PRESENTATION ONPRESENTATION ON

OPTICAL FIBEROPTICAL FIBER

TARSEM SINGHTARSEM SINGHB-Tech (ME)B-Tech (ME)70811131997081113199

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

You oftenely hear about fiber-optic You oftenely hear about fiber-optic cables whenever people talk about the cables whenever people talk about the telephone system, the cable TV system telephone system, the cable TV system or the Internet. Fiber-optic lines are or the Internet. Fiber-optic lines are strands of optically pure glass as thin strands of optically pure glass as thin as a human hair that carry digital as a human hair that carry digital information over long distances. They information over long distances. They are also used in medical imaging and are also used in medical imaging and mechanical engineering inspection.mechanical engineering inspection.

WHAT IS OPTICAL FIBERWHAT IS OPTICAL FIBER

Optical fiber refers to the medium and the Optical fiber refers to the medium and the technology associated with the transmission of technology associated with the transmission of information as light pulses along a glass or information as light pulses along a glass or plastic wire or fiber. Optical fiber carries much plastic wire or fiber. Optical fiber carries much more information than conventional copper wire more information than conventional copper wire and is not subjected to electromagnetic and is not subjected to electromagnetic interference and the need to retransmit signals. interference and the need to retransmit signals. In some countries long-distance telephone lines In some countries long-distance telephone lines are now made up of optical fiber. are now made up of optical fiber.

HISTORYHISTORY

IIn 1870, John Tyndall, using a jet of water that n 1870, John Tyndall, using a jet of water that flowed from one container to another and a flowed from one container to another and a beam of light, demonstrated that light used beam of light, demonstrated that light used internal reflection to follow a specific path. As internal reflection to follow a specific path. As water poured out through the spout of the first water poured out through the spout of the first container, Tyndall directed a beam of sunlight at container, Tyndall directed a beam of sunlight at the path of the water. The light followed a zigzag the path of the water. The light followed a zigzag path inside the curved path of the water. This path inside the curved path of the water. This simple experiment, illustrated in Figure, marked simple experiment, illustrated in Figure, marked the first research into the guided transmission of the first research into the guided transmission of light light

PRINCIPLEPRINCIPLEWhen light is incident upon a medium of lesser index of When light is incident upon a medium of lesser index of refraction, the ray is bent away from the normal, so the refraction, the ray is bent away from the normal, so the exit angle is greater than the incident angle. Such exit angle is greater than the incident angle. Such reflection is commonly called "internal reflection". The reflection is commonly called "internal reflection". The exit angle will then approach 90° for some critical exit angle will then approach 90° for some critical incident angle θc , and for incident angles greater than incident angle θc , and for incident angles greater than the critical angle there will be the critical angle there will be total internal total internal reflectionreflection. .

PRINCIPLEPRINCIPLE

OPTICAL FIBER SENSOROPTICAL FIBER SENSORFibers have many uses in remote sensing. In some Fibers have many uses in remote sensing. In some applications, the sensor is itself an optical fiber ("intrinsic applications, the sensor is itself an optical fiber ("intrinsic sensors"). In other cases, fiber is used to connect a non-sensors"). In other cases, fiber is used to connect a non-fiberoptic sensor to a measurement system ("extrinsic fiberoptic sensor to a measurement system ("extrinsic sensors"). Depending on the application, fiber may be sensors"). Depending on the application, fiber may be used because of its small size, or the fact that no used because of its small size, or the fact that no electrical power is needed at the remote location, or electrical power is needed at the remote location, or because many sensors can be multiplexed along the because many sensors can be multiplexed along the length of a fiber by using different wavelengths of light length of a fiber by using different wavelengths of light for each sensor, or by sensing the time delay as light for each sensor, or by sensing the time delay as light passes along the fiber through each sensor. Time delay passes along the fiber through each sensor. Time delay can be determined using a device such as an optical can be determined using a device such as an optical time-domain reflectometetime-domain reflectometeINTRINSIC INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC EXTRINSIC

