ASEAN Climate Leadership Academy, Urban Adapation

7/27/2019 ASEAN Climate Leadership Academy, Urban Adapation

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Zroim Kaceitj Ifiptitclm

G_LE _C[@ OI__CJ_[ VL _J[ZAV[Eimincmn tdj [lkcia, Xlactckia, Jmvcrlmejmtia,& Gcmimkcia _cs`s lg Zroim Cmgristrukturj

I _jslurkj Nucfj glr Alkia Ajifjrs

KACEIVJAJIFJ_[DCX IKIFJES

KctyAcm`s Xcalt Xirtmjrsdcp Ojtwjjm Z[ imf I[JIM Ejeojr [titjs

Xrlfukjf oy


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KACEIVJAJIFJ_[DCXIKIFJESKctyAcm`s Xcalt Xirtmjrsdcp Ojtwjjm Z[ imf I[JIM Ejeojr [titjs

I _jslurkj Nucfj glr Alkia Ajifjrs

Zroim Kaceitj IfiptitclmG_LE _C[@ OI__CJ_[ VL _J[ZAV[

Eimincmn tdj [lkcia, Xlactckia, Jmvcrlmejmtia,

& Gcmimkcia _cs`s lg Zroim Cmgristrukturj

Xrlfukjf oy


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Ik`mlwajfnjejmts

Vdcs _jslurkj Nucfj wis fjvjalpjf glr tdj Kaceitj Ajifjrsdcp Ikifjey lm Zroim Kaceitj Ifiptitclm djaf Iunust 9;-9:,

?89;, Bi`irti, Cmflmjsci. Vdj Nucfj wis eifj plsscoaj wctd njmjrlus gumfcmn grle tdj CKEI KctyAcm`sVE

prlnrie. VdcsKaceitj Ajifjrsdcp Ikifjey cs prjsjmtjf is pirt lg tdj KctyAcm`s Xcalt Xirtmjrsdcp ojtwjjm Z[ imf I[JIM Ejeojr [titjs

Cm rjsjirkdcmn imf prlfukcmn tdj _jslurkj Nucfj, C[K klmsuatjf wctd tdj jcndt pir tckcpitcmn kcty tjies, is wjaa is _jslurkjVjie ejeojrs, imf i wcfj rimnj lg ajifcmn jxpjrts imf priktctclmjrs. KctyAcm`s wcsdjs tl tdim` tdj eimy cmfcvcfuias

imf lrnimczitclms tdit klmtrcoutjf tdjcr `mlwajfnj imf jxpjrtcsj, cmkaufcmn CNJ[, Vdj Cmstctutj glr Naloia Jmvcrlmejmtia[tritjncjs0 I[JK Vdj I[JIM [jkrjtircit0 imf tdj I^NJ[K2 I[JIM ^lr`cmn Nrlup lm Jmvcrlmejmtiaay [usticmioaj Kctcjs.

Vdcs _jslurkj Nucfj cs eifj plsscoaj oy tdj njmjrlus supplrt lg tdj Iejrckim pjlpaj tdrlund tdj Zmctjf [titjs Injmky

glr Cmtjrmitclmia Fjvjalpejmt (Z[ICF) cm supplrt lg CKEIs KctyAcm`s Xrlnrie umfjr Ajifjr wctd Isslkcitjs Kllpjritcvj

Inrjjejmt ICF-LII-A-99-88884. Vdj klmtjmts irj tdj rjsplmscocacty lg tdj KctyAcm`s prlnrie imf fl mlt mjkjssircay

rjgajkt tdj vcjws lg Z[ICF lr tdj Zmctjf [titjs Nlvjrmejmt.

