Upload
transformeurope
View
219
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 1/29
Assessing EU Leadership on ClimateChange
T L f Du EU R w C I
Du Ty
N. 46 |S 2012
WORKING PAPER
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 2/29
2 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012
KFG Working Paper Series
Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe “T Tv P E”
T KFG W P S v c u f K-Fcu y
v uc. I c cc xc w
x c c x u c Eu Eu U.
A KFG W P v KFG w www.fu.u c v
f-u@fu-..
Cy f u: Du Ty
E c uc: C Buu S R
Ty, Du 2012: A EU L C C: T L f Du EU R w C
I, KFG W P S, N. 46, S 2012, K-Fcu (KFG) “T Tfv Pwf Eu“ F Uvä B.
ISSN 1868-6834 (P)
ISSN 1868-7601 (I)
T uc fu y G Rc Fu (DFG).
F Uvä B
K-Fcu
“T Tfv Pw f Eu:
T Eu U Du f I”
I. 26
14195 B
Gy
P: +49 (0)30- 838 57033
Fx: +49 (0)30- 838 57096
f-u@fu-.
www.fu.u
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 3/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 3
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change
The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
D Ty
Abstract
T EU f c f “” c f c c.
Hwv, x c y f cfy w EU’ u -
uc “fw” f . T w w c
c y x u f c c , c, u y EU
C I. T w c u. F, v f C I
c c cy u u y c v. N, w
vc f u f EU, u w c v w C
I EU’ u . T C w c cc-
; I w w c f c. Sc, c fc
x v C I EU u , ,
v f u f EU C I. Pcuy wc
w x cc w -x c cc. T u
cu f EU , u u EU cu “fw”
cu c y y c c fc f cu.
T A
D Ty c fw K-Fcu “T
Tfv Pw f Eu”, F Uvä B. F Oc 2012,
w TAPIR Tc Fw C Hu, L. H DP
(PD), f Uvy f Oxf, fcu EU w C
I f c c cy. H c cu EU-
A , c , v c.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 4/29
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 5/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 5
1. Ic1
T EU f c f “” c f c c. A
u u v yz c uc f EU .2 Hwv, vy “fw” f c
. W u f u v u wc EU c -
y x percepons f , y f cfy w c f -
w fw f c (Gu/v Gj 1999; K . 2011; K 2009;
K/Eö 2010). T u, v y u f . Fu,
c EU fc u y y u cc
c c c u .
Rc c vc f c c x cu
f EU. My v c f ucc EU uc f w
()fu C c c cfc Dc 2009, w uc c
y fc f c, cu U S -c
BASIC u f C, I, Bz, Su Afc. T Ccu (Nv–Dc 2010)
cuy Du (Nv–Dc 2011) UN c c cfc w EU y
— uy uccfu—, u C xc uy c
u v uc f EU c f c c.
A u f c v u x uc f EU
c c, cuy w C. A qu, u v c y
ccu. C ccu u u f c c
c f EU C u “ u”, w D Cc u EU c
“ ” v-à-v C c c, u EU “ v-
c u C f v cy c cc”
(C 2011; D Cc 2011: 89). Fx G, “w u” f EU-C ,
ccu EU “ f C’ c cy” u f c c,
c f c c cy fvy w cy wc EU uc ,
vw, (Fx/G 2009: 10). By c, c v ccu
“[] fy uc c w Eu, C fu c
EU’ ” (H 2010).
1 T c wu v wu c u u f K-
Fcu (KFG) “T Tfv Pw f Eu”. T u cuy fu Tj Böz
T R f u fu fc, w M Scu, Jö B, S
Oü Hu My w v vy ufu c v f
c u . T w f vw w y cy -
v f u, NGO, c EU, C, I 2010-11. T u -
fu f w w f c, u c yy w
c, c cw vuy.
2 Gu/Gu (2000); Oü/Rc Ky (2008); Scu/T (2007); Wuz/Cy (2010).
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 6/29
6 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012
A cu, w u w u uc f EU c
f c c? T w c y x f-
fu f c c , c, u y EU C I. T u
C I Gv cy wy EU’ u f c c c. T C w c cc;
I w w c f c. T x v
. I ccu f f c c c c u f
C I c y, w w x c c u
c f u f EU.
T w c u. F, v f C I c c
cy u u y c v. N, w v-
c f u f EU. T w vc f c u cc
cz y EU c. Mv, c c, C Gv
cu u w f EU xc f v cc c c
c . T -w w cy v EU-I c. Sc, c
fc x v C I EU u ,
, v f u f EU C I. Pcuy
wc w x cc w -x c cc.
T c f c c u f c c c f EU
(Bf 2012).
By w c c c c u f , c, ,
w fcu c xcy cfuy c cx f c
c c u f EU u . By , v
c uc u f u x f uc f EU
c c c, c u x u f EU c c
c wc u f uc EU, w u wc u
uc EU (C 2011; D Cc 2011; Fx/G 2009; H 2010).
T c f C I c f u f , c, u f
EU. B C I vy f cc v c EU, c-
c u cu xc c w y u f v -
c. R , w z f c u cuy w
c c c cy. Fu, EU-C EU-I ccz
y y yc w c c c. D
c, EU cvy u v uz c c -
c, f cy u c C I w
c c c cy-. Hwv, w c c. F,
C I f cc v, w C’ GDP v
cy f I.3 Sc, , cc
3 S Sc 4 5 w f cu f c.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 7/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 7
f — x—v f f c c cy c w c. T
v c fc w x c f c cx f u-
c.
