ASSASSIN'BUG u Rhodnius prolixus

ASSASSIN BUG

ASSASSIN 'BUG

Rhodnius p rolixus

Appearance

• 2 a em long. • Body brightly colourt>d wilh

black and brown !'itript'fl. • Antennae ins<'rt<.'Cl on sidt>s of

long, rough ly conim l head near apex.

• Lal'gc L!yc::. placed lakrally. • Proboscis kept folded under

t he hcud like a knife blade. • Wings held folded on bnck. • Legs well drvPiopNI.

EYE

ANTENNA

BODY

'

LEGS

- • • u

•

. ,

- 1 World Health Organization 1991

ASSASSIN BUG

ASSASSIN BUG

Rhodnius p rolixus

life cycle • Life cyele has 3 stage:; egg.

nymph and adult; C'an be romplctpd in 6 months to 2 yea rs.

• l<~ggl> an• ovn l and whlt P in c·o lour and lur'l) pink hc•forc hntching.

• Nymph moult.: fi tim<'s: {•;l<'h

moult r('quirPs ~ hlood mPHI • Adults mate 7 10 davs after

a blood meal; female lays about 300 eggs in a ltft>time.

• Adult can live for 3 4 months without food.

6MO"lfHS TO 2. YEAR S ~ 1 'rEAR

IT l. ---••

1 World He alth Organizat ion 199 1

AS~ASSIN

BUG

ASSASSIN BUG

Rhodnius prolixus

• Habitat and behaviour

• Found predominantly in mudwa llt>d houses with thatched roofs.

• l; 1ves in cracks and fi ssures m the walls and roofs, behind !)it urt:s on walls, under mattresses or obi cts a ccumulated under beds, in d<'bri~ a nd on a nim~ l ~' coat s.

• Em('rges at dusk to feed on s leeping victims: a lso feeds on excreta of other bugs.

• Avoids Jjgbt and is an act ive runner.

•

-n-1

I

I

.. I

• - --I

I -

I

• -I

t World Health Org~mution 199 1

ASSASSIN BUG

A:SSASSIN BUG

Rhodnius prolixus

Public health importance

• Oites And sucks blood from th~ exJ?osed parts of the body, usual ly the face.

• Defecates while Hucking blood. and may transmit Chagas disease by cont nminntion of tho bite wound with the f:wces.

• Bites c-ause l'lWf'lling and sev('re p}lin.

I I - r

• W orld H ealth Organization 1991

ASSASSIN BUG

-

I

..

-

ASSASSIN :auG •

Rhodnius prolixus

Things needed

• Screening for doors and windows.

• Insect.. repellent. • Hand spray-gun for repellent. • Hangers for clothing.

• • Plaster to fi ll cracks and fissures.

I

..

-. I

I

• I -•

I

-•

I I

• c World Health Organization 1991

•

•

I

I

-

ASSASSI N BU G

ASSASSIN BUG

Rhodnius profixus

Pre ve nt access

• Use mosquito net. • Keep beds away from walls

and posts. • ~egregate eating and sleeping

areas. • Keep pets and other animal~

out of lhc houso.

'I~ • .. -

I _,..

·~ ~~

t World H eal th O rgan•zat•on 1991

BEDBU G

• BEDBUG

Cimex lectularius

Appearance

• 6 7 mm long. • Reddish brown colour. • Flat, oval, hairy body. • 2 antennae. • 3 pairs of legs. • Head attached to thorax with

no neck.

( World Health Organiznion 1991

BEDBUG

BEDBUG

Cimex lectularius

Life cycle

• Life cycle has 3 stages - egg. nymph and adult; can be completed in 7-10 weeks under favourable conditions.

• Eggs are pearly white and oval, 1 mm in length.

• Nymph moults 5 times; a blood meal is reqwred before each moult.

• Adult lives for several months to l year or more; female may lay 75-500 eggs at the rate of 2 3 eggs a day.