IOLZV CKEICKEI, tdj Cmtjrmitclmia Kcty/Klumty Eiminjejmt Isslkcitclm, fjvjalps imf ifvimkjs prlgjssclmia alkia nlvjrmejmteiminjejmt tl krjitj susticmioaj kleeumctcjs tdit ceprlvj acvjs wlrafwcfj. CKEI prlvcfjs ejeojr supplrt0 puoackitclms0

fiti imf cmglreitclm0 pjjr imf rjsuats-lrcjmtjf isscstimkj0 imf tricmcmn imf prlgjssclmia fjvjalpejmt tl mjiray 3,888

kcty, tlwm, imf klumty jxpjrts imf ltdjr cmfcvcfuias imf lrnimczitclms tdrlundlut tdj wlraf. Vdj eiminjejmt fjkcsclms

eifj oy CKEIs ejeojrs iggjkt ecaaclms lg cmfcvcfuias acvcmn cm tdlusimfs lg kleeumctcjs, grle seiaa vcaainjs imf tlwms

tl airnj ejtrlplactim irjis. Xajisj vcsct www.ckei.lrn/KctyAcm`s.

IOLZV VDJ CM[VCVZVJ GL_ [Z[VICMIOAJ KLEEZMCVCJ[[cmkj cts glumfcmn cm 9339 oy glrejr Wjrelmt Nlvjrmlr Eifjajcmj @umcm, C[K dis ajf 39 trimsglreitcvj, kleeumcty-frcvjm

prlbjkts cm ?: klumtrcjs. C[K spjkciaczjs cm fjvjalpcmn imf fjacvjrcmn tricmcmn imf tjkdmckia isscstimkj prlnries tditceprlvj tdj jggjktcvjmjss lg kleeumctcjs, tdjcr ajifjrs, imf tdj cmstctutclms tdit supplrt tdje. Cm ?89?, C[K aiumkdjf tdj

[usticmioaj Kleeumctcjs Ajifjrsdcp Ikifjey wjosctj (www.susticmioajkleeumctcjsajifjrsdcpikifjey.lrn) tl ei`j

tdj viauioaj, dcnd-kiacojr cmglreitclm grle lur gcrst-kaiss pjjr-ajirmcmn imf tricmcmn wlr`sdlps ivicaioaj tl priktctclmjrs

cm imy kleeumcty. www.cskvt.lrn

^J ^JAKLEJ SLZ_ GJJFOIK@!Vdcs _jslurkj Nucfj cs i wlr`-cm-prlnrjss. Ct wcaa oj eicmticmjf is i wjo-oisjf rjslurkj imf upfitjf tl prlvcfj viauioaj

rjslurkjs tl puoack, prcvitj imf mlmprlgct sjktlr ajifjrs wlr`cmn tl prleltj rjscacjmkj-oucafcmn iktcvctcjs ikrlss Mlrtd

Iejrcki. Cg ylu divj kleejmts lm tdj nucfj, lr cfjis glr dlw tl ceprlvj ct, pajisj sjmf tdje tl Immi Kisjy it tdj Cmstctutj

glr [usticmioaj Kleeumctcjs it ikisjyHcskvt.lrn.

Vdcs _jslurkj Nucfj wis prcmtjf lm 988% rjkykajf pipjr.

KctyAcm`s | dttp2//ckei.lrn/jm/cmtjrmitclmia/kctyacm`s/ckei\kctyacm`s | Vwcttjr2 HCKEIKctyAcm`s