T y w w cuc Eu, C, I 2010,
w y f y cy uc. T ucu fw. T x c
w c c w u w - c c c
f . Sc 3 cu v wc EU u -
w C I. Sc 4 5 yz w c u fy
w x w c u v f c c c, , u
C I c f u f Eu c.
2. D Dc Pc
T w u f c u u f , c, u
ucu c y w (Böz/R 2009, 2012). I fw f
yz u, Böz R c w c c c. I
c f c c, u c v y f -
. I c f c c, y c, u c y c
f . W y cu u cy w y f
c cy, ccu v “f Euz u” ufu
fcu f u u c.
W c c c, Böz R fy fu y. T yc
cc, u y cy y v w c f EU,
c EU v cu y ccv c c. T c
u f uy ccu. T c ccu u c f cy, wc
c u c- ccu f c, u ccy-
u cv uc v f cc c c, wc c
ccy f c c cc. T cz, wc c u
cx u wc c . Succfu cz
vv c c v u f w f cy “
”. T c c u, cc wc c y u c
u vy c y cu v .
Böz R fy c f c u, u wc c u
. T c, wc vv u ju f v w cc.
T c -w, wc c f c u cvy v
w f c cx. B f c
y cqu c, cc wc c u c y x-
z uy cc - f . T c c f u
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 8/29
8 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012
v u. T vw c v y c f w y
f cuy “ ” w f u ,
c, u f c c “ ”. Nv u c,
u f, vv w uc “w” f u “w” y cu w vyy v cuy.
Wc f c y c y u—f x—f , c,
u c c f EU C I? Cc , cu v,
c c. T EU-C EU-I ccz y y yc
w ( w c w EU’ w cc cu,
f x). T c EU’ y y v cy u wc wu
u uy ccu f C I v. Hwv, uy u
u v cv uc ccy u y u f
wc f u c. Nw y, Böz R u
“ fu w v wy f Eu, fw cv EU
c u y c f u f c-
uc c” (Böz/R 2012: 8). Ic c, cuy -w
v u, y v. Hwv, u w c
cc—cuy w -w v u— yc c
(Lz 2012). Jc Muy u -w u vv yc c f
cv u, w v u v y yc c-
uy. Nv u c u f -w y c f c fuc
(Jc/Muy 2012).
W c c y y c cu w , w
c xc u w vy c fc c . A cy
c f “” c u c (cz u) c, -
-v u c (-w v u) cy-c
c c u uv f c f w , c, u, u
uc uc (Böz/R 2012: 11). T c, u, v y fuc
f w c u f c, cy fu, ucy, w u f x
ccuc, f c x cy f c c c (Lz
2012).
T u f c c , u, y wc w , -
c, u w -x c v f cc f .
T c c c f , wc u x v-
c f c cu y w fc
w c c (Cc 2005; C/Dv 2000; L
1997; R-K 1994). A ccu f u cc cy f -
w -x c v f y v c. I
cy, u “c w wvw c
cuu y wfu u u w c” (R-K 1994: 212). Rv
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 9/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 9
c u c c w . If y , w uy
c cy.
I y c v c c f y cv u c (C/Dv 2000). Pc f
c c v , u y c
cy f y cv u x c f f v -
c c, cc cv . Fu,
f cuu c w w -x c (C/Dv 2000). I
c, c fc f c u u wc
w c v (Cc 2005). I cc
cy w -x c uy v c c.
Of cu, u f c w c , , -
u vw c . I, , c c,
u f u u fcu wy wc -
u cuc cv f f w w uc u
(F/S 1998; Py 2001). O v z cy f c c
, cc wc - c “cz” y u cuc
w x c w (Acy 2004). Fcu ccu
f w wy wc fc u qu f w
w x EU u cvy f x c c
wu w v c c C I. A fu v qu cc
w EU c f (Böz/R 2009: 11).
I , u c c u u f c, wc c v y
cv . U c f c y yc
w , cc v cy uy cv— v v c-
u cu c, , u. U uc c, v cv
uc ccy-u, c uc cz u, -v
c f -w u y v. T c, wv,
y c c c u c f u.
3. E Gb I Cc C C M
Sc y 1990, EU u y c f c
c, u f w c c c
cy-. F, EU cy u c uc u
c w f-. O v f u c uc u
c w cy , uc c y cuy uc f
f v u. A v c uc vv c,
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 10/29
10 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012
u c f c cy , vw y u UK Gv -
Stern Review (S 2006). Sc, EU u , cy w
y-w u uc C I, u v
c c w f u . T , EU u -c “j ”, cu C I, u cc
f c c wc wu cu “u”
u cc fc c.
Of cu, f uquy Eu . A c c cuy f c c-
v cv u c u
, w u c u f c c f v-
cuy f 1980 w (H 1992). I, f
c u w w fy w x v f C I c
c c c u u f Eu , c, u
uy c f . O c, cu , v
cy y c v f c c c. N,
EU ff f v f c c c c
, v, u u cu cu v u f c c.
Sccy, EU y cu f c c c
c, y y- w u cc fc c,
w cv c-v c c c, y .
T EU wy u f v cu w f-w u
jc c c c . W - f
EU uc cu u vuy qu u
c, cy c c w f -
u , f w y u f EU. I y f
v f c , EU w cy cc w cu c f
uz cu c — y U S, u C,
Ru, J. T c f 2004-05 w, u f w c fc.