• Bedbug can remain in the egg or nymph stage for an indefinite period if food is not available.

7 - 10 WEEKS "M C) .. ~

EG6

~NYMPH

j. Y£AR OR MORE

)

( World Health Organizuion 1991

BEDBUG

I (!' \

BEDBUG

Cimex lectularius

Habitat and behaviour

• Lives in cracks and crevices in walls and floors, furniture, bedsteads, mattresses, ptcture frames, wa llpaper, books and papers, boxes, elc.

• Avoids light and is active during night.

• Spoils woodwork, pictur<'~> And furniture by depositing eggs a nd excreta.

' I / -0-/ ' '

( World Health Organintion 1991

BED BU G

• BEDBUG

Cimex lectularius


• Bites and sucks blood. • Biting causes itching.

swelling and inflammation. • Emits foul smell. • Interferes with s leep.

< World Health Organization 1991

BEDBUG

• BEDBUG

Cimex lectularius

Things needed

• Hangers or nails for clothing. • Clothes-line to put bedding

outside for spraying or beating.

• Paint for walls. • Plaster to fill in cracks and

crevices. • Candles. • Heating stove. • Adhesive tape for sealing

skirtings, picture rails, windows, etc.

1 World Health Org<tnluuon 1991

BEDBUG

• BEDBUG

Cimex lectularius

Prevent access

• Prevent passive entry into the house on clothes, suitcases. cardboard boxes, furniture, etc.

• Do not share clothing or bedding with oLher people.

Reduce infestation

• Take furniture and beddmg away from the house and beat to dislodge bugs.

• Pour boiling water over bed frames.

• Pass lighted candle under bedsprmgs.

-

1 World Healtn Organiution 1991

COCK· ROACH

• COCKROACH

8/ate/la germanica

A ppearance

• 10 15 mm long • Dnrk brown colour. • Large eyes. • 2 whip-like antennae. • 2 dark longitudinal marks on

top of thorax. • :l pa1rs of wmgs. • 3 pairs of legs.

I ANTENNA LEGS

1 World He~lth Organozuoon 1991

COCK· RO A CH

• COCKROACH

8 /a ce//a germanica

Life cycle

• Life cycle ha~ 3 stages egg, nymph and adult; can be complctt•d in 2 :J months under favourable cond1tions.

• gggli arc laid in l.'gg cases 5.5 mm in lcn~th, egg cuses ure cnnit•cl by the fcmnlc under the body: egg cnse contain~> average of 40 egg.::.

• Nymph moult..- f) tirnt>" • Adults mate 7 10 dayH after

fully grown and can live for 9 10 month:..

• Adults can live for only 2 ·I wt>eks Without food and water.

EGG CAGf

AOULT NYMPH

1 World Health Organtzatton 1991

CO C K· RO A C H

• COCKROACH

8 /a ce/la germanica

Habitat and behaviour • Lives m cracks and crevices;

undt'r furniturP; bPhtnd bottles and dishes in kitchens: under sinks; in drains, sewers and latrines.

• Attracted by warmth and dampness.

• Fits tnlo very narrow spaces. • Feeds on anything including

food. paper. leather, hair, fabrtc:;, glue, dried blood, excreta, sputum and other cockroaches.

• Active during ntght and dtslikP-. ltght.

' I / -0 -/ I \

1 World Health Organiution 1991

COCK· ROACH

COCKROACH

Blacella germanica


• ~lt•chanically tran~n11ts gl•rms cau~tn~ c·holern. lyph01d, dtarrhcH•H, dysentery. vtral hepatiltt' A. poliomycliti:-. and lt'JH'Osy: may nlso t·ontami nate food, a nd <'<\Ul>l' :swt•llin g of oyL•Iirls nnd ~:~I< in mfl'C'lionR.

• Pt·odut'l' " nau~t>nting odou t·.

