economy of raw material logistics

Raw material availability – demand drivers

Competing & promoting influences

Conclusion

WSED2014 | 26-28th February 2014, Wels

Limiting factor – available cultivation area

3

1 unit of area for the supply of

• Food

• Fodder

• Nature protection area

• Various renewable raw materials

• Supply of heat, electricity, mobility

• Building land

• Recreation area

• …….

Yield increase

Area needed for food and

fodder production

Nature

conservation

Potential

Grassland

Potential

forst land

Potential

Arable

land

land to

produce

exports

Biomass potential?

BIOMASS UTILISATION

BIOMASS SUPPLY

BIOMASS CULTIVATION

climate

crop selectionsoil contaminants soil conditions

pesticides application

practical experience

fertilization

harvest time

harvesting method

transporthandling & storage

bulk & energy density

chemical and material parameters

physical parameters

water content

Biomass availability - affected by multiple factors

available qualities

available technology

economics

environmental impacts

crop rotation

4


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Table: Criteria for the transportability of different biomass sources

Source: own representation

Characterisation of biomass for energy conversion

wood stalk biomass crops other biomass

forest

wood

(and

industrial

wood)

logging

remains

industrial

logging

remains

scrap

wood

short

rotation

wood

straw

(e.g.:

bales)

energy

whole

plant

(grain)

grain

rape

seed (or

sunflower

seed)

sugar

beets

industrial

substrate

for

biogas

organic

waste

sewage

sludge

high heat

valuex x x x x x x x x x

high

transport

density

x x x x x x x

good

storage

stability

x x x x x x x x x

substrate costs/*revenues

[€/tfresh mass]

biowaste 0 – 60*

manure 0 – 3

grass silage 20 – 35

whole crop silage 27 – 37

corn silage 30 – 40

wood chips 45 – 100

various grains 150 - 230

Table: Average substrate costs (for

central europe) from different

literature sources

High fluctuation in available data

Waste materials can bring in revenues from

disposal fees5

*for

bio

waste

dis

posal

revenues

are

possib

le


6

Constraints: calorific values and emission-related components of different biomass residues

42,8

31,8

18,8 18,4 17,8 17,7 17,2

05

1015202530354045


based on Fachagentur für

Nachwachsende Rohstoffe –

Leitfaden Bioenergie –

Planung, Betrieb u.

Wirtschaftlichkeit von

Bioenergieanlagen, 2005

0 2 4 6 8 10

spruce wood

beech wood

miscanthus

wheat straw

corn strover

w/w-%, water free

ash content

nitrogen

sulfur

chlorine

potassium

Figure: Emission-related components

Figure: Comparison of the calorific values of different biomass raw materials

Low

er

ca

lorific

va

lue

[MJ/k

gatr

o]

Figure: process chains for the

provision of forest chips (w=moisture content)

7

Material logistics – raw material supply chains

Figure: process chain for the

harvest and delivery of stalks

as big bales

Maximizing machine

utilization [%]

and transport capacity [t/h]


Source: Schriftenreihe des BMU-Förderprogramms ,Energetische Biomassenutzung‘, Band 2

conversion

process type

average raw

material demand

yearly demand of

staw(incl. stock

losses)

average collecting

area

average

transport distance

[-] [t DM/a] [t DM/a] [km²] [km]

heating plant 228 245 9 2,9

biogas plant 2.168 2.740 101 8,4

cogeneration plant 13.199 14.347 531 23

pelletizing plant 34.400 37.391 1.385 37

bio-SNG-plant 48.390 52.598 1.948 43,9

pyrolysis plant 172.000 186.957 6.924 83,1

ethanol plant 258.000 280.435 10.386 101,8

Material logistics considerations

Table: dependence of logistics requirements on the production scale

for different bioenergy/biofuel systems

Full scale biofuel systems require raw material supply chain management8


Figure: Stock and inventory and supply quantities for

a bio-SNG production plant with 30 MWth

in an ideal model variations and delivery free days are balanced

continuously within the delivery period to the optimal stock level 9

Material logistics – raw material supply

Source: adapted from Seiffert, M. (2010), DBFZ Report Nr. 2


10

Figure: Price Comparison of straw handling and conditioning

Source: own representation, based on data from the German Agency for Renewable Resources

Economy – raw material recovery

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

square bales chopped material round bales briquetts pellets

[ €/t

]

[ kg

/m³

]

ᴓ price [ €/t ]

bulk densities [ kg/m³ ]

Trade-off between maximizing the energy density and costs of

conditioning


11

Economy – raw material recovery and logistics

Bulk-format switchgrass demonstration project in the U.S.

as alternative to bales

GPS tracking of a forage harvester

walking floor truck

bulk silo storage with

reclaim auger


commercial-scale transport for square bales showed lowest delivery costs

pelleting hardly economically

high transport distances are only manageable with large-volume

transportation systems

Figure: Cost for wheat straw delivery

as a function of distance and transport logistics

Source: own representation and calculation, based on data from the German Agency for Renewable Resources

