SELECTED REFERENCES

IHS Logs (LAS Data) & IHS University Grant Program (Kingdom)

Mary Behling, West Virginia Geological & Economic Survey

Ray Boswell, National Energy Technology Laboratory

Battelle

Global CCS Institute

U.S. DOE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

API: 4701701843WELL #: J D McReynolds 30 Operator: Pennzoil CompanyGordon Interval: 2697’-2747’Elevation: 926ft, Ground LevelDoddridge County, WV

Ritchie

Tyler

Harrison

Marion

Wetzel

Lewis

Doddridge

Barbour

Taylor

Pleasants

Gilmer Upshur

Monongalia

Wirt

Wood

Calhoun 0 6 12 18 243Miles

4701701843

4701701781

CORE PHOTOS OF GORDON INTERVALTop of Gordon

O�set Well 4701701781 Log SuiteElevation 762ft, Ground Level

Gap

in c

ore

inte

rval

Gap

in c

ore

inte

rval

CO2 POINT SOURCES TYPE AND 2010 TONNES IN MRCSP REGION

Ag Processing

Cement Plant

Electricity

Ethanol

Fertilizer

Industrial

Petroleum/Natural Gas

Re�neries/Chemical

Unclassi�ed

100000 - 1500000

1500000 - 5000000

5000000 - 10000000

10000000 - 20000000

Source Type

Tonnes

Source: NATCARB

ElectricityIron&Steel/Industrial

Petroleum/Natural Gas Processing

Refineries/Chemical

Cement Plants

Agricultural ProcessingEthanol

Fertilizer

Unclassified

CO2 ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

The primary source of anthropogenic CO2 in the MRCSP region iscoal-�red power plants. Electricity generated from these plants accounts for 37% and 96% of U.S. and WV consumption , respectively.

Electricity

Iron & Steel/Industrial

CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery operations have been active in the U. S. since the 1970’s and some are currently expanding.

www.denbury.com

www.denbury.com

U.S. CO2 EOR Projects, Supply Sources and Pipelines

www.denbury.com

U.S. DOE

Red areas show active areas of secondary recovery operations by water injection.

0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Jacksonburg-Stringtown

Mannington

Salem-Wallace

Wolf Summit-Big Isaac

Assessing Suitability of Depleted Fields for Enhanced Oil Recovery in West Virginia

ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR)

Density map of abandoned wells in study area. Lighter colors depict lower density while darker colors show higher density. Wells within a 1mile bu�er of �eld boundaries are included.

0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Jacksonburg-Stringtown

Mannington

Salem-Wallace

Wolf Summit-Big Isaac

CHALLENGES TO A SUCCESSFUL CO2-FLOOD OPERATION

1. Potential leakage via unplugged, unknown, and abandoned wells. Many of these “orphan” wells were historic oil producers and are located in the same area.

2. Lack of pipelines

3. Challenges regarding cost and transport of CO2

3. Poorly understood fault and fracture networks

4. Potential corrosion issues in both upstream and midstream operations.

5. Capital expenditure required (should this be #1?)

Jacksonburg-Stringtown: Pilot water�oodbegan in early 1980’s. Full-scale water�oodbegan in 1990 and is ongoing.

Mannington: Pilot water�ood tests in 1960’s.Full-scale water�ood began in 1990’s and is ongoing.

Salem-Wallace: No secondary recovery attemptdocumented.

Wolf Summit-Big Isaac: Full-scale water�ood began in mid 1990’s and is ongoing.

Hohn, M.E., editor, 2001, Petroleum Geology and Reservoir Characterization of the Upper Devonian Gordon Sandstone, Jacksonburg-Stringtown Oil Field, Northwestern West Virginia, West Vir-ginia Geological and Economic Survey, Bulletin B-45, 93 p.