. "\; :~1"- ~-,r

I" I f 'I I

~~. 4-i ... j) ,.~··:".-

1 World Health Organization 1991

COCK· ROACH

• COCKROACH

8/ate/la germanica

Things needed

• Food And garhngr. rontl'linPr>: with tills.

• Hanger~ or nails fo r clothing. • Jland spray-gun for repellent .. • Plaster for filling cracks and

crevices in walls and floors. • Dough made from wheat flour

and powdered boric acid for use ns bait.

r World Health Organintion 1991

COCK· ROACH

• COCKROACH

8 /ate//a germanica

In the house

• Prevent passive entry with grol'Crte~. laundry and oth<>r packages.

• Kill h\ using household bait~. ::;m;h al:' dough made w1 th powd<'rcd bone acirl and wh<'nl Aour.

• H<•palr Jeakmg tap!' and avoid wntPr spillage.

• Keep house clean and ti ll~·. • Store foodstuffs in clo:wcl

containers or cupboards • Clear awav left-over:. and

store in clo~ed containNs.

-• World Health Organrutlon 1991

HOUSEFLY

• HOUSEFLY

Musca domestica

Appearance

• 6 9 rom long • Dull grPy colour. • Large eyes. • 2 small nntennao (feelers). • Thorax with 4 narrow stripes. • Yellow ahdomen. • 2 wings without scales. • a patrs of legs.

I I I 1 I I • t : :

:HI.<~>: niORAA 1 lt8DOM6N :

< World Health Organiution 1991

HOUSEFLY

• HOUSEFLY

M usca domestica

Life cycle

• Lif~o• cycle has 1 stag£'s egg. lllrva. pupa anrl :-~clult: can be completed in about 3 weeks under favourable conditions.

• Egg is oval, white and I mm in length.

• Larva is cylindrical. cone· shaped at one end and whtte m colour; there are three larval ~;luge~>.

• Pupa is a resting stage. • Adult mntcs 2 20 duys after

emerging and can live for about 1 month f(>rnaiP ndult lays a total of about 500 eggs m 2 7 batch~s: eggs are laid 4 days after mating.

.Jl./)y,t ,3 WEEKS

~ )

EGGS

1 M ONTH ~,_ l ,J --~) 'trm0-...

1 World Health Organ•utton 1991

HOUSEFLY

• HOUSEFLY

Musca domescica


• Breeds in ammal dun~. human excreta, garbage. sewage. plant debns and other decaying organic matter.

• Found during day nea r food l:iOUJ'cc:. and brcedi ng pla('es.

• Rest:; alnight. on cci lings, lops of walls, wi res, cords, edges, and rough !>tt rfnC'P'l.

• Feeds on human food. garbage, excreta and decayed plant and animal matter.

• Feeding places 100 500 m from breeding place.

" ' / -o-/1"

< World Hulth Organization 1991

HOUSEFLY

• HOUSEFLY

Musca domestica


• l\·lechanically trnn~mits dysentery. diarrhoea. typhoid. cholera, leprosy, poliomyelitis and parasitic worms; may also cause skin infections.

• Leaves droppings on food and dishes which may lead to contamination of food.


H OUSEFLY

• HOUSEFLY

Musca domestica

Things needed

• Food and garbage containers with lids.

• Fly-swatter. • Sticky fly-paper. • Fly <.:urlain~, e.g., strips of

beads or plastic. • Window/door screens. • Nets for bods and cribs. • Repellent.

t World Health Organiut1on 1991

• HOUSEFLY

Musca domescica

In the house

• Screen doors, windows and ventiLators. • Use antifly curtams e.g., strips of beads,

plastic, etc., in doorways. • Usc nets over beds and cribs. • Kill flies with fly-swatters or catch on

sticky fly·paper. • Keep toilet clean nnd slab hole covered

nfter use. • Store garbage in closed containers. • Keep food covered or store it in closed

containers.

In the community

• Keep shops and food establishments clean: do not Leave food exposed.