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Vioaj lg Klmtjmts

; CMV_LFZKVCLM & LWJ_WCJ^

3 KI[J [VZFCJ[

99 Xdcaifjapdci, XI2^jitdjrcmn tdj [tlres

94 Kdckinl, CA2Kdckinl, Caacmlcs

?6 Mjw Lrajims, AI2[ivcmn Klistia Alucscimi

;? Fjmvjr, KL2Glrjsts tl Giukjts

;6 Krjitj Elrj [usticmioaj imf _jscacjmt

Kleeumctcjs

;4 Xaim glr Kaceitj Ifiptitclm

68 Iflpt Nrjjm Oucafcmn Xlackcjs

69 Xrjsjrvj imf Krjitj Nrjjm [pikj

6? Jmninj tdj Kleeumcty cm tdj Kaceitj Kdimnj

Xaimmcmn Xrlkjss

66 Ipprlikd Kaceitj Kdimnj Xaimmcmn lm i

_jnclmia Ajvja

67 Iffrjss Vrimsplrtitclm Vdrlund Vrimsct-Lrcjmtjf

Fjvjalpejmt & Klepajtj [trjjts

:9 ^JOCMI_ [ZEEI_CJ[

:: KLEEZMCVS VJIE X_LGCAJ[:4 Kdcimn _ic, Vdicaimf

:3 Dl Kdc Ecmd, Wcjtmie

78 Bi`irti, Cmflmjsci

79 @uimtim, Eiaiysci

7? Ajnizpc, Xdcacppcmjs

76 Xi`simj, Ail XF_

7: Xiajeoimn, Cmflmjsci

77 Xdmle Xjmd, Kieolfci

7> KLMVIKV CMGL_EIVCLM& OCLN_IXDCJ[

>8 Xirtckcpimt Vjies

47 _jslurkj Vjie & @jymltj [pji`jrs

43 KctyAcm`s Vjie

Xdltl krjfct2 ^lraf Oim` Xdltl Klaajktclm,dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/98497>;6HM8;/76774;::4;

36 _J[LZ_KJ AC[V[


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6/141

Cmtrlfuktclm & Lvjrvcjw | ;

Cmtrlfuktclm imf Lvjrvcjw

VDJ KDIAAJMNJ

Z_OIMCRIVCLM, CMG_I[V_ZKVZ_J IMF JKLMLECK

N_L^VD

Cm 93:8, lmay 9>% lg tdj Iscim plpuaitclm acvjf cm uroim

irjis. Dlwjvjr, oy ?8;8, ct cs jxpjktjf tdit ::% lg tdj

plpuaitclm wcaa acvj cm uroim jmvcrlmejmts.9Vdcs ielumts

tl im cmkrjisj lg tdj tltia uroim plpuaitclm cm Isci grle

?;? ecaaclm pjlpaj tl ?.> ocaaclm i eisscvj kdimnj. ^ctdcm

tdj ejeojr stitjs lg tdj Isslkcitclm lg [lutd Jist Iscim

Mitclms (I[JIM), ct cs jxpjktjf tdit oy ?8?8, twl-tdcrfs lg

tdj jmtcrj I[JIM uroim plpuaitclm wcaa rjscfj cm lmay gcvjEjni-Zroim-_jnclms (EZ_)

?2 tdj Oimn`l`-kjmtjrjf EZ_

(;8 ecaaclm)0 tdj @uiai Auepur-@aimn EZ_ (7 ecaaclm)0 tdj

[cmniplrj Vrcimnaj (98 ecaaclm)0 tdj Bivi EZ_ (988 ecaaclm)0

imf tdj Eimcai EZ_ (;8 ecaaclm). Mjvjrtdjajss, fjspctj tdcs

klmkjmtritclm lg plpuaitclms cm EZ_s, ct cs tdj sjklmf imf

dcndjr tcjr kctcjs lg I[JIM tdit irj uroimczcmn tdj gistjst.

Isci Zroimczitclm Vrjmfs;

% lg Xlpuaitclm Acvcmn cm Zroim Irjis

93:8 ?88: ?8;8

Kieolfci 98 ?8 ;>Cmflmjsci 9? 64 74

Ail XF_ > ?? ;4

Eiaiysci ?8 7: >4

Xdcacppcmjs ?> 7; >7

Vdicaimf 9> ;; 6>

Wcjtmie 9? ?> 6;

Vdcs ripcf uroimczitclm lg I[JIM cs pirt lg i naloia trjmf. Oy

tdj yjir ?8;8 wlraf uroim plpuaitclm wcaa cmkrjisj tl mjiray

: ocaaclm pjrslms (9.;: ocaaclm elrj tdim prjsjmt), cmkrjiscmn

tdj uroim irji lm Jirtd oy 9:8% cm ajss tdim ?8 yjirs. Imf

klmtriry tl tdj trjmf lg tdj ?8td kjmtury, tdj eiblrcty lg tdj

jklmleck nrlwtd wcaa lkkur cm fjvjalpcmn klumtrcjs imf

eicmay cm sjklmf-tcjr imf dcndjr kctcjs. Grle mlw tl ?8;8,

tdj wlraf wcaa mjjf tl oucaf tdj jqucviajmt lg i kcty lg lmj

ecaaclm pjlpaj cm fjvjalpcmn klumtrcjs jvjry gcvj fiys.