F, ccc w v f Ky Pc, uc
c f y 2012 w uc 2005. I c f ,
y 2005 EU c cvy c fc .
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 11/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 11
Figure 1: Trends in GHG Emissions of the EU, China, and India, 1990–2011
Suc: Ov . 2012: 28.
Sc, c w u yc, w fcu
jc cu f v w fuu w. F x,
I Ey Acy’ (IEA) uc, W Ey Ou, jc 2004
w- f w y wu c f v cu wu
y f f-fu y uc, w cu jc fuu c-
u f C I (I Ey Acy 2004). Fu 1 u -
cv cu f EU, C, I, u v
c 1990.
I Juy 2005, Eu C f EU y f
fc -2012 , wc w y y Cuc Eu
Cuc. T C “ c” y EU f f-
c . W w y U S, cu ccy
v cu’ f wu 50 c c
c (Eu C 2005: 4). T EU -2012 c uc
c, y Mc 2007 Eu Cuc, c c f v-
cu. T c EU uc EU y 20 c y 2020 v
1990 v, wc wu c 30 c cx f wc “
v cu c v c uc ccy -
vc v cu cu quy cc cv
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 9 9 0
1 9 9 1
1 9 9 2
1 9 9 3
1 9 9 4
1 9 9 5
1 9 9 6
1 9 9 7
1 9 9 8
1 9 9 9
2 0 0 0
2 0 0 1
2 0 0 2
2 0 0 3
2 0 0 4
2 0 0 5
2 0 0 6
2 0 0 7
2 0 0 8
2 0 0 9
2 0 1 0
2 0 1 1
% o f t o t a l g l o b a l C O 2 e m i s s i o n s
EU‐27
China
India
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 12/29
12 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012
c” (Eu Cuc 2007: 12).4 I Oc 2008, Ev Cuc -
c y c f uc uz cu’ f 25 40 c w 1990
v y 2020, f v cu, “ cu vc ”, “uc
y 15 30% w u uu, c c f c u - cv c” (Cuc f Eu U 2008: 6).
I , EU u cy f v cu w y-w
jc fu c c c c u c-
f c c , cu u v f u-
z u c c cy. Sc 2007 cu, C I v v
c c c c w c c x cy-. T
qu fw w c w w x cy v
C I c u c f u f EU.
4. L Scz L-D: T Dv C C
C Pcy
Ov c 2007, c c cy C v cy. I Ju 2007,
C Gv u N C C P, wc u c
wu u C c c c u jcv w c
c u , c ccy f , c c v-
, uc w v f c c cy (NDRC 2007).
A , S Cuc N L Gu f C C wc
c y v P. Hwv, N C C P c y w
, u vuy-uc c cy w y wu
cv.5
I Nv 2009, f C c c u, S Cuc -
uc f uc c y— , u f cc uu—y 40
45 c y 2020 v 2005 v (Xu 2009).6 T w fw y 2011 y uc-
f C’ 12 Fv Y P, wc w uc cu cuy c y
: C y f GDP uc y 17 c y 2015 v 2010 v (L/W
2012). T c v uc x vc cy v, uc-
w-c v vc c 2010 (P’ Dy O 2010). I
4 T w () c f w y uc y uy 20 c
2020 cu u f 10 c f f fu y 2020; () 20
c v EU’ y cu y 2020.
5 Ivw w NGO v, Bj, 15 Oc 2010.
6 O uc cu c f -f fu y y cu
u 15 c y 2020, c f cv y 40 c f c vu y 1.3
cuc y 2020 f 2005 v.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 13/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 13
f x, c v v 2011 f
c v vc (Xu 2011).
T jcy f C c c cy- w v c x yc fc C. I c, c w f -c “Fu G” f
C 2003—P Hu J P W J—v uc . T
Hu-W c f C’ cc v wy f
u fcu cc w y c. B y f cc v,
c y uy f cc v. T w c
2003 uc y f w v f u v, u
C’ Su Dv Ac P f Ey 21 Cuy. T c f f
cy ccz y y cu, v f u, w ccy, w
ccz y w y cu, w u, ccy (D/D 2010: 255).
W wu uw uc uc f fc, y
c w f f C fy f cc
v, ww f uy f x c c
wu c.
T f C Gv w v y c c f C’
, wc w v y c fc. T f w c
f y u c y y f 21 Cuy. F 1990 2002, C’
y y— v y u u f GDP cy— y 54 c
(Hu/Bu 2009: 303). Hwv, w v u 2002 2006, u
wc C’ cc y cu w y 50 c, c -
y GDP. T w y y w v y c f c v c
wc fv cuc vy uy, u v
f C’ cc W T Oz Dc 2001 (M . 2009: 608). A
u, w cu w c c C 2002–04, wc u u f
y cuy ff f v (G 2007: 392). I , c
v uc 2004 u u f y wu y y f w cu-
y. A f u Dv Rc C f S Cuc c
y cv y ccy, f v y
cy, c c u c -f fu, v f v -
fu (M . 2009: 610).