• Provide sanitary latr·ines to avoid defecation in open spaces.

• Arrange for street swcepmg and garbage collect1on at least every other day. and dispose of garbage by sanitary methods.

• Arrange for effective wa~tt•water removal and dtsposal.

• World Health Organrutlon 1991

• LOUSE

Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus

Appearance General

• Flat body. • Mout.hpart.s that p1erce and

suck blood. • 2 antennae. • 3 pairs of short legs with

claws.

Distin2uishing features

• P .h . c"pitis (h ead louse) 1 2 mm long. dirty white to grey•sh black colour. thic-k antennae.

• P.h . humanus (body louse) 2 4 mm long. often light coloured. long antennae.

0 0

f World Health Org~ntzation 1991

LOUSE

• LOUSE

Pediculus humanus capit is, Pediculus humanus humanus

Life cycle

• Ltfe cycll' haR a );tagt-s egg, nymph and adult; can be complct.cd in 18 days under favourable condition~;.

• ~ggs ure clon~tnt<.• ov1~l nnd whitish in colour.

• Nymph moult!'! thrc•<> I imP!' anci is similar t.o adult except 111

size. • Fema lt·s lay avcral{t' of 8 10

eggs a day until 50 100 eggs have been latd by the head lou:ol:' and 200 300 by the body louse.

EGG

f.:\ 1• DAYS ~ 1 8 DAYS ·::: ~ ~ ---+) '! ~V ) , ._. "1\!l><ll• .·


LOUSE

• LOUSE

Pediculus humanus capicis, Pediculus humanus humanus


• P.h. capitis (head louse) inhabits scalp, mostly behind ears and back of bead. glues eggs to hair near the sca.l p.

• P .h . humanus (body louse) lives in clothing and places wht•rP c· lothing louchPs body, e.g. armpits, crotch. waistline, neck, shoulder, etc. glues eggs to fibres in seams of clothing.

< World Health Organiution 1991

• LOUSE



• Lice bite and suck blood. • Biting caus~,>R irritation and

i tching. • Itching may cause skin

infections, such as impetigo, furunculosis and eczema.

• Body lice may t ransmit typhus, trench fever and relapsing fever.

1" World Health Organi-zation 1991

LOUSE

• LOUSE


Things needed

• Soap for waf:hin~ nnd bnlhing. • Brush or comb fol' NH:h p<'rson

i 11 t hP housP.

v-~

DIIIIII1UlUli\Uill1ll

1 World Health Organintion 1991

LOUSE

• LOUSE


Prevent louse infestation

• In hair: wash hair regularly. keep hairbrush, comb, cap, etc. clean and do not share with others.

• On body: kcop clean bath regularly and change into clenn clothes. wash bedclothes regularly. do not share clot.hing and bedding with others.

( World Health Organiu tion 1991

LOUSE

• LOUSE

Pediculus humanus capit is, Pediculus humanus humanus

Get rid of infestation

• In hair: use fin., comh or hand to remove and c rush nits. nymphs and adults. appl y kerosene and vcge~able oil mixture (1: 1) to ha1r, t1e up m a towel for an hour and wash.

• On body: boi I clotlung and bl.-'dding with soap and water. leave infected clothing and bedding unused for a month; lice will eli <> without food

- disinfect clothe:; by heating in air at 70 C. do not crush body lice; crushing may spread disease.


• MOSQUITO

Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus

Appearance • 3.5-5 mm long body covert:>d

with scalt's • 2 antennae. • 2 wings. • 3 pairs of legs. • A proboscis which is used for

biting and sucking blood.

A NOPHfi.ES

USUA LLY' POIN 'TEl)

A EDES CULEX

1 World Healtn Organiution 1991

• MOSQUITO


Life cycle • l.tfc cyt·ln huh four htllJl'CS egg, larva.pupa

li ncl ndu It

• Anopht>les J<:ggs laid !>ingly and have floats. L;u vac r e:::.t pn rn I 1 e I to wH.Lcr Sll rface and have only •·udiml'nlfu·y brenth1n~ tube. Lift• c·ydc <.·an lw c·mnph:tccl in 9 11 days uncler favou rl'l bit• co ncb t ions.