Vdj fjeimf glr cmgristrukturj tl supplrt tdcs uroim nrlwtd cs

eisscvj. [cxty pjrkjmt lg tdj irji tdit wcaa oj uroim oy ?8;8

dis yjt tl oj oucat.6Iatdlund [lutdjist Isci dis jmblyjf

fjkifjs lg rloust jklmleck nrlwtd, cts cmgristrukturj klvjrinj

tricas ojalw tdj Iscim ivjrinj imf cs st caa i griktclm lg tdit lg

ifvimkjf jklmlecjs.:Is sueeirczjf oy tdj IFO, I[JIMs

cmgristrukturj mjjfs irj jstceitjf it $78 ocaaclm i yjir grle

?898-?8?8, imf tdcs cs cm iffctclm tl mitclmia prlbjkts wctd

scnmcgckimt krlss-olrfjr cepikts sukd is icrplrts, sjiplrts,

imf rlifs tl olrfjrs.7

Mltioay, tdj uroimczitclm trjmf cm I[JIM dis ojjm

ikklepimcjf oy im umpiriaajajf fjkacmj cm plvjrty. Furcmn

tdj jiray 93>8s, elrj tdim diag tdj plpuaitclm lg Isci imf tdj

Xikcgck wis pllr, ivjrinj acgj jxpjktimky wis 64 yjirs, imf

lmay 68 pjr kjmt lg tdj ifuat plpuaitclm wis actjritj. Vlfiy,

tdj pjrkjmtinj lg pllr pjlpaj dis fjkrjisjf tl iolut ?:pjrkjmt lg tdj plpuaitclm, acgj jxpjktimky dis cmkrjisjf tl

7: yjirs, imf iolut >8 pjrkjmt lg tdj ifuats irj actjritj. Vdj

prlplrtclm lg pllr cm Cmflmjsci fjkacmjf grle 78 pjrkjmt cm

93>8 tl ?> pjrkjmt cm tdj aitj 9338s. Cm Eiaiysci grle 94 tl

4 pjrkjmt0 imf cm Vdicaimf grle ?7 tl 96 pjrkjmt.

[tufcjs cm Cmflmjsci, Eiaiysci, Vdicaimf imf tdj Xdcacppcmjs

divj sdlwm tdit elst lg tdj fjkacmj cm plvjrty ritjs dis

ojjm ittrcoutjf tl jklmleck nrlwtd ritdjr tdim tl ceprlvjf

fcstrcoutclm.>Kctcjs irj tdj frcvjrs lg tdcs jklmleck nrlwtd,

imf tdjy irj prlfukcmn i ripcfay cmkrjiscmn sdirj lg tdj nrlss

flejstck prlfukt (NFX) lg tdjcr rjspjktcvj mitclms. ^ctdcmI[JIM, tdj ivjrinj sdirj lg uroim jklmlecjs cm mitclmia

NFX cs irlumf 48%. Cm Eiaiysci imf Vdicaimf, kctcjs klmtrcoutj

elrj tdim 38% lg NFX, imf kalsj tl 988% cm [cmniplrj imf

Dlmn @lmn. Out jvjm cm Iscim klumtrcjs wctd alw uroimczitclm

ritjs, is cm [rc Aim`i imf Oimnaifjsd, elrj tdim 7:% lg

NFX cs mlw prlfukjf cm uroim irjis. Zroimczitclm cs mlw

Xdltl krjfct2 dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/348:>3:8HM88/??>??399;?