Sc, w w w f C’ cc vuy v-w c v-
u. A u C cy c y y cy, c C vy
c f y . I 2006, c cu 69.4 c f v y cu,
y 90 c f w w w c (Hu 2007: 162). C’ cc
w, cuy c, y v , u xv v -
c f c. I 2007, C 16 f w’ 20 u c. 90 c
f C w u, f cy, w c f c u
c 1970 (Bw 2007: 36). W cuy c ju jcv f
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 14/29
14 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012
C’ u v, u fc v c C cy
cz cw fc. I uuuy f vw w D S 2005, P Yu,
C uy f v, u C w w 8 15 c
f GDP u u w u, :
“We are using too many raw materials to sustain this growth [...]. This miracle will end soon because the
environment can no longer keep pace. Acid rain is falling on one third of the Chinese territory, half of
the water in our seven largest rivers is completely useless, while one fourth of our cizens does not have
access to clean drinking water. One third of the urban populaon is breathing polluted air, and less than
20 percent of the trash in cies is treated and processed in an environmentally sustainable manner.”
(D S 2005)
A v f C c f w y y ccy c-
v uu v ufcu c
C Gv vw cy u . C cy vw
v f c w uy f u y, y
f c v u. T cuy v Mu L T
Rw Ey Dv P, u S 2007 y N Dv
Rf C (NDRC 2007). A w v c f w y,
P C f- f v, y f cy
u u c v ccy . T f P
f 2020 fw:
“A relavely complete renewable energy technology and industry system will have been established, so
that a domesc manufacturing capability based mainly on China’s own IPRs will have been established,
sasfying the needs for deploying renewable energy on a large scale in China.” (NDRC 2007: 13)
Tf, c f C ’ cv y v-
cy w w uwy f EU z u f c c -
w C f 2005 w. T w c uc y C Gv f
u f cy cu 2004, cu Mu L T Ey Dv
P Ou 2004-2020 Mu L T Ey Cv P (NDRC 2004). T
w wy f f f fc C y v .
I Fuy 2005, C Gv c Rw Ey Lw, wc
cv 15 c f C’ y f w uc y 2020.7 M cy, 11 Fv
Y P, uc 2005 cv 2006-2010, 20 c y y
cv y 2010, cc 15 c w y cv y 2020.8
7 T Rw Ey Lw v fw w wc f c
u u. I v f cuy cc f w y uc
w , u cv f w y jc, f w
y v fu u c v cv.
8 I C y, Fv Y P y f v —y cc
wc c c’ fc . Oc’ ucc fu cv
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 15/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 15
I c “ f w f u v C” “C’
u f v c” (N/My 2011: 8; O’G/Zu 2007: 17).
T v f C c c cy f w u f f C Gv’ cc f . I w c fc wc
f v f c c c, f v f EU c w
C . T v fw f EU-C P C C, -
EU-C Su S 2005. Iuz u c
fw f u f cu c u P
C C, wc vv xc f vw f c ’ c -
c, c , f c.
I cx, w vc f c f cz y EU. Acc f
C uc, u y Eu c C c-
c w y f c w y C
c c f 2007 w. O NGO v f C c cy Bj, cu-
v f M, Szy, B 2007, w G G8 Pcy 2007, u:
“It denitely helped that the foreign leaders repeatedly had climate change so high up on the agenda
when they met Chinese leaders [...]. In China, the system is very much centralized. So if you don’t get the
aenon of the very high up level [...] it will not be a naonal priority.” 9
Sy, C cc f f C UNFCCC -
u:
“Especially at high level, the leaders have a lot of visits to each other, and I remember the EU for example,
the Commissioner, the Commission President, and also the member state prime minister or president,
when they visit China or the Chinese leaders visit Europe, normally [...] one of the agenda items was
climate change. This made a direct inuence on policymakers in China, and they have a clear and strong
awareness of the concern from internaonal community, and they know now that there is some inter -
naonal agenda there.” 10
T v f C c c c w v y y cv c
C’ cy. I cx f w cc C’ c ,
C u cfu , y u c-
cc “” f cuy. T v f c
c c c u f c f
C’ “y”. T w cuy u f C’ N C C P f 2007
c fc c C uuccy, u
vy cv w cc.
9 Ivw w C NGO v, Bj, 15 Oc 2010.
10 Ivw w C cc, Bj, 18 Oc 2010.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 16/29
16 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012
-C c y , wc w f-ccuy f fu C’
w cuy. Hwv, w u cfu u
uc uc EU. O vw c f
C c c c cy-. F x, u f c C C, v f NGO Bj :
“China’s Copenhagen commitments [intensity target] are basically a domesc debate. They have a lot
of these think tanks that provide advice to the Government: ERI [Energy Research Instute], Renmin
University, Tsinghua University, Development Research Centre. Those are the ones that are providing
the technical analysis—why China should or shouldn’t take a numerical target.” 11
Mv, C Gv xcy jc Eu u
f f c uc C. N, EU ,
cuy uz c u vv c w Eu
C , v y fcu f C L
c c. Mv, c x f N C C P w
c y w , u vuy-uc c
cy w y wu cv (BBC 2007). A NGO v u :
“It was simply a repackaging of all the domesc policies that China was taking anyway to tackle other
problems. For example, aorestaon policy was because China was suering from sandstorms and
desercaon, so that was the reason China had a big aorestaon programme, but that helped with
climate change as well. You even had the one child policy, which was listed as the big contribuon of
China to tackle climate change.” 12
I w, C Gv w “c” c w
f —uc c 11 Fv Y P Rw Ey Lw—
“c c” c. I , f C Gv c c-
cz c f c u: I u cy, C
Gv x f x c v c
c . Mv, C u ccuz f -
v, vc u C Gv wu v v-
u c c c c f f w c w
cc w c y, f C Cu Py.