• Aedes l~ggs laid :.ing ly and do not have lioats. Lnrvac rc::,t at an angle to watt:r ~urface oncl hnH· shm·t. :;tout breathing tube. Li fP cyc:h• <.'nn h<• c·omph•tPcl in 11 days undto>r favourabl<• t•onclition~;.

• Culex E.ggs laid in boat·l-haped rafts and do not han• flotll:.. Lm·nw rel'l at nn angle to water :-urface ami hnvl• ion~. sl<·ndt>r hrt'nthing tube Lifl• c•ycl<• c•an ht• complr>tc•d in 9 1:3 days under litvourahh• ronclition'-'.

CULEX

ANOPHEt.E"S

/I

0-14- DAYS

<mu) --~)

AEDES

1 World Htalth Organl'tat•on 1991

• MOSQUITO

M OSQUITO

'"( . ,.r

Anopheles stephensi. Aedes aegypti. Culex p ip iens quinquefasciacus

Habitat and behaviour • Brt•t•cling pl.•n•:--:

p1·imar:. hrN·ding hubitat of mosquitos is walPr. Anf>plu•/vs hrP<•ds 1n frt>sh as WPll as pol lult'd wnte1·; pnrtieulnrly in marshe::.. watcr·(illl•d dcpl't'!;siol1!', ov<>rhead tank11. ponds and puddl<•s; also hn.>t>ds in cis I ern~<. pols nnd other re<·cptncles. A<•deo; hrPecb tn nn~·thing holdmg clean ot· fmrly <'knn walt'l'. e.~ .. domestic water stortiJ!l' t'tlntni rwrs, 11uwer va!-.eS. tree holl':-. roof gutl<.!r:-. old t) rL'l> and other disC'arded C'untairwr,.,. C'ul<'X hn•cdA in polluted wntcr. e.g .. in dr.11 n..;, <.'<•sspi t... pit I at rine~. .md ..;onwt imt>s in tfl i nwM<•r coll£>ctP<I in dis<':WdNl <·ontainers and madside ditdll'!-i ,

L.

,~ ;i; ·&~. .... . , -.

\

c World Heahh Organczwon 1991

• MOSQUITO


Habitat and behaviour (continued)

• Heo.:ting pi:H't'S d:-1rk. C'ool. humid plac('R. reRting pltH·t·~ insidt• dw<•lling!\ indud<.> hanging furnil'lhing~ nnd clothing, under furn1t ure, on walls, CPtlmgs, etc. rt•sting pln<'es around dwt•llingl; tncludl• clumps of vq~t>tntion, trN' hok•l4, d rn i nagt• pipe!;, t-tc.

,O.NOPHEL~S

"EOES ,,/ -0-

/ ,, f~

r" ~ l ,:t:

.t< r1bl! CULEX

' I / -0-/ I '\..

t::::==f ~

,~ /."" ~ f~

c World Health Organozatoon 1991

• MOSQUITO



• Fl'mnlc mosquito bites nnd "'ucks blood.

• Mosquito hit(>~; cause il<"h ing and may spread disease.

• An. stephensi spreuds malaria. • Ae. aegypti spreads viral

diseases. e.g .. yellow fevt-r. dengue and viral encephalitis.

• C.p. qutnquefascwtus spreads St Louis encephalitis.

• Various spt>cies spread filarialiis. which can lead to elephantiasis.

« World Health Organization 1991

• MOSQUITO


Things needed

• Window screening. • Mosqu1to net. • MosqUJto-eatmg fish. • Paraffin oi I. • Mo:;;4uit.o repellent • Hund spr·ny gun for repe llent.


