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Asia-Pacific Mega Trends
Charles E. Morrison, East-West Center
Half Moon Bay, January 2010
Connecting Dots: Three Mega-Disasters
December 2004: Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami: 230,000 dead
October 2005: Kashmir Earthquake: 80,000 dead
May 2008: Sichuan Earthquake: 70,000 dead
Tectonic Plates in Southern Asia
INDIA PLATE
EURASIA PLATE
Chengdu
Aceh
Kashmir
Kathmandu
Human Change in 40 Years
Certainties/Uncertainties
Near Certainties:The “rise” of AsiaDemographic changesPressures on resources and the
environmentNew health challenges
Uncertainties:Sustainable development?Social and political evolution International relationsAsia-Pacific role in addressing global
issues
The Rise/Re-rise of AsiaShare of Gross World Product (PPP)
Asia
AsiaAsia Asia
AsiaAsia
Europe
Europe
EuropeEurope
EuropeEurope
USUS
US
US USUS
Other Other OtherOther Other Other
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1820 1870 1913 1970 1990 2006
From “World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2006 A.D.,” by Angus Maddison; Asia includes South Asia
Labor Productivity Growth1993-2003
WORLD: 10.9 percent Sub-Saharan Africa: -1.5 percent Middle East: 0.9 percent Latin America: 1.2 percent Industrialized economies: 14.9 percent Transition economies: 25.4 percent Southeast Asia: 21.6 percent South Asia: 37.9 percent East Asia: 75.0 percent
International Labor Organization
Growth of Tertiary Enrollment(Enrollment Ratios, 1985-2005)
0102030405060708090
100
Ind
ia
Ind
on
esia
Ch
ina
Mal
aysi
a
Ph
ilip
pin
es
Th
aila
nd
Jap
an
Ko
rea
US
A
Source: World Bank
Demographic Tectonics
China’s Population in Comparative Perspective
Fertility DeclineTotal Fertility Rate: Babies per Female
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
East Asia Southeast Asia South & CentralAsia
1950
1975
2000
2025
2050
East-West Center, The Future of Population in Asia, 2002, p. 10.
“Flight from Marriage:”(Never Married Rates: Female, Age 35-39)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1970 1990 2000
Indonesia S. KoreaThailand Japan
0
5
10
15
20
25
1970 1990 2000
Jakarta Seoul
Hong Kong Bangkok
Adapted from Gavin C. Jones, The “Flight from Marriage” in South-East and East Asia
Asia Population
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1950 1975 2000 2025 2050
Year
Peo
ple
(m
illi
on
s) East Asia
S.E. Asia
South and CentralAsia
E
East-West Center, Future of Population
Composition of Population(Japan)
Growth of ElderlyPercent of Population Over Age 75
0 5 10 15 20 25
Japan
Singapore
S. Korea
China
Thailand
Vietnam
Indonesia
India
2000
2050
Source: East-West Center, Future of Population, 2002
East Asian Urban Areas (Mega-cities) over 10 million
1950
Tokyo, 11.3 million
1975
Tokyo, 26.3 millionOsaka, 14.0 millionSeoul, 12.0 millionShanghai, 11.4 million
2008 estimate
Tokyo, 34.4 millionJakarta, 21.8 millionSeoul, 20.0 millionManila, 19.6 millionOsaka, 17.3 millionShanghai, 14.5 millionBeijing, 12.8 millionGuangzhou, 11.8 millionShenzhen, 11.7 millionBangkok, 10.8 million
Wikipedia Sources, figures vary
Comparative GDP, 2008(PPP estimates)
Tokyo, $1,479 billionSouth Korea, $1,342 billion Canada, $1,303 billion Australia, $795 billionSeoul, $291 billionVietnam, $240 billion
Source: Cities, Pricewaterhousecoopers, Countries, IMF
Asia Pacific Disaster Map with Mega-cities
Source: Pacific Disaster Center
yo
Manila
Jakarta
Shanghai
Seoul
Beijing
Osaka
Tokyo
Pacific Disaster Center
Kolkata
Resource Pressures
Regional Petroleum DeficitsMillions of Barrels per day
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1973 2001 2020
Europe
N. America
Asia-Pacific
Congressional Research Service
Growth in Energy Use with Income1980 to 2002
Growth of Auto Production 2007
JapanUS
China
S Korea
India
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
China
India
S Kor
Japan
US-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Millions Vehicles Manufactured
Source: International Organization of Automobile Manufacturers
Percent Increase over 2006
China’s Share of . . .