W v f C c c cy u 2007–08 c c-
cz c f c u, c v f
C c c cy , , c c c uc,
f c wu v c c c-. T y v
c 11 12 Fv Y P. W 11 Fv Y P (2006–2010) c
11 Ivw w NGO v Bj, 7 Oc 2010.
12 Ivw w NGO v, Bj, 15 Oc 2010.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 17/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 17
y y , wc wu v c jcy f u ,
c y c c as such. Hwv, 12 Fv Y P (2011–2015) c
xc uc c y f C cy y 17 c y 2015 v 2010
v. Tu, v f C c c cy f 2007 w y u c C Gv z cu c
c c , u c c, c w x cc f f-.
I cx, u c fy jc y. T w c-
y ccuz f C v-à-v c c cy, c
c w cu u w vc y EU. Hwv, u c c-
cy EU cu. Cy, EU Eu c y
c c w c 2005 vu fu cu y
f c c uc G8 U N Scuy Cuc. I y
uv c f EU cu f f c c f
c c C.
T v f ccy-u y EU C, w
x f c c f c fc C w-c jcy,
v c f cy v C. Ex f cu EU-C N-Z E
C (NZEC) v, wc cc fy f c cu
cy C Eu, cu y u C y 2015. T EU
u cu uy c jc C v u u ccy
f c c C fu c c c u, uc EU-C CDM
Fc Pjc Pvc S & Ac f C C M A
C jc. A c-fu v-y Eu-C C Ey C w A 2010,
fc c w Eu C c . Fu, C
Gv cy v Eu C v vc c f -
c C. T v v v w f c
v y vu EU w C Gv.
Hwv, ccy-u jc w y fw cu w, v y,
C Gv. F , y quy—f —ccu ccz
c f -w ccy-u. Mv, v u f c
c f -w y C Gv. Pcu x cu v f
C Rw Ey Lw , cy, v f C.
A f v, C Gv cu xvy w Eu
C f Eu xc f u c.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 18/29
18 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012
5. Rc D: T Dv I C C Pcy
T f 2007 2011 w f jcy f I c c
cy. T c , uy, w f P M’ Cuc C C 5 Ju 2007 (P M f I 2007). T c
vv v f I c c cy, wc u
u f I uuc. A f Juy 2007, P M S
Cuc C C w fu, y Nv 2007, N P Dcu
c c wc wu cu “ w v f u f
fuu” (P M f I 2007).
I Ju 2008, I Gv u v N Ac P C C
(NAPCC), c f wc f N M f u 2017 cv-
vu cy .13 T NAPCC f c c f I’ c
c, cu “c u ” quy c wc w
c f ’ qu c uc.
I , I’ c c u wu xc f
v cu w (Gv f I 2008: 1-2). Gv w qu
u , , , vu c
P M’ Cuc C C. T Cuc u w c w u c
vw u c (Fujw 2010: 9).
T fu f N M u NAPCC c qucy c, u y
f 2010 jy f N M fu y
v y P M’ Cuc C C. M c cu cx
N S M Ey Eccy M. T Jw Nu N S M
“ I y, y c cy c f u
c cuy qucy ”. I c cy fw f y f
20,000 Mw (MW) f w y 2022; c fv c f ufcu
cy; v 2000 MW f - y y 2022; v
y (My f Nw Rw Ey 2009). T N M Ec
Ey Eccy, v Ju 2010 cv fc ccu f 50 c f
f fu u I, u uc cu y 5 c v u 100
f CO2 uy y 2015 (Fujw 2010: 9-10).
W c I’ c , Dc 2009 — ju
COP-15 C — I Gv uc c uc -
y f I GDP y 20 25 c y 2020 c 2005 v u c
(I C P 2009). T c c f f cuy wc
13 T N M : N S M, N M f Ec Ey Eccy, N
M Su H, N W M, N M f Su Hy Ecy,
N M f G I, N M f Su Acuu, N M Sc
Kw f C C.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 19/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 19
u y y f f , vuy.
Fw f uc f y , I Gv f Ex
Gu Lw C Sy f Icuv Gw, c y D. K P, f f
I’ P C, u f wc w c u w u cv y .14
T v jcy f I c c cy v, C c, v
cy y c fc. Mv, c c v y c I
Gv’ EU’ v uz u c
u c y cy. I c, u f y cuy cc
y cy y I f y y. I fc, I uy -
y f uu v f “-cv” y uc y ccy u. T
cu My f Nw Rw Ey I c f
1970 u v f y f-uccy. A f -cv y uc
w c w My f Ey 1982, w u y u 1992 w
c f My f N-Cv Ey Suc.15
A u w v f w I Rw
Ey Dv Acy, 1987 w v c u jc
c y u w w uc cv y u
y ccy (IREDA 2011). Ey ccy cv wc
I Gv y f . U Ey Cv Ac f 2001, Buu f Ey
Eccy w Mc 2002, w y ccy f f-
u.16 I , I Gv uu v f w w y uc
w y cv f y y y.
Hwv, v v f I c c cy c 2007
c fu c c u I c c cy. I c-
y f z cc v y cy jcv. Acc
, c c c— v u—c c x
f I’ v. I w-c cuy—v y c C— cy
w c w y uz cuy. I 2007, I’ c GDP (uc w y
14 T u c f c c, cu uy, , c u, cv
cy, v c, u vv v f v — -
vc f u f v. T u’ c u c
c f I’ 12 Fv Y P wc c c 2012 (Ivw w f I
Gv c, Nw D, 9 Dc 2010, NGO v, D, 25 Nv 2010;
My f Ev F 2010).