• MOSQUITO


In the house

• Eliminate br<'cdmg places: cover water l'torage containers. get nd or unwanted standing water; invert container tf possib le. clean roof gu t.lt~a·s. replace water in flower· vases, animal drinking pans, etc ev4•r·y day.

• Prevent access: us<' mosquito net use insect repellent. screen doors, windows. venti lators and beds. cover water surface of pit latrines with paraffin oil or polystyrene balls

• World He;a lth Organc:zation 1991

• MOSQUITO

Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex p ipiens quinquefasciatus

Around the house

• Cut open cans und crush; turn over pnn" 3nd trays: cut wn~te tyr<•s and turn over; fi ll in t ree holes.

• Remove wast<.> articles that may catch rainwater.

• Cover cisterns a nd opcm tanks wtth screens.

• rntroduce mosquito eating fl::;h such as Gambusia affinis into wclh. and other fresh water ::~ource~.

• Pour paruffin over or use poly;;tyrene balls to cover s tnnding wntPr that cannot be drained.

• Replace cesspits bv soakptts. • Seal septic tanks and fit vent

ptpec; w1th screens.

c World Health Organization 1991

• MOSQUITO


In the community

• Dram or fill marsh<>s, swnmpR, puddles. etc.

• I ntroducc natural predators such as dragonflies. lizards and toads into mosquito habitat.

• Prevent water spillage around community water-supply sources.

• For large.> bodies of water, construct public irrigation works that allow control of water level and shore conditions.

I

t World Health Org~nizatton 1991

• RAT

Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus

Appearance Gen eral

• 35-45 em long.

Disting uishing featu res

• R . rattus (roof rat) nose pointed; eyes a nd ears larger than tho:>c of Norway rat . body slender. tail longer than head and body.

• R . norvegicus (Norway rat) nose blunt; eyes and ears small. body heavy and thick. tail shorter tha n head and body.

SHORTER THAN HEAD+ BODY

ROOF RAT

(

LIGHT SLENDER

/ /•

BODY

RAT

Rattus rattus

LARGE

EAR EYE

I SMALL ~

SMALL

NORWAY RAT Rattus norvegicus

1 W orld Health Organi"Zation 1991

• RAT


Life cycle

• Rats produce litters about 22 days after mating.

• Each litter can have 7 8 young.

• 10 12 litters can be produced by a female rat per year.

• Young rats open eyes at about 12 14 day:s afl.er birth and depend on mother for food until about 3 weeks old.

• Rats can havo young when 3 4 months old.

3 -~ MONT HS

~ )

RAT

1 YEAR

_...,.~~

c World Health Org.tnization 1991

• RAT


Habitat and behaviour • Rats sleep during day and are

active at night. • Rats damage furnitu re,

clothes, books, elc., and eat stored food.

• R. rattus (roof rnt) lives in roof spaces and attics; may nest outdoors under plant dPbris, in bushes or high up in trees. travels on pipes, beams, etc., and branches. movements form runways (worn paths).

• R. norvegicus (No rw ay rat) lives in burrows in the ground, between walls and floor spaces, in refuse dumps, sewers and drains etc.; also lives m nests made of twigs, garbage, grass, newspapers etc. mov~m~nts form runways,

IIAT


• RAT



• Rats host fl eas and mitPs which are vectors of plague, murine typhus, and salmonellosis.

• Rat droppings contaminate food.

• Rats may transmit leptospiros is through their urme.

• Rat bites can cause rat-bite fever.

IIAT

1 World Heald1 Organiznion 199 1

• RAT


Things needed

• Metal garhage <'Ans with Lightly fitting lids.

• Rat t raps with large triggers. • Plastic wrap and rubber

gloves to handle dead rats. • Glass, earthenware or metal

food containers with lids. • Dis infectant.

RAT .

c World Health Organintion 1991

• RAT


In the house

• Use rat-proof containers. such as glass or ParthenwAre jArs, metal cans and bins with lids for storing food.

