Asia Pacific Clean Energy Summit and ExpoAsia Pacific Clean …energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Riley-Saito... · 2012. 1. 4. · – Limitedted to be o 0 o st but o et

Asia Pacific Clean Energy Summit and ExpoAsia Pacific Clean Energy Summit and Expo Utility Scale Solar PV

Riley Saito© 2011 SunPower Corporation

© 2011 SunPower Corporation

September 13, 2011Riley Saito

Outline Utility Scale Solar PV

– Introduction to SunPower

S P ’ Utilit E i– SunPower’s Utility Experience

– History of Grid Interconnected PV

Modernizing PV Power Plants– Modernizing PV Power Plants


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SunPower 2011

World-leading solar conversion efficiency

>2 GW solar PV deployed by year-end

More than 140 patents

5,000+ Employees

Diversified portfolio: roofs to power plants >825 MW guided 2011 cell production


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SunPower Utility Solar PV Power Plants Examples of Project Experience

YEAR MARKET MW NAME

2004 Germany 10 Solar Bavaria2004 Germany 10 Solar Bavaria

2006 Portugal 11 Serpa

2007 U.S. - Nevada 14 Nellis Air Force Base

2008 Spain 18 Olivenza

2009 U.S. - Florida 25 Desoto (FPL)

2010 Italy 72 Montalto di Castro

2010 U.S. - Colorado 19 Greater Sandhill (Xcel)

2011 U.S. - Colorado 30 Iberdrola (Xcel)

2011 Canada 20 Amherstb rg Solar Farm

Desoto – FPL: 25 MVA, 2009

2011 Canada 20 Amherstburg Solar Farm

2011 U.S.- California 250 CVSR (PG&E)

2013 U.S.- California 601 So. Calif. Edison (SCE)


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What are the NA Utility Requirements? IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources IEEE 1547 – Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources

– UL 1741 listed inverters with known grid functionality– Limited to below 10 MW on Distribution Networks ted to be o 0 o st but o et o s– Typically residential and commercial systems, very little

systems engineering required for utility compliance– Plug and Play!

Greater than 10 MW Less than 20 MW on Distribution Greater than 10 MW, Less than 20 MW on Distribution Networks

– Lack of product and performance standardsp p– Greater interaction between developer and utility– May require enhanced grid support


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What are the NA Utility Requirements? (con’t) Transmission Interconnected typically > 20 MVA Transmission Interconnected – typically > 20 MVA

– Requirements can vary by state, utility and Independent System Operator

– NERC sponsored task forces developed to recommend national interconnection standards for variable generation WECC REMTF – Develop Generic PV Plant Models WECC REMTF – Develop Generic PV Plant Models NERC IVGTF – Recommend National Interconnection Standards PRC-24-1 – Draft Requirements for Voltage and Frequency Ride

Thru

– Until National Standards are Set – Utility Negotiations are Required q


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Outline

Modernizing PV Power Plants

Th M d I t– The Modern Inverter

– Voltage Support

F lt Rid Th h– Fault Ride Through

– Active Power Management

– Battery Storage as a possible solution - Island grids


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Modernizing PV Power Plants - Good News!

Modern inverters have the ability to adapt to changing utility requirementsR i Pl t L l I t C i ti d C t l Requires Plant Level Inverter Communication and Control Increased transmission network reliability Utility PV plants have demonstrated utility compliance: Utility PV plants have demonstrated utility compliance:

– Reactive Power Support– Voltage and Frequency Ride Through– Real Power Curtailment


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OASIS Grid Integration Options Reactive Power

– +/- 0.95 PF at POI

– Voltage Power Factor orVoltage, Power Factor, orReactive Power Control

Fault Ride-ThroughFault Ride Through– Configurable Voltage and

Frequency Ride though Windows

Active Power Curtailmentfrom 0 to 100%


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Reactive Power RequirementsIll i f E l R i P R i POI

0.4

Illustration of Example Reactive Power Requirement at POI

Lagging Leading

BShaded Area 1 BShaded Area 1

0.2

0.3

pu]

0% P

max

ax= 1p

u

0% P

max

ax= 1p

u

0

0.1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2ve Pow

er (Q

) [p

P < 20 P ma

A

P < 20 P ma

A

‐0.2

‐0.1

Reactiv

‐0.4

‐0.3

Real Power (P) [pu]


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Example of Test DemonstrationS f l t t f Successful test of reactive power capabilities for S

1.045

1.051.5

Demonstration of Reactive Power

Reactive Power (pu) Real Power (pu) Voltage at POI (pu)

SunPower UtilityScale Solar PV Plant

1.03

1.035

1.04

1.045

0.5

1

(pu)

Power (p

u) Demonstrated at

range of Poweroutputs during the 1.015

1.02

1.025

‐0.5

0

Volta

ge at PO

I

eal and

Reactive P

outputs during the morning

Reaches Full 1

1.005

1.01

‐1.5

‐1

Re

Reactive Power Requirements (+/-0.95 pf)

7:30 7:40 7:50 8:00 8:10 8:20 8:30 8:40 8:50 9:00 9:10 9:20 9:30


)