15 T w My f Nw Rw Ey 2006.
16 T Buu f Ey Eccy fcu cu f f fu: () cc cu -
c, w cu w v w f y ccy f c; () y
ccy f u, cuy cc u, wc ccz y cv wy -
v ccy u f y , w ccy v ycy ccu ;
() v u f uy w y ccy u.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 20/29
20 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012
ju) w USD 2,800, c w USD 5,400 f C (Fujw 2010: 1). Cy
u f cc y: 75 c f u 22 c f u I u v
cc f f y y (Dw 2010: 1). Tf,
xc cu w y , v v c I v c c w uv y cu , f, u
.
T vw x fquy I Gv f cy. F x, I’ Inial
Naonal Communicaon to the United Naons Framework Convenon on Climate Change u c
c f I’ c:
“The principal objecve of the naonal development strategy is to reduce the incidence of poverty
to 10 per cent by 2012 and provide gainful employment. [...] Achieving these development priories
will require a substanal increase in energy consumpon [...] and consequent rise in GHG emissions.”
(Gv f I 2004: xv)
A c y c u I c c c cc u f equity.
T y I Gv qu -c “c
c”. A -C uc y I Gv :
“It is India’s view that the planetary atmospheric space is a common resource of humanity and each
cizen of the globe has an equal entlement to that space. The principle of equity, therefore, implies
that, over a period of me, there should be a convergence in per capita emissions.” (Gv f
I 2009: 6)
I’ u f quy c v c wc c cy u
u y I’ cvy w cu v f -c , w cuu-
v v f c . I, I ccu f xy 5.8 c f -
2011, w’ fu . Hwv, I c
wy C, wc ccu f 28.6 c f 2011 (Ov . 2012: 28).
Mv, I’ c 2009 w 1.5 c , w C’ c -
w 5.4 (Ey If A 2012).17 T I Gv
fc uz cu v cu c ccuu f u
. I cu xy 2.3 c f ccuu , w u-
z cu ccvy v cu xy 75 c, U S
cu 29 c (Du 2009: 2). B I’ w c , u
cu c , I Gv f y y
uc u . I, I cy c fquy
jc f “j ”, u f I C cu u
c c.
17 A c c c w y c I c w v EU-27
c (7.8 ), US c (17.7 ).
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 21/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 21
I , I Gv cu f u f c c vy N-
Su . T c EU’ v c
c, , f u f EU I. W EU y
cc f c u I c w u-z cu, cuy U S, c w “-
v ” w cv c f I EU. F , v f
EU-I c c ccz y u c
f I Gv. A I-EU Iv C Dv C C w uc
EU-I Su S 2005, u w EU x
f w C Gv, x I c w
cy uv. T w u f c c f I Gv.18
A f c u I-EU Iv C Dv C C -
cu f c, c v, c c,
uc c f c c, f C Dv
Mc, cu y x’ . T w J W Gu
Ev, wc y EU-I J C 1999 u -
fquy, wu yy EU-I Ev Fu EU-I Ey
P wu c. T f Iv C Dv C C w
xy vu, . Pcuy wy fc w
c jc N Z E C jc EU-C c. I fc, EU
c w I c cu fu f jc,
u w jc y I Gv.19
Mv, w c c f I w c fw-u, cuy u-
u 2007. I f y cy, EU v c w I
Gv w y y uccfu. Mv, I Gv x
c y u cv y uc w cc c
c . A EU-I Su 2008, v EU-I J Ac P w v fw-
c J Ac P 2005 u, w c c
f c w fcu f u (Eu U Gv
f I 2008).20 B J W P, EU-I C- Ey, C
Dv C C (Eu U Gv f I 2008). Hwv, w
x w y f u 2005 , c-
fc cv u 2005 , y , y c. T fw-u
, w c f v cy
uc w, w, cc, c c c .21
18 Ivw w f UK , D, 8 Nv 2010.
19 P vw w C c, 30 Ju 2011.
20 Ivw w EU c, Bu, 8 Juy 2010.
21 Ivw w Eu , Nw D, 2 Dc 2010.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 22/29
22 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012
N, v f I c c c -2007 w v
x y f I Gv c cy y
v f f cuy. I vc f C
cfc, M f Ev F J R w v c uc f PM I u “ f u f ”.22 T
f I’ uc w fc C, w Bz, Su Afc, Mxc,
uc c , c u I Gv fw
u. Hwv, c v f c I NGO u y u
cc f :
“I think it [the pre-Copenhagen intensity target] was just picked out of thin air—maybe some brainstorm-
ing among three or four people [...]. I honestly don’t think there was much analysis that went into it. I
think the way it was done was that a gure was arrived at, and senior bureaucracy was told to prepare
a paper which would jusfy it.” 23
T u f c u wc c w uc f yc .
Hwv, v f I c c cy u w c
u w f I u w c w
. A f f P C f I Gv u, uc f
c c u NAPCC w v y cc I’ c f fu:
“For India, moving to a low-carbon energy strategy is required in any case because of the fact that we’re
short of most forms of energy, fossil fuels, even the coal we have will run out in under 40 to 45 years, so
it’s not as if we can rely on coal. So we need to develop renewables, solar, nuclear, non-carbon strategies,
and that’s what we’re doing in any case.” 24
Hwv, c c u w uy c EU ccy,
c w cc c c c
f f 2000. Of cu, c EU-C c cu v, u
vc u EU y , u
w c EU .