(2005) & Kiesewalter, S. (2006)

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

pri

ce [

€/t

]

transport distance [km]

square bales: 14t/100 m³

chopped material: 7t/100 m³

pellets: 25t/50m³

briketts: 25t/55m³

square bales: 7t/50 m³

round bales: 6t/50 m³

round bales: 12t/100 m³

12

Economy – raw material logistics


13

year

availability

in Mio. m³demand in mio m³ Reference

total for energetic use

2005754 779 332 Steirer (2010)

822 822 341 Mantau (2008)

2010

993 825 346 Mantau et al. (2010)

964 966 435 United Nations (2011)

2020

1.008 1.145 573 Mantau et al. (2010)

1.105 1.064 504 United Nations (2011)

2030

1.109 1.425 752 Mantau et al. (2010)

992 – 1.421 1.168 – 1.419 585 - 859 United Nations (2011)

Table: Status quo, projections of availability and demand of wood in the EU-27


Raw material availability – demand drivers

Key developments:

Increased import to Europe & international trade

More competition and increasing prices for all raw material qualities

Attempt to excess energy services in emerging and developing countries

is increasing pressure on available raw materials

Mobilization of available potentials as key topic


14

Figure: Technical supply potential in global regionsCo-firing demand is demand for 5% and 10% cofiring

in all existing coal plants in regions mentioned

Source: Pöyry for EURELECTRIC/VGB (2011)

Competitive situation – demand drivers

Recent trend of strong growth in biomass power plants based on some investment

decisions for large scale utilities

General trend for the promotion of renewable substitutes for fossil energy sources

versus the inverse tendency to increase energy efficiency


15

Figure: Results for the

direct supply chains of

the material and

energetic utilization of

the raw material wood (based on central

European prices)

There is a significantly higher recoverable value added (output) of the material use of

investigated wood utilization pathways compared to the energetic uses of wood.

The largest value was generated in the production of pulp for fibres in the investigated

product field of semi-finished products (with consideration of the by-products (such as

waste liquor)

Competitive situation – comparision of value chains

Source: own calculation and representationResults normalized

in euros per ton of

wood inputWSED2014 | 26-28th February 2014, Wels

16

Figure: comparison of wood flows in Austria 2005 - 2012

-1 %

+25,9 %

+12,3 %

+7,7 %

+20 %

-16 % +8,3 % -25 % +118 %

-12,2 %

+9,4 %

+63 %*

* 2005 - 2012 including waste liquor

** 2009 - 2012

+6,6 %**

Sankey diagram of value chains for energy and material recycling of wood

17

Ecology – preservation of soil productivity

High carbon dioxide savings for second generation biofuels in Life Cycle investigations

Sustainability discussion is focusing on availability of residues for energetic utilization

pathways

The methodology for the calculation of the soil organic carbon reproductive performance

of straw is e.g. discussed controversial

crop rotation, fertilizer and tillage

management increase/decrease the soil

productivity substantially

Figure: regional

availability of residues

for energetic use: case

study for an Austrian

province

Source: own calculation and representation


TARDIS 2008 | ,Renewable resource controversy‘ | Lindorfer., J.

A transferability of technologies to different

substrates can be assumed….

raw material cellulose

[in % DM]

hemicellulose

[in % DM]

lignin

[in % DM]

grass 25 – 40 35 - 50 18 - 25

wheat straw 38 – 42 25 19

corn stover 37 – 40 35 6

miscanthus 37 – 40 22 24

hard wood 40 – 55 24 – 40 18 -25

waste paper 38 – 44 13 - 36 5 - 15

bagasse 35 – 43 25 – 31 11 - 2218

Raw material supply – diversification of feedstock

The future C-sources are bulk waste materials such as straw or are other

stalks, wood residues, cover crops and grassland biomass

Importance of arable land is

increasing as the areas are

increasingly used for the

production of food, feed and

plants for energy and industrial

raw materials.

Grassland is becoming less

important, because the only form

of exploitation – animal

husbandry - is decreasing in

some regions


TARDIS 2008 | ,Renewable resource controversy‘ | Lindorfer., J.

Minimized fixed costs for the individual

processing steps are prerequisite for this

concept

Flexibility increases and changes in the

market can be intercepted

Recovery of by-products is preferable if the

cost of product recovery are less than the

realizable revenue as fuel for process energy

demand

19

Raw material supply – diversification of feedstock

multi-feedstock-biorefinery-

concepts are more robust as

flexibility increases and

changes in the market can be

intercepted

Regional biomass-processing-

center–concept worthy further

study and development

Establishment of "hubs" in the

region for acquiring, pre-

processing and marketing of

renewable raw materials

Raw material supply Conversion process


20

feedstock

typeregions

yield trend

[%/yr]