SINGLE MODE FIBERSINGLE MODE FIBER

MULTIMODE FIBERMULTIMODE FIBER

Advantages of Fiber OpticsAdvantages of Fiber OpticsWhyWhy are fiber-optic systems revolutionizing are fiber-optic systems revolutionizing telecommunications? Compared to conventional telecommunications? Compared to conventional metal wire, optical fibers are:metal wire, optical fibers are: Less expensive - Several miles of optical cable can Less expensive - Several miles of optical cable can be made cheaper than equivalent lengths of copper be made cheaper than equivalent lengths of copper wire. This saves your provider and you money. wire. This saves your provider and you money. Thinner - Optical fibers can be drawn to smaller Thinner - Optical fibers can be drawn to smaller diameters than copper wire. diameters than copper wire. Less signal degradation - The loss of signal in Less signal degradation - The loss of signal in optical fiber is less than in copper wire. optical fiber is less than in copper wire. Light signals - Unlike electrical signals in copper Light signals - Unlike electrical signals in copper wires, light signals from one fiber do not interfere wires, light signals from one fiber do not interfere with those of other fibers in the same cable. This with those of other fibers in the same cable. This means clearer phone conversations or TV reception. means clearer phone conversations or TV reception.

Digital signals - Optical fibers are Digital signals - Optical fibers are ideally suited for carrying digital ideally suited for carrying digital information, which is especially useful information, which is especially useful in computer networks. in computer networks. Lightweight - An optical cable weighs Lightweight - An optical cable weighs less a comparable copper wire cable. less a comparable copper wire cable. Fiber-optic cables take up less space in Fiber-optic cables take up less space in the ground. the ground. Flexible - Because fiber optics are so Flexible - Because fiber optics are so flexible and can transmit and receive flexible and can transmit and receive light, they are used in many flexible light, they are used in many flexible digital cameras .digital cameras .

TYPES OF CONNECTORTYPES OF CONNECTORSC CONNECTORSC CONNECTOR ST CONNECTOR

DUPLEX ST CONNECTOR DUPLEX CONNECTOR

COUPLERCOUPLER

A fiber coupler is an optical fiber device A fiber coupler is an optical fiber device with one or more input fibers and one or with one or more input fibers and one or several output fibers. Light from an input several output fibers. Light from an input fiber can appear at one or more outputs, fiber can appear at one or more outputs, with the power distribution potentially with the power distribution potentially depending on the wavelength and depending on the wavelength and polarization. polarization.

SPLITTERSPLITTER

A passive fiber optic coupler that A passive fiber optic coupler that divides light from a single fiber into divides light from a single fiber into two or more fiber channels. two or more fiber channels.

FEATUREFEATURE

Single Mode, multimode, and PM fiber types Single Mode, multimode, and PM fiber types Multiple port configurations Multiple port configurations Compact size Compact size Various coupling ratios, 50:50 to 1:99 Various coupling ratios, 50:50 to 1:99 Multiple packaging options Multiple packaging options PC, UPC, and APC connector polish types PC, UPC, and APC connector polish types Available with FC, SC, ST, LC, and MU Available with FC, SC, ST, LC, and MU terminations terminations

NEEDNEED

Cost Effective and reliable resilient Cost Effective and reliable resilient opticaloptical ring.ring.Analogue Analogue Optical FiberOptical Fiber Communications Communications For bandwidth-distance product For bandwidth-distance product Regeneration Regeneration

Fluorescent FiberFluorescent Fiber

Fluorescent Fiber is used for Archery and Gun Fluorescent Fiber is used for Archery and Gun Sights also crafts and hobbies. We carry it from Sights also crafts and hobbies. We carry it from a .009" or .25mm to 6.35m or 1/4". We carry all a .009" or .25mm to 6.35m or 1/4". We carry all colours. The fiber is made from a polystyrene colours. The fiber is made from a polystyrene surrounded by a clear acrylic. Special surrounded by a clear acrylic. Special Fluorescent Dyes are added to the Core where Fluorescent Dyes are added to the Core where they absorb UV light and emit visible light. Light they absorb UV light and emit visible light. Light is refracted within the core and is reflected to the is refracted within the core and is reflected to the ends. ends.

CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

Telecommunications systems Telecommunications systems Digital and hybrid video systems Digital and hybrid video systems CATV systems CATV systems Sensors Sensors Central office Central office

USEUSE

It is used in defensesIt is used in defensesIt is used in medical purposesIt is used in medical purposesIt is used for communicationIt is used for communicationIt is used for lightning purposesIt is used for lightning purposesIt is used for transmission of electric It is used for transmission of electric signal.signal.

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