F , wu y ccu ccz v f I c c
cy c f u f EU. T “v ” w I EU uy
w w f cz u. T I Gv f u f c
c vy EU, cv cy f I EU -
cy . T w u y I Gv c, w :
“The emphasis [of the Indian Government policy] [...] is energy access, increasing the amount of energy,
22 Ivw w c My f Ev F, Nw D, 22 Nv 2010.
23 Ivw w v f I NGO, 25 Nv 2010.
24 Ivw w f f I P C, Nw D, 9 Dc 2010.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 23/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 23
increasing the amount of energy eciency. The main dierence we have with the EU is that the primary
goal of the EU is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The tools that the EU uses and the tools for our very
separate goals are similar—renewables, energy eciency, etc. But this should not blind us to the fact
that the goals are dierent. We see climate change as a co-benet. The EU sees enhanced access, etc.,as a co-benet, and that’s a very sharp dierence in world views.” 25
T c f w vw wy w x wy w vc f
y f c c f u Sc 2 v. I u u
c f v u -w f I Gv.
6. Cc
T w u yz v f C I c c c
c y f u cv, w w x cy v
c ccz c f u f EU. Bu c u u f
, c, u, w u wy wc C I
c c cy- v c y w y c y c c
fc, cu v f cc f .
I C c, c f cy- c c c v f Fu
G f Hu J W J y y v c
uy f C’ cc v wy. T, u, w v y c cc
v y cuy, c v u, v ufcu ccy
w-c c. I I c, I Gv fc f cc,
v y cuy cu, C Gv, v f I c
c cy c x u f z , u c c, c
c c c w cy jcv. Hwv, I Gv
cu f u f c c vy y N-Su . W
u f c f C Gv c c cy-, cc C
Gv c c c c c.
T v f C I c c c u f u -
y c v. Mv, c fc wc v v f
C I c c cy—cuy f c w Eu,
C, I cc —v y c u f EU.
T EU u c- w-w c c c wc c c
c w w c w cy uc y cuy c -
v u. W f cy w C ’ c f
f-, f y w I Gv’ ,
25 Ivw w I Gv c, D, 16 Nv 2010.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 24/29
24 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012
wc w cc v y cc y cy , w y v
c f c c c-, f y c.
T wc Eu cc w -x cc C I x c x v f u w w c. I
C c, w vc f c c f u u Sc
2, v cc c f -w f C Gv, u-
y ccy-u y EU. By c, I c w v-
c f c c u c , c N-Su f
f c u I y cu f u f Eu I,
u c c c.
Mv, EU-I c cu u EU f ccu f -
v f cu, f wy w -x
c f. Fu, c vc f f c, EU
cy c I Gv. Tu, EU-I c cu u-
c EU ucy f w cu wy
y w -x v f y y cuy c, v
fc f vu c. T c f xvy f EU , u, ccy
c fw f-c .
M y, c y f w u , c ccz y c-
f y yc w , c cu w y f cy
w c c c f u. T qu c w f u-
c, .., w c y cv. Hwv, uy qu
w , u y qu fv uy c
c. U c, u cy w uy- -v u-
c y f , f y ucv. F , c
yz w c f fu ccu c c u cc-
w c c c f u.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 25/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 25
L
Acharya, Amitav 2004: Hw I S: W N M? N Lcz Iu
C A R, : I Oz 58/2, 239-275.
BBC 2007: C Uv C C P, : ://w.c.c.u/2//-cc/6717671.;
21 My 2011.
Biedenkopf, Katja 2012: E T - A Tc Juy f I? : KFG W P
S 45, S 2012, K-Fcu “T Tfv Pw f Eu”, F
Uvä B.
Börzel, Tanja A./Risse, Thomas 2009: T Tfv Pw f Eu: T Eu U
Du f I, : KFG W P S 1, My 2009, F Uvä B.
Börzel, Tanja A./Risse, Thomas 2012: F Eu Du: Iuc, : W Eu
Pc 35/1, 1-19.
Börzel, Tanja A./Risse, Thomas 2012: W Eu M Du: Ex Nw Ty, :
W Eu Pc 35/1, 192-207.
Brown, Kerry 2007: C C f Ev, : Luw, P (.): T EU
C, P L, Pu: Eu Sy Fu, 34-49.
Carrapatoso, Astrid 2011: C Pcy Du: I Du C-EU R, : G
C, Pc & Scuy 23/2, 177-194.
Checkel, Jerey T. 2005: I Iu Scz Eu: Iuc F-
w, : I Oz 59/4, 801-826.
Cortell, Andrew P./Davis, James W., Jr. 2000: U Dc Ic f I N:
A Rc A, : I Su Rvw 2/1, 65-87.
Council of the European Union 2008: P f 14 S f Cfc f P
(COP 14) U N Fw Cv C C (UNFCCC) 4 S f M f P Ky Pc (CMP 4) - Cuc Ccu,
(14562/08), : ://.cu.u.u/f//08/14/14562.08.f; 16 S-
2011.
Dadwal, Shebon Ray 2010: I’ Rw Ey C, : Sc Ay 34/1, 1-4.
Dai, Xiudian/Diao, Zhiping 2010: Tw Nw W O f C C: C Eu-
U’ L A, : Wuz, Rü K. W./Cy, J (): T Eu
U L I C C Pc, L & Nw Y: Ru, 252-
268.