Hohn, M.E., R.R. McDowell, A.G. Vargo, D.L. Matchen, M.T. Heald and J.Q. Britton, 1993a, Petroleum Geology and Reservoir Characterization of the Big Injun Sandstone (Price Formation) in the Granny Creek Field, Clay and Roane Counties, West Virginia: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Publication B-44, 91 p.

Hohn, M.E., R.R. McDowell, A.G. Vargo, D.L. Matchen, M.T. Heald and J.Q. Britton, 1993b, Petroleum Geology and Reservoir Characterization of the Big Injun Sandstone (Price Formation) in the Rock Creek (Walton) Field, Roane County, West Virginia: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Publication B-43, 76 p.

King, Paul E. and Watts,. R.J., 1982, Rock Creek Carbon Dioxide Pilot Project, Annual Report, July 1980- June 1981: United States Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, DOE/MC/05301-86, 76 p.

McRee, Boyd C., 1979, Gri�thsville Unit Tertiary Recovery Carbon Dioxide Pilot Test, Lincoln County, West Virginia, Third and Final Annual Report, August 28, 1977-August 28, 1979: United States Department of Energy, National Petroleum Technology O�ce, DOE/METC?8024-TI, 38 p.

Pease, Rodney W. and Royal J. Watts, 1979, Acquisition, Classi�cation and Evaluation of Engineering and Geologic Information and Characteristics of West Virginia Petroleum Reservoirs Amenable to Enhanced Oil Recovery Technology, Particularly Carbon Dioxide Injection, Final Report,: U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/MC/05602-6, 102 p. plus Appendices.

Roen, J.B., and Walker, B.J., editors, 1996, The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Publication V-25, 201 p.

TORIS (Tertiary Oil Recovery Information System) database. Online reference. http://karl.nrcce.wvu.edu/TORIS.html

Smith, R.V., 1983, Economics and Analysis of the Miscible CO2 Injection Project, Granny’s Creek Field, West Virginia: U.S. Department of Energy, Bartlesville Energy Technology Center, DOE/BETC/RI-83/1, 36 p.

U.S. Department of Energy Natinal Energy Technology Laboratory, 2010, Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery: Untapped Domestic Energy Supply and Long-term Carbon Storage Solution. Online reference. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/publications/EP/CO2_EOR_Primer.pdf

Whieldon, C.E., Jr. and Eckard, W.E., 1963, West Virginia Oil Fields Discovered Before 1940: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 607, 187 p.

CONCLUSIONS

Although a shift is underway to utilize CO2 as a commodity, technical, economic, and regulatory issues present a signi�cant challenge to CO2 EOR e�orts. Despite these drawbacks, the data presented herein suggest that historic oil �elds in north-central WV have potential for future secondary or tertiary recovery e�orts. Of the speci�c �elds included in this study, the Jacksonburg-Stringtown �eld has a proven track record of successful water�ooding and would be the top candidate for tertiary recovery via CO2 �oods. Wolf Summit-Big Isaac may also be an attractive target due to the ratio of cumulative production to OOIP. Salem-Wallace and Mannington �elds have not been as extensively tested and may be more suitable for secondary recovery (water�oods) before investing the capital necessary to conduct CO2 �oods. An additional consideration for development of residual oil is the presence of the productive Marcellus Shale in this region. The potential for signi�cant behind-pipe oil pay presents a value-added opportunity for Marcellus leaseholds.

bbl

Greenbrier-Big InjunHilly-Upland Field, Lewis Co., Single injection well test

Big InjunGranny Creek-Stockly Field, Clay & Roane Co.Walton-Rock Creek Field, Roane Co.

WeirBlue Creek Field, Kanawha Co.

BereaGri�thsville Field, Lincoln Co.

PREVIOUS CO2 EOR TESTS IN WEST VIRGINIA

0 40 80 120 16020Miles

Gri�thsville

Walton-Rock Creek

Granny Creek-Stockly

Blue Creek Hilly-Upland

All previous CO2 EOR operations have tested theMississippian interval. These tests were conductedin the 1970’s and 1980’s.

http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/