potential yield increase by

2030 [%]improvement routes

DEDICATED CROPS

WheatTemperate 0,7 20-50 new energy-oriented types

Subtropics 30-100 higher input rates, irrigation

Maize

N-America 0,7 20-35 new types, GMOs, plantation

density, reduced tillage

higher input rates, irrigation

Subtropics 20-60

Tropics 50

SoybeanUSA 0,7 15-35

breedingBrazil 1,0 20-60

Oil palm World 1,0 30 breeding, mechanization

Sugarcane Brazil 1,5 20-40 breeding, GMOs, irrigation inputs

SR Willow Temperate - 50breeding, GMOs

SR Poplar Temperate - 45

Miscanthus World - 100breeding for minimal input, improved

management

Switchgrass Temperate - 100 genetic manipulation

Planted forestEurope

Canada1,3

20

20

species, breeding, fertilization,

shorter rotations, increased rooting

depth

PRIMARY RESIDUES

Cereal straw World - 15 improved collection equipment,

breeding for higher residue-to-grain

ratios (soybean)Soybean straw N America - 50

Forest residues Europe 1,0 25ash recycling, cutting increases,

increased round wood, productivity

Ab

bre

via

tion

s: S

R =

sh

ort ro

tatio

n; G

MO

= g

en

etic

ally

mo

difie

d o

rga

nis

m.

Promoting situation – future yield increase

Table: Prospects for yield improvements by 2030 relative from 2007 to 2009

So

urc

e: C

hu

m, H

et a

l.(20

11

) Bio

en

erg

y. In

IPC

C S

pe

cia

l Rep

ort o

n

Ren

ew

ab

le E

ne

rgy S

ou

rce

s a

nd

Clim

ate

Cha

ng

e M

itiga

tion


21

Ab

bre

via

tion

s: S

R =

sh

ort ro

tatio

n; G

MO

= g

en

etic

ally

mo

difie

d o

rga

nis

m.

Promoting situation – learning curves

Table: Experience curves for major components of bioenergy systems and final energy

carriers expressed as redution (%) in cost (or price) per doubling of cumulative

production

So

urc

e: C

hu

m, H

et a

l.(20

11

) Bio

en

erg

y. In

IPC

C S

pe

cia

l Rep

ort o

n

Ren

ew

ab

le E

ne

rgy S

ou

rce

s a

nd

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

Mitig

atio

n

Learning system LR (%) Time frame Region N R2

Feedstock production

Sugarcane (tonnes sugarcane) 32 ± 1 1975-2005 Brazil 2,9 0,81

Corn (tonnes corn) 45 ± 1,5 1975-2005 USA 1,6 0,87

Logistic chains

Forest wood chips (Sweden) 12-15 1975-2003Sweden/

Finland9

0,87-

0,93

Investment and O&M costs

CHP plants 19-25 1983-2002 Sweden 2,30,17-

0,18

Biogas plants 12 1984-1998 6 0,69

Ethanol production from sugarcane 19 ± 0,5 1975-2003 Brazil 4,6 0,80

Ethanol production form corn (only

O&M costs)13 ± 0,15 1983-2005 USA 6,4 0,88

Final energy carriers

Ethanol from sugarcane7

29

1970-1985

1985-2002Brazil ~ 6,1 n.a.

Ethanol from sugarcane 20 ± 0,5 1975-2003 Brazil 4,6 0,84

Ethanol from corn 18 ± 0,2 1983-2005 USA 7,2 0,96

Electricity from biomass CHP 8-9 1990-2002 Sweden ~ 90,85-

0,88

Electricity from biomass 15 Unknown OECD n.a. n.a.

Biogas 0-15 1984-2001 Denmark ~ 10 0,97

2nd generation

biofuels are at the

very beginning of

this process


Shaping criterias for future development

cultivation of local adapted plant species and adequate ,crop rotation systems‘

establishment of ,hubs’ in the region to aquirierung, processing and marketing of

renewable raw materials

preference of regional, decentralised processing ,reduction of dependency‘

selection of production-scale connected to ,quality of site’

target optimized utlisation of the biomass raw material in all product stages ,example of

the wood processing industry‘

Multi-feedstock-approach increases flexibility and changes in the market can be

intercepted

Close cooperation of all biotechnological conversion technologies with agriculture to maintain

closed macro-nutrient-cycles

harmonisation of renewable promotion through cross-boarder concepts to mitigate

competitive situations

ecological criteria like preservation of soil producticity, water consumtion, energy

input/output-ratio winning more and more interest22


232323

Energy Institute at the Johannes Kepler University Linz

Altenberger Strasse 69

4040 Linz

Tel: +43 70 2468 5653

Fax: + 43 70 2468 5651

e-mail: [email protected]

Thank you…

Contact:


The support of this work by the

association Energy Institute at

the Johannes Kepler University

and the funding under the

Regional Competitiveness

Programme 2007-2013 Upper

Austria from the European

Regional Development Fund

and by the state of Upper

Austria is gratefully

acknowledged.

Documents

Assessing the availability of biomass residues for energy