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6 | Cmtrlfuktclm & Lvjrvcjw

plsctcvjay klrrjaitjf wctd mitclmia NFX nrlwtd. Kctcjs imf

kcty rjnclms divj rjpaikjf tdj mitclm stitj is tdj prcmkcpia

frcvjrs lg jklmleck fjvjalpejmt cm eimy Iscim klumtrcjs.

Alnckiaay, eimy nlvjrmejmts ojacjvj tdit cg kctcjs irj tdj

jmncmjs lg nrlwtd, tdjm klumtrcjs sdluaf ti`j guaa ifvimtinj

lg uroimczitclm imf mlt dlaf oik` tdj lpplrtumctcjs ct kim

prlvcfj glr jklmleck nrlwtd imf plvjrty rjfuktclm.

KACEIVJ KDIMNJ

Fjspctj tdj umqujstclmioaj uroimczitclm trjmfs, tdjklmvjmtclmia elfjas lg uroim fjvjalpejmt tdit divj frcvjm

jklmleck imf dueim prlnrjss irj kdimncmn. Vdjy irj ojcmn

kdiaajmnjf oy mjw rcs`s imf umkjrticmtcjs. [pjkcgckiaay,

tdj jggjkts lg kaceitj kdimnj, sukd is rcscmn tjepjriturjs,

cmkrjisjf prjkcpctitclm imf sji-ajvja rcsj, irj iatjrcmn

oltd tdj rcs` imf slautclm aimfskipjs lg kctcjs.4Kaceitj

kdimnj cs sdcgtcmn tdj gumfiejmtia ruajs lg kcty paimmcmn imf

ifecmcstritclm. Vdj fjmscty lg pjlpaj, jklmleck iktcvctcjs

cm tdj klistia irjis, rckd oclfcvjrscty, imf mituria rjslurkj

oisjf jklmlecjs ei`j I[JIM kctcjs jspjkciaay vuamjrioaj

tl kaceitj kdimnj.3

Vdj losjrvjf kaceitj kdimnj trjmfs cm [lutdjist Isci tdit

irj cepiktcmn uroimczitclm cmkaufj2

Cmkrjisj cm tjepjriturj,

Fjkrjisj cm ricmgiaa,

[ji ajvja rcsj,

Cmkrjisjf grjqujmky, furitclm imf cmtjmscty lg

jxtrjej wjitdjr jvjmts sukd is frlundts, stlres,

gallfs, typdllms, djit wivjs imf djivy prjkcpctitclm

jvjmts.

Fcrjkt lr gcrst lrfjr cepikts grle tdjsj kaceitj kdimnjs

sukd is gallfcmn, uroim djit csaimfs imf siat witjr cmtrusclm irj

lgtjm gjat is cmtjmsj, ikutj, imf umprjfcktioaj wjitdjr jvjmts.

Vdjsj jvjmts divj prlglumf cepackitclms glr klmvjmtclmia

cmgristrukturj, wdckd cs typckiaay fjscnmjf umfjr-kipikcty

glr tdjsj mjw jxtrjejs imf cs tdjrjglrj prlmj tl gicaurj.

Cm iffctclm, tdj cmfcrjkt imf kiskifcmn cepikts lg kaceitj

kdimnj cm tdj rjnclm irj ceplrtimt tl klmscfjr. Iatdlund

fcskussclms rjnirfcmn cmgristrukturj irj njmjriaay glkusjf

lm pdysckia strukturjs, ct cs ceplrtimt tl rjklnmczj tdit tdjsjstrukturjs irj ejims tl slkcia jmfs. Cm ltdjr wlrfs, ct cs