De Cock, Geert 2011: T Eu U B ‘N L’ C C v-à-v C,
: Eu F A Rvw 16/1, 89-105.
Der Spiegel 2005: ‘T C Mc W E S’ - S Ivw w C’ Duy M
f Ev, : ://www..///0,1518,345694,00.; 21
My 2011.
Dubash, Navroz K. 2009: Tw Pv I G C Pc, : W P 2009/1,
S 2009, C f Pcy Rc/C Iv, Nw D.
Energy Informaon Administraon 2012: I Ey Sc W, : ://www..v/
cf/jc/IEDIx3.cf?=90&=44&=8; 28 Ju 2012.
European Commission 2005: Cuc f C Eu P, Cu-
c, Ecc Sc C C f R: W BA G C C, Eu C, COM(2005) 35 .
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 26/29
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 27/29
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change | 27
Kilian, Berl 2009: A Gu G G? T Eu U’ R L I C
Pc, Lu Uvy D f Pc Scc, : ://u.u.u./uu/w?f
uc=wF&cOI=1459277&OI=1459278; 6 S 2011.
Kilian, Berl/Elgström, Ole 2010: S G L? T Eu U’ R I C
N, : C Cc 45/3, 255-273.
Legro, Jerey W. 1997: Wc N M? Rv ‘Fu’ f I, : I
Oz 51/1, 31-63.
Lenz, Tobias 2012: Su Eu: T EU R I Mcu SADC, : W
Eu Pc 35/1, 155-173.
Li, Jun/Wang, Xin 2012: Ey C Pcy C’ Tw Fv-Y P: A P S, :
Ey Pcy 41, 519-528.
Meidan, Michal/Andrews-Speed, Philip/Xin, Ma 2009: S C’ Ey Pcy: Ac Pc,
: Ju f Cy C 18/61, 591-616.
Ministry of Environment and Forests 2010: I: T C C - P-C Dc
Ac, Ju 30, 2010, My f Ev F, : ://f.c./w/uc-f/I%20T%20%20C%20C.f; 6 Juy 2011.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy 2009: Jw Nu N S M: Tw Bu
S I, Ey, My f Nw Rw, : ://.v./f/-cu-
-JNNSM.f; 6 Juy 2011.
NDRC 2004: C Mu L T Ey Cv P, N Dv Rf
C f P’ Ruc f C, : ://www.c..c/u/2/967/
u%20%20-%20v%20%20f%20%20%20c%20.
f; 30 My 2011.
Ng, Shin Wei/Mabey, Nick 2011: C C Lw C Ouy? T Ic f C-
’ 12 Fv-Y-P f Eu, E3G, Mc 2011 (U c c 12 Fv-
Y-P Mc 15, 2011).
O’Gorman, Dermot/Zhu, Chunquan 2007: Ev, : Cc, Sy/Ru, E (): C-
EU: A C Fuu, S & L: W Scc, 15-26.
Oberthür, Sebasan/Roche Kelly, Claire 2008: EU L I C Pcy: Acv
C, : T I Sc 43/3, 35-50.
Olivier, Jos G.J./Janssens-Maenhout, Greet/Peters, Jeroen A.H.W. 2012: L-T T G CO2
E: 2012 R, T Hu: PBL N Ev A Acy & EU
J Rc C.
Payne, Rodger A. 2001: Pu, F N Cuc, : Eu Ju f I
R 7/1, 37-61.
People’s Daily Online 2010: C Luc Lw-C P Sc C, Pvc, : ://.y.c.c/90001/90778/90862/7110049.; 10 Fuy 2012.
Prime Minister of India 2007: PM’ Cuc C C Cu, : ://.c./
/c.?=585; 7 Juy 2011.
Prime Minister of India 2007: PM’ O R M f Cuc C C,
: ://.c./c/c.?=561; 7 Juy 2011.
Risse-Kappen, Thomas 1994: I D N Fw Fy: T C, Dc Sucu,
E f C W, : I Oz 48/2, 185-214.
Schreurs, Miranda A./Tiberghien, Yves 2007: Mu-Lv Rfc: Ex Eu U L-
C C M, : G Ev Pc 7/4, 19-45.
Stern, Nicholas 2006: T Ecc f C C: T S Rvw, C: C Uv-y P C Oc—HM Tuy.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 28/29
28 | KFG Working Paper No. 46| September 2012
Wurzel, Rüdiger K. W./Connelly, James () 2010: T Eu U L I C-
C Pc, L & Nw Y: Ru.
Xinhua 2009: C Auc T C E Cu, : ://w.xu.c/
/2009-11/26/c_12544181.; 4 Ju 2010.
Xinhua 2011: C P C E R T Sc: Ecc P, : ://w.xu.c/2010/c/2011-11/22/c_131263322.; 10 Fuy 2012.
7/27/2019 Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change. The Limits of Diffusion in EU Relations with China and India
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessing-eu-leadership-on-climate-change-the-limits-of-diffusion-in-eu-relations 29/29
T K-Fc - Ec Acc Exc
Iv Rc
T K-Fcu (KFG) w fu u-
c y G Rc Fu 2008. I c-
c f KFG v ccy u v
wc vv c c c w y cu w u f ju c.
T K-Fcu „T Tfv Pw f Eu“
c Eu B-B-
u uz c w uv-
c u. I x f EU -
c f , yz c c
f x u c c :
• Iy Puc S
• Cc, Cy By
• Cv R Eu’ Ex R