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Asian Farmed Shrimp & Prawns Sustainability myths & reality
Dr. Francis Murray Institute of Aquaculture
University of Stirling
Aims
To compare current ‘sustainability’ messages on shrimp farming against research outcomes in Asian producer countries (Sustaining Ethical Aquaculture Trade - SEAT)
Sources of ‘anti-shrimp’ messages
1. Environmental NGOs
2. Celebrity chefs
3. Media
4. Scientists?
Motives - follow the money?
‘Don’t Eat Tropical Shrimp!’
1. Ecological destruction
2. Land and other resource dispossession
3. Human-rights abuses
4. Labour rights (esp. processing)
5. Food safety issues
Emphasis on food-safety & environmental claims
Recent examples
Swedish Nature Conservancy (2011)
- Murky waters: shrimp farming in Bangladesh
- The devastating truth behind shrimp farming
- The truth behind "organic" shrimp farming in Ecuador
Greenpeace Germany (2012)
- Schmutzige Shrimps - Die Geschäfte der Garnelen Industrie
Kauffman 2012: carbon footprint claims
Common practices?
• Generalisations based on (worst) case-studies!
– Polemic (contentious argument - support beliefs)
• Ignored variability
– Inc. species, farming systems, farm-scale & industry consolidation, location
• Problem of lack of robust sample-frames
SEAT producer countries & species
Country/
Species Tilapia
Pangasii
d Catfish
Penaeid
Shrimp
Freshwater
Prawns
China ✔ ✔
✔ ✔
Vietnam ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Thailand ✔ ✔
✔ ✔
Bangladesh ✔
✔
✔ ✔
Farming systems
• Intensive:
– high stocking density, complete feeds, pumped water supply & aeration
• Extensive:
– low stocking density, natural feed or fertilisation, low water exchange
• Semi-intensive – intermediate (on-farm feeds)
Farming systems
Country Main Species Farm System Yield (t/ha)
Thailand (1) L. vannamei
Intensive 6 - 10
China (2) L. vannamei Intensive
Semi
5 - 10
0.5 - 5
Vietnam (3) L. vannamei
P. Monodon
Intensive
Semi
Extensive
3.5 - 5
2 - 2.5
0.5 - 0.7
Bangladesh
(>10)
P. monodon
M. rosenbergii
Extensive
Semi
0.2 - 0.8
0.5
Export traceability
Full: highly consolidated sectors
Thailand (FMD - 2003)
China (CIQ – 2004)
Partial: fragmented sectors
Bangladesh
Vietnam
(processor responsibility?)
0
0.01-3000
3001-15000
15001-30000
300001+
Saraburi
Lopburi
Surat Thani
Nakhon Sri
Thamarat
Chonburi
Chanthaburi
Ubon
Yasot ho
Nakhon
Ratchasima
Kampangphaet
Chiangrai
Chiangmai
Lampang
Udon Thani
Yala
Nan
PayaoMahongson
Phrae
Uttaradit
Phitsanulok
Loei
TakSukhothai
Lamphum
Nongkhai
Sakhon Nakon
Nakhon
Phanom
Pichit
Nakhon Sawan
Petchabun
Chiyaphum
Khon KeanKalasin
Ubon Ratchathani
Maha
Sarakham Roiet Yasothon
SisaketSurin
Buriram
Srakaew
Rayong
Trat
Uthai Thani
Kanchanaburi
Suphanburi
Chainat
Singburi
Angthong
Ayutthaya
Ratchaburi
Nakhom
Pathom
PathumthaniNonthaburi
Bangkok
Nakhon
Nayok
ChachoengsaoSamut
Prakan
Samut
Sakhon
Samut Songkham
Petchburi
Prachuab Kirikhan
Chumphon
Ranong
Phang
Nga
Krabi
Trang
Satun
Pattalung
SongKhlaPattani
Narathiwat
Intensive pond monoculture of L. vannamei
Largest companies vertically integrated
e.g. CP 10% of total production
Thailand
Source: A. Nietes Satapornvanit - Unpublished
Bangladesh
Extensive & semi-intensive shrimp, fish ponds
Semi-intensive prawn, fish, rice, dyke crops
Shrimp, Prawn, fish, rice, dyke crops
Processing: No vertical
integration
Rural Auction
Ice Transport
Source: L. Facloner - Unpublished
Vietnam Mekong Delta Intensive pangasius
ponds
Processing Some vertical
integration
Intensive
L. vannamei ponds
Extensive &
Semi-intensive
P. monodon ponds Source: Phan T.L. - Unpublished
Land-use & mangrove impacts
• Kauffman (2012):
– 198kg C02/ 100g shrimp based on:
• 50-60% farms in former mangrove areas
• Productivity – 50-500kg/ha
• Ponds abandoned after 3-9 years
• Boyd & Clay 2012 (WWF):
– Est. 10% historic clearance due to shrimp
– Major clearances 1970’s to mid 1990’s
Bangladesh example
• SE Bangladesh (Cox’s Bazaar) - 25% vol – Extensive mangrove clearance 1980’s & 1990’s
• SW Bangladesh (Khulna) - 75% vol – 2ndry clearance low-yielding rice in polderised
estuarine flood plains
– Sunderbans negligible impact (wild juveniles?)
• Impact allocation problem – Flooded paddy – highest agric. CO2 emission!
– LCA: PAS 2050 land-use refinement?
Year of farm establishment (n=200)
Vietnam
China
Bangladesh – aquatic species biodiversity
Source: Carbonara S. - Unpublished n = 97
Food safety
• Public domain
– food safety still paramount
– Continues to have greatest impact on global value chain configurations?
• Strong linkage with disease prevalence
• A key driver of consolidation
– through costs of traceability requirements
– & poor diagnostic capacity of smaller farms
RASFF notifications – Imports to EU from Thailand 1997 - 2010
Shrimp: no notifications since 2008!
DoF FMD intervention
RASFF notifications – Imports to EU from China 1997 - 2010
Antibiotic Residues
CIQ registration
RASFF notifications – Imports to EU from Vietnam 1998- 2011
Capture: -Heavy metals -Food additives -Allergens
Shrimp: -Antibiotics -Pathogenic micro-organisms -Unauthorized treatment
Pangasius: -Other veterinary --Pathogenic micro-organisms -Pesticides
(P. monodon)
RASFF notifications per 1,000mt of imports from Vietnam to EU 2001-2010
Pangasius 2010 1 notification per 25,600mt
Shrimp 2010 1 notification per 18,500mt
RASFF notifications – Imports to EU from Bangladesh 2000 - 2010
Recurrent EU/ GoB ‘bans’ !
Prawns – now main culprit! UNIDO registration - >200k farms!
Conclusions
• Reductionist sustainability messages ignore wide variation in environmental, social and economic performance
• Evidence that trade-related standards drive improved management
• Through consolidation? – social impacts?
• SEAT: incorporation of evidence-based indicators of sustainability in an Ethical Aquatic Food Index (EAFI)