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Voltage Control(1) Rise in

transmission system voltage

(1) Rise in transmission

system voltage

(2) SunPower PV Plant(2) SunPower PV Plant

(3) Transmission voltage returns to

setpoint

(3) Transmission voltage returns to

setpoint(2) SunPower PV Plant absorbs reactive power to reduce transmission

voltage

(2) SunPower PV Plant absorbs reactive power to reduce transmission

voltage

setpointsetpoint

SunPower PV Plant operational in North America with automated voltage control on the transmission system

SunPower PV Plant operational in North America with automated voltage control on the transmission system


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Ride Through

Example of operationalSolar PV Plantriding through a disturbanceriding through a disturbance

Voltage and FrequencyRide Through

Plant remains online andPlant remains online and continues providing poweras the grid recovers

See: “METHODS OF INTEGRATING A HIGH PENETRATION PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT INTO A MICRO GRID”, Lars Johnson, 35thIEEE


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, ,PVSC, Honolulu, Hawaii, June 2010.

Lanai (Hawaii) 1.2 MW ProjectL i k t l d Lanai peak net load:4.7 MW

Operational since:D b 2008December, 2008

Lanai City & Koele Lodge

PV Plant

Miko Basin Power Plant

Manele Hotel


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Lana’i PV Power Plant – Project Overview

Overhead Lines to MikoBasin Power Plant

PV Array Inverters 1‐4



Inverters 9‐12Inverters 5‐9Inverters 1‐415kV Switchgear

Overhead Lines to

© 2011 SunPower CorporationManele Bay Hotel

Lana’i PV Power Plant

Each String, 8 Panels in series:– Open Circuit Voltage: 544.8 VDC – Short Circuit Current: 3.79A– Maximum Power: 1.56kW @ 3.53A and 442V

Inverter: 2 Sub Arrays 100kW Inverter: 2 Sub Arrays, 100kW Farm: 12 Inverters, 1.2MW


Example of Active Power CurtailmentA ti P C t il t

250Active Power Curtailment

Curtailment Set Point

Plant Output

150

200

kW)

Ramp rate is 4.3 kW/s

100

150

lant Outpu

t (

Utility sets plant output from 150kW to 200kW

kW/s

Setpoint

50

P Setpoint reduced to 50kW to 200kW

0

13:52 13:58 14:04 14:10 14:16 14:22 14:28 14:34 14:40 14:46

© 2011 SunPower CorporationSee: “METHODS OF INTEGRATING A HIGH PENETRATION PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT INTO A MICRO GRID”, Johnson R, Johnson L, Nelson L, Lenox C, Stein J.

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Lana’i PV Power Plant – Single Line

Provisions for energy storage system

© 2011 SunPower Corporation Single Line

MECO Control RequirementsTh PPA i d b t LSR d MECO ti l t l it The PPA signed between LSR and MECO stipulates several site control features:

– Curtailment Control• Utility provides set point in fairly continuous increments between 0-1200kW

• Plant response should be rapid without violating ramp-rates limits

• Utility receives status indicating achievement of set point

– Power Factor Control• Utility provides set point between 0.95 lagging to 0.98 leading

• Utility receives status indicating achievement of set point

• The PV Plant produces and consumes reactive power at utility command

– Ramp-Rate Limiting• Plant output fluctuations need to be limited to 6kW/s during beginning/end of p g g g

day and startup and shutdown periods

• Plant output fluctuations needed to be limited to 40-60 kW/s at other times


Design – PV Site Controller - Architecture

Grid Operators on Maui control power output and power factor set points from their Areva HMI

Data is transmitted Ethernet over a microwave uplink

Redundant control is available at Lanai Control Center should communication fail with Maui. Set points pass through t d t t t PV it

Data is transmitted via DNP3 protocol over fiber to the on site data gateway (Orion 5r)

to data gateway at PV site

Data Gateway (Orion 5r) acts as both master and slave device. It translates set points from DNP3 to modbus and

Data is transmitted via modbus over RS232 and RS485 to PV Site Controller

set points from DNP3 to modbus and receives set points from PV Site Controller

PV Site controller maps set points status points and

Communication to inverters and other devices is via modbus TCP over fiber and copper

points, status points and process values between Utility SCADA and site devices


Control System – Communication Network

• There are several devices to integrate into the control system

• From the Utility Data Gateway downward to the PV Site controller, all communication is handled with the open Modbus protocol

• The Modicon PV Site Controller executes the endController executes the end device communication and control algorithms


SCADA Control of Plant Controller

Modes of Operation:

Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Manual Reactive Power (Q) Manual Reactive Power (Q)

Manual Plant Set point

Manual Inverter Set point

AVR has sub modes of operation and transitions are automatic

Normal Normal

Max Reactive Power Limit

Morning Ramp Up

E ening Ramp Do n Evening Ramp Down

Failsafe 1 (Comms Loss)

Failsafe 2 (Bad Data)


In Summary Grid Interconnected PV Power Plant requirements continue to evolve

No one answer on PV Utility requirements get to know your utility and No one answer on PV Utility requirements – get to know your utility and ISO

Technical solutions exist via modern inverters, plant controllers and battery storage as a potential solution.

Shared goal of requirements that promote grid reliability and stabilitywhile avoiding market barriers


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Asia Pacific Clean Energy Summit and ExpoAsia Pacific Clean …energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Riley-Saito... · 2012. 1. 4. · – Limitedted to be o 0 o st but o et