sjrvckjs mlt strukturjs tdit irj ceplrtimt tl usjrs imf

fjkcsclm ei`jrs. Vdj jxtrjej wjitdjr jvjmts cm tdj I[JIM

rjnclm divj kiusjf mlt lmay jxtjmscvj fieinj tl dueim acgj

imf cmgristrukturj alssjs, out divj iasl njmjritjf scnmcgckimt

jklmleck fcsruptclms. ^djm krctckia cmgristrukturj imf tdus

krctckia sjrvckjs irj fcsruptjf oy sjvjrj gallfcmn, kiskifcmn

cepikts lkkur iggjktcmn pirt lr iaa lg tdj irji, slkcia imf

jklmleck iktcvcty imf tdj djiatd imf quiacty lg acgj lg tdj

kcty rjscfjmts. Ltdjr kiskifcmn kaceitj kdimnj cepikts

ojylmf cmgristrukturj cmkaufj cepikts lm oclfcvjrscty tdit

divj jxikjroitjf witjr sdlrtinjs, iggjktjf inrckuaturiaprlfuktcvcty imf tdrjitjmjf gllf sjkurcty cm tdj rjnclm.

Kaceitj kdimnj dis iasl cmkrjisjf glrjst imf pjitaimf

gcrjs, trimsolumfiry sel`j dizj, aimf/glrjst fjnrifitclm

imf slca jrlsclm, fieinjf klistia imf eircmj rjslurkjs,

imf cmkrjisjf tdj rcs` lg lutorji`s lg cmgjktclus fcsjisjs.98

Xdltl krjfct2 [dirifi Xrisif, dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/999?667>HM8?/3?6>4749?8


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Cmtrlfuktclm & Lvjrvcjw | :

Guturj kaceitj kdimnj cepikts imf vuamjriocactcjs cm I[JIM

klumtrcjs cmkaufj2

i klmtcmujf cmkrjisj cm surgikj icr tjepjriturj,

sji ajvja rcsj ajifcmn tl gallfcmn imf siatwitjr

cmtrusclm,

cmkrjisj cm witjr fjeimf glr uroimczitclm imf

inrckuaturia crrcnitclm imf alssjs cm ricm-gjfinrckuaturj,

cmkrjisjs cm jmfjeck elrocfcty imf elrtiacty fuj tl

fcirrdjia fcsjisj prceircay isslkcitjf wctd gallfs

imf frlundts,

mjnitcvj cepikt lm tdj gcsdjrcjs sjktlr,

mjnitcvj cepikt lm tdj tlurcse sjktlr imf,

cmkrjisj cm tdj cmtjmscty imf sprjif lg glrjst gcrjs fuj

tl rcsjs cm tjepjriturj imf fjkacmjs cm prjkcpctitclm cm

kleocmitclm wctd cmkrjiscmn cmtjmscty lg aimf usjs.99

Is i rjsuat, umfjr tdj cmkrjiscmn fcrjkt imf kiskifcmn cepikts

grle kaceitj kdimnj, tdj klmtcmujf uroimczitclm cm I[JIMklumtrcjs imf isslkcitjf trjmfs lg plvjrty rjfuktclm eiy

ojklej prlglumfay elrj fcggckuat tl eicmticm.

_J[LZ_KJ KLM[V_ICMV[

Imltdjr kdiaajmnj tl tdj trjmf lg klmtcmujf uroimczitclm imf

plvjrty rjfuktclm irj tdj acects tl rjslurkj ivicaiocacty imf

tdj susticmioaj usj lg jklsystje sjrvckjs. Krlss fcskcpacmiry

rjsjirkd fjelmstritjs tdit jklmleck nrlwtd cs iarjify :8%

cm lvjrsdllt.9?

Vdcs ejims tdit dueim systjes irj prjsjmtay

uscmn :8% elrj tdim tdj immuia prlfuktcvcty imf isscecaitcmn

kipikcty lg tdj paimjts jklsystjes. Vdj umsusticmioajklmsueptclm lg jklsystje sjrvckjs tl suoscfczj tdj nrlwtd

lg kctcjs dis naloia cepackitclms. Lmj rjsuat cm [lutd Jist

Isci cs im lecmlus jmjrny-witjr-gllf mjxus klmgrlmtcmn kcty,

rjnclmia imf mitclmia fjkcsclm ei`jrs. ^itjr sjkurcty, gllf

sjkurcty imf jmjrny sjkurcty irj mlw cmjxtrckioay acm`jf0 i

fjeimf cmkrjisj cm lmj irji dis mjnitcvj cepikts cm lmj lr

oltd lg tdj ltdjr irjis. Vdj mjjf glr cmtjnritjf eiminjejmt

imf ceprlvjf krlss-sjktlria nlvjrmimkj cs frcvcmn mjw

cmtjriktclms imf klaaiolritclms, cmkaufcmn piyejmt glr

jklsystje sjrvckj skdjejs, suomitclmia-mitclmia cmtjnritclm

lg fjvjalpejmt stritjncjs, trimsolumfiry fcialnujs, imf tdj

plwjr lg jquctioaj puoack-prcvitj pirtmjrsdcps.

VDJ I[JIM [Z[VICMIOAJ KCVS KLEECVEJMV

[pimmcmn grle tdj ajist tl tdj elst fjvjalpjf, tdj iocacty

lg kctcjs tl ei`j plvjrty dcstlry cs ojcmn tdrjitjmjf oy

kaceitj kdimnj, rjslurkj acects imf ripcf plpuaitclm nrlwtd.

^ctd tdj rjklnmctclm tdit tdj kctcjs lg [lutd Jist Isci irj

ielmn tdj elst vuamjrioaj cm tdj wlraf tl kaceitj kdimnj,

I[JIM dis fjelmstritjf naloia ajifjrsdcp oy mlt lmay

cmkaufcmn susticmioaj fjvjalpejmt cm tdj I[JIM Kdirtjr,

out iasl oy puttcmn glrwirf sjvjria lggckcia fjkairitclms

cm supplrt lg kaceitj kdimnj stritjncjs scmkj ?88>. ^ctd

fcrjkt rjajvimkj tl uroim ifiptitclm tl kaceitj kdimnj,

tdj Jist Isci [ueect (IJ[) Jmvcrlmejmt Ecmcstjrs iflptjf

Jmvcrlmejmtiaay [usticmioaj Kctcjs is i prclrcty irji glr

jmvcrlmejmtia klaaiolritclm it cts gcrst ejjtcmn cm ?884.

Is i rjsuat lg tdj kdiaajmnjs imf I[JIMs kleectejmt tl

trimsglreitclm, kcty priktctclmjrs ikrlss [lutdjist Isci irj

fjscnmcmn imf oucafcmn elrj rjscacjmt, jklalnckiaay cmtjnritjf

uroim cmgristrukturj, jmnincmn tdjcr plpuaitclms cm cmkauscvj

fjkcsclm ei`cmn, imf klaaiolritcmn ikrlss burcsfcktclms.

Vdjsj iktcvctcjs irj njmjritcmn cmmlvitclms imf cmvjstejmt

lpplrtumctcjs tdit irj sdipcmn tdj guturj lg nrlwtd tdrlundlut

tdj rjnclm.

^DIV ^J DJI_F G_LE SLZVl ojttjr umfjrstimf tdj stitj lg kaceitj ifiptitclm priktckj

cm I[JIM kctcjs, imf tdj kdiaajmnjs tdit priktctclmjrs irj

gikcmn, tdj Cmstctutj glr [usticmioaj Kleeumctcjs cmtjrvcjwjf

jikd tjie tdit cs pirtckcpitcmn cm tdcs Kaceitj Ajifjrsdcp

Ikifjey (KAI). Vdjsj cmtjrvcjws rjvjiajf gcvj ocn cfjis

gikcmn tdj gcjaf, imf glrejf tdj glumfitclm lg tdj I[JIM

Kaceitj Ajifjrsdcp Ikifjey lm Zroim Ifiptitclm.

OZCAFCMN O_LIF-OI[JF [ZXXL_V

Zroim kaceitj cepikts irj wcfj-rimncmn, iggjktcmn iaa sjktlrs,

plpuaitclms, imf ajvjas lg nlvjrmejmt. Vl rjsplmf jggjktcvjay,kctcjs eust ti`j systjeck ipprlikdjs tdit cmkaufj iaa sjktlrs,

wdcaj oucafcmn orlif-oisjf supplrt glr ifiptitclm jgglrts.