World Population: 20.1 percent
Coal Reserves: 12.6 percent
Oil Reserves: 1.3 percent
Natural Gas Reserves: 1.3 percent
Source: East-West Center, The Future of Energy in Asia-Pacific, 2007
Annual Renewable Fresh Water Supply
Source:Liquid Assets, 2005, cited in RAND, “One World, One Well”
Water Problem: A Chinese Perspective
China Daily cartoon, 14 November 2006
Growth of Per Capita Meat Consumption – China, 1980-2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1980 2007
20 kg
54 kg
Source: Jonathan Watts, The Guardian, 30 May 2008Note: For comparison, US per capita consumption about 122 kg
Health Tectonics
Traditional Health Risks (down)New infectious diseases, including
HIV/AIDS, avian flu, new strains of tuberculosis (careful monitoring required)
Chronic conditions and diseases associated with aging and life style changes (up)
Infectious Diseases: A Health Fault Line?
“Spanish Flu” Pneumonia: 1919Asian Flu: 1967Bird Flu (Hong Kong): 1997SARS: 2003Avian Flu: 2004-
Poultry Density
Source: FAO, AGA Livestock Atlas Series
11-Year-Old Children’s FitnessJapan
Seconds to Run 50 Meters
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
9.2
9.4
1987 2006
Boys
Girls
Average Soft-Ball Throw (Meters)
15
20
25
30
35
1987 2006
Source: Japan Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, 2007
Prevalence of Diabetes: 2000-2030
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Millions people
India China Other Asia
20002030
151% increase
104%
148% increase
Source: Wild, S, Roglic G., Green, A., Sicree, R, and King, H. “Global Prevalence of Diabetes: Estimates for the Year 2000 and Projects for 2030, Diabetes Care, Vol. 27, Number 5, May 2004. Average global increase 114%.
The Uncertainties
Sustainable development - Economic models - Resource impacts Domestic evolution - Social disparities - Political dynamics International relations Global leadership
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
East Asia 423 528.5 588.7 675.8
US -771.4 -823.8 -779.4 -796.8
2005 2006 2007 2008
Asia Pacific Current Account Imbalances (US bn)
Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, 2007
Gini Co-efficients
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007
Brazil
Mexico
USA
China
Japan
Brazil
Japan
Mexico China
USA
Sources: World Bank, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Income Changes China1995 to 2005
Bottom 10 percent have seen incomes rise 42 percent
Middle 10 percent have seen incomes rise 115 percent
Top 10 percent have seen incomes rise 168 percent
Danny Leipziger and Michael Spence, Financial Times, 15 May 2007, p. 11
Environmental Futures
Global Carbon Emissions
Map from The Guardian Datablog
CO2 Emitters Per Capita (tons)
0
5
10
15
20
25
US Canada Australia Japan China India
Attitude Survey on Environment
Who Hurts the Environment the Most?China US % %
Americans 40 22Chinese 9 26Japanese 67 17Koreans 64 19Indonesians 11 42Germans 39 34
Pew Global Attitude Project, 2008
Governance Issues and Political Transitions
Political Systems in Evolution
Recent coups or attempted coups: Thailand, Philippines, Timor Leste, Fiji, Bangladesh
New democracy: Indonesia Maturing democracies: South Korea, Taiwan Significant change may be underway: Malaysia,
Japan Socialist countries in transition: China, Vietnam Autocratic regimes: North Korea, Burma, Brunei
Some Geo-Political Issues
Last international war? Ethno-nationalism (internal/international
dimensions) - Pacific/Atlantic difference Power Transitions “Afpak” Future of Cross-Strait Relations Future of the Korean Peninsula Territorial Disputes Regional Architecture
Mutual Attitudes
Two Main Points:
+ In general, Asians feel “warmer” toward America than Americans toward Asia
+ In general, positive images of the U.S. appear to have been declining
Overall Warmth of Americans Toward Asian Countries and Asians Toward the United
States, 2008/2006 0 (cold) to 100 (hot)
Asians toward US: 61US toward Asian countries: 44
Source: Chicago Council of Foreign Relations, 2008. Based on Data fromChina, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, and India
US-China Mirrored Perceptions
So
Source: Committee of 100, December 2007
Asian Views of US
Percent favorable 2000* 2002 2003 2005 2007 2008
2009% % % % % %
Pakistan 23 10 13 23 15 19 16
Indonesia 75 61 15 38 29 37 63
Malaysia -- -- -- -- 27 -- --
China -- -- -- 42 34 41 47
India -- 66 -- 71 59 66 76
Japan 77 72 -- -- 61 50 59
S. Korea 58 52 46 -- 58 70 78
* 2000 trends provided by the Office of Research, U.S. Department of State. Some data from 1999. Other data from Pew Global Attitudes Project