• Store garbage in metal bins with tight-fitting lids and place on platforms 45 em above the ground.

• Keep laundry, paper, soap, etc., in places inaccessible to rats.

• Eliminate standing water: repair leaks and ensure proper drainage.

• Stack grain sacks rJo;;p)y and do not leave in same place for more than 2 months.

• Seal all openings more than 6 rnm wide with rat-proof matertal.

• Place barners along external pipes and cables.

• Apply 10-cm wide smooth band of paint on exterior wall below windows.

RAT

1 • World Health 01"ganization 1991

• RAT


Around the house • Cut branches of t rees growing

close to house. • Keep yards and vacant lots

clean and prevent accumulation of junk and debris.

! l

RAT

0 (l ~/) ~~-:~--L. ____ _.L _ __L _ _J- - --

, . World Health Organization 1991

• RAT

Rattus rat tus, Rattus norvegicus

In the community • Ensure rat-proofing of

warehouses, restaurants and other food establishments.

• Rat-proof underground drains for surface wate r, conduits for electric cables, etc.

• Seal access points to sewt:rage system, drains and venti lator shafts.

• Collect and d ispose of solid wastes. especially industrial refuse.

I

I_--

RAT

_,


• RAT


Control by trapping

• Bait trap~; with cPrPals. peanut butter. meat. or othPr food.

• Use 2 trap!'> with large triggers.

• Place togethel' on runways, nenr droppings and near food sources.

• Wear gloves while emptying traps.

• Oury or incinerate dead rats. • Disinfect gloves aftE-r use.

RA T

1 World Health Org~n~zwon 1991

SA N OFLY

• SANDFLY

Phlebotomus papacasii

Appe arance

• Aboul 2.5 mm long. • Pale yellowish-grey or buff

coloured. • Body hniry and moth·lik<'. • Long l:>l(•nder antennal'. • Narrow hai,-y veined wings. • Vl'ry long, lhin lanky legs. • ProbosC'is longer thnn head.

( World Health Organintion 1991

• SANDFLY

Phlebotomus papatasii

Life cycle • Ltfe cy<'le has -1 "tage" egg,

larva. pupa and ndult: can he completed in about 2 months under favourable conditions.

• Eggs are elongated and shiny brown in colour.

• Larva is a tiny caterpillar-ltk<' creature, 0.5 nun in length.

• Pupa IS buff-coloured with old larval skm attached to the tip of the abdomen.

• Adult ts short-ltved and seldom survives more than 2 weeks: female layc:; 40 60 eggs.

2. MONTHS ~ )

&:GG

PUPA

2. WEEKS )

SANDfLY


• SANDFLY



• Breeds in damp and sheltered sandy soil, bases of walls, crumbling masonry, damp cracks, soil contaminated by animals, ut.c.

• Seeks shelter in dark, cool rooms ond unimnl houses.

• Active towards evening and at night.

• Stays away from breezes and light.

• Flies only short distances and appears to hop, seldom rises to upper floors of bu1ldings.

• Feeding places within 50 m of breeding places.

I

-'a-/ I '

SANDFLY

< World Health Org1nization 1991

• SANDFLY

Phlebotomus papacasii


• Female biles and f'Ut'kt-~ blood of people ns well ns animal,.,.

• D1ling causes itTltation and ttchmg.

• May transmit kala azar, oriental sore, espundia ancl sandfly fever.

SANOFLY

< World Health Org«nization 1991

• SANDFLY


Things needed

• l n!lt>ct rcpell<'nt • Hand spray-gun for repellent. • Mosqu1to net sprayed with

repellent.

r World Health Organizatton 1991

• SANDFLY


In the house

• Use mosquito net. • Usc insect repellent on

person. clothing and mosquito net.

• Sleep on upper Roor or build slcepin~ area 4 7 ill above ground.

• Close windows and doot·s for an hour nt dusk.

• Plug crnrk~ nnd rrevH'!'h and lt've 1 wa lis.

• Ensure adequate ventilation and air circulation.

SANDFLY


• SANDFLY


Around the house

• Remove anim:tl dung. plant debris and other refuse from vicinity of house.

• Remove crumbling masonry, building material rubble, old foundations, etc.

• Avmd defecat1on in open spaces around house.

SANOFLY

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1 World Health Organization 199 I

GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES

• ASSASSIN BUG, BEDBUG, COCKROACH, RAT, SANDFLY

Housing

• Plug cracks, crevices and fissures in walls.

• Avoid using wallpaper. • Paint walls and make floors

and ceilings smooth. • Make doors and windows fit

securely. • Seal wooden skirtings, picture

rai ls, window boards, etc., with adhesive tape and paint.

• Plug openings where pipes pass through walls.

• Screen doors, windows, and ventilators.

• Cut down weeds around the bouse.

• Improve ventilation and air circulation.

0

c_' World Health Organiution 1991

GEN ERAL CONTROL M EA SURES

• ASSASSIN BUG, BEDBUG, COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, RAT

Household hygiene

• Keep house clean and tidy. • Keep bedding and clothing

clean. • Do not pile clothes on the

floor; hang them up properly. • Remove left-over food. • Store food in closed

containers. • Store household refuse in

plastic or metal bins provided with tightly fitting lids.

• Keep pets and animals out of the house.

c") World Health Organization 1991

• ASSASSIN BUG, COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, MOSQUITO, RAT, SANDFLY

Solid waste management • In the house

Store household wastes in closed containers.

• Around t he hous e - Remove unwanted articles

and plant debris from yards. Keep animal shelters clean and store animal wastes with household refuse. Avoid defecation in open spaces.

• In the community Avoid indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes. Remove animal and human excrement, plant debris, crumbling masonry, rubble, etc.

- Remove household refuse at least every other day.

- Clean collection vehicles after garbage disposal. Dispose of solid wastes in sanitary landfills away from human settlements.

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t"' World Health Org1niut ion 1991


• COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, MOSQUITO, SANDFLY

Sanitation

• Avoid defecat1on in open spaces, us€1 sanitary llltrinf."s.

• Keep latl'ines clean: cover squatting plate and slab hole after usc.

• Provide dry latrines with properly destgned vent p1pes fitted with gauze srreens.

• Pour paraffin into, or use polystyrene bolls in latrines with water-Ileal.

• Convt>rt bucket latrin('s into sanitary latrines.

• If bucket latrines cannot be avotded:

Ensure regular replacement of buckets. Wash and dismfect buckets before reuse. Cover buckets with tightfitting lids for nighlsoil removal. F.m~urt> adequate nightsoil disposal. Do not handle nightsoil manually.

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1 World Health Orga01ution 1991

• COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, MOSQUITO, RAT, SANDFLY

Wastewater management • Repair leaking taps and water

pipes. • Remove wastewater from

house through covered drains or open drains with adequate slope; do not allow wastewater to accumu late.

• Provide soakpits around community water sources such RS hand-pumps, public >;tandpipPs, wE>lls E>tc.

• Ensure adequate wastewater disposal through on·site or off· s1te systems.

• Orgamze drainage or filling of undesnable water bodtes.

• Avoid dumpmg ofsohd wastes in open drains.

GENERA L CONTRO L MEASUR ES

• World Health Organiution 1991

• ASSASSIN BUG, BEDBUG, COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, LOUSE, MOSQUITO, RAT, SANDFLY

Chemical control • Chemical control can be used

to supplement environmental manngem{'nt:

in <>pich•mics: when large vector infestations already exist.

• Control with chemicals should be undertaken only wilh expert advice.

• Appropriate precautionary meHsures must be taken while usin~ chemicals because

they nrc harmful to people and animals: they pol lut<' the environmE>nt and rause damage to it.

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ASSASSIN'BUG u Rhodnius prolixus