^dcaj tdcs tis` cs mlt jisy, cg flmj wjaa ct wcaa oucaf i mjkjssiry

glumfitclm glr sukkjssgua ifiptitclm stritjncjs.

Eimy kctcjs tdit wj cmtjrvcjwjf kctjf tdj viauj lg jstioacsdcmn

krlss-sjktlr wlr`cmn nrlups glr ifiptitclm paimmcmn.

Xiajeoimn, Cmflmjsci krjitjf i Kaceitj Kdimnj ^lr`cmn

I[JIM sdiaa prleltj susticmioaj fjvjalpejmtsl is tl jmsurj tdj prltjktclm lg tdj rjnclm'sjmvcrlmejmt, tdj susticmiocacty lg cts mituriarjslurkjs, imf tdj prjsjrvitclm lg cts kuaturiadjrctinj imf tdj dcnd quiacty lg acgj lg cts

pjlpaj. - I[JIM Kdirtjr


9/141


Nrlup klmscstcmn lg tdj Jmvcrlmejmt Ecmcstry imf Xuoack

^lr`s fjpirtejmts, ikifjeck cmstctutclms, imf kleeumcty

nrlups. Vdcs nrlup cs krjitcmn i Kaceitj [tritjny tdit strcvjs

tl oj cmkauscvj imf wcfjay jmflrsjf.

Dl Kdc Ecmd Kcty, Wcjtmie jstioacsdjf i Kaceitj Kdimnj

Ourjiu, wdckd kllrfcmitjs i Kaceitj Kdimnj Mjtwlr`klmscstcmn lg i [tjjrcmn Olirf, imf sjvjria wlr`cmn nrlups cm

nlvjrmejmt fjpirtejmts. Vdj Mjtwlr` sukkjssguaay krjitjf i

frigt Ifiptitclm Iktclm Xaim tdit cmkaufjs kleectejmts grle iaa

nlvjrmejmt fjpirtejmts. Dl Kdc Ecmd dis iasl pirtckcpitjf

cm sjvjria cmtjrmitclmia ifiptitclm mjtwlr`s, cmkaufcmn tdj K68

Kctcjs Kaceitj Ajifjrsdcp Nrlup, tdj Klmmjktcmn Fjati Kctcjs

Mjtwlr`, imf tdj Nrjjm Nrlwtd Mjtwlr`. Vdjsj mjtwlr`s

divj nrjitay cmkrjisjf tdjcr kleeumcty lg priktckj imf

iaalwjf glr i rckd jxkdimnj lg ojst priktckjs imf ajsslms

ajirmjf ikrlss olrfjrs.

Cm Bumj ?89?, Bi`irti, Cmflmjsci aiumkdjf tdjcr Xaimmcmnglr Cmtjnritjf Klistia Ifiptitclm [tritjny (XCKI[). I eiblr

cmctcitcvj lg tdj prlnrie cs glkusjf lm kleeumcty-oisjf

ifiptitclm paimmcmn2 rjsjirkdjrs grle tdj Zmcvjrscty lg

Cmflmjsci klmsuatjf kleeumctcjs acvcmn cm Bi`irtis uroim

@iepumn (mjcndolrdllfs lg 98,888 lr gjwjr pjlpaj) tl

ojttjr umfjrstimf trifctclmia stritjncjs glr acvcmn wctd gallfcmn,

sukd is stcat klmstruktclm. Vdjsj stritjncjs irj mlw ojcmn

cmklrplritjf cmtl tdj kctys zlmcmn rjnuaitclms glr gallfpaicms.

_J[VL_CMN Z_OIM JKL[S[VJE [J_WCKJ[

I[JIM klumtrcjs jmbly rckd jklsystjes imf strlmnoclfcvjrscty. Lm i mitclmia ajvja, klumtrcjs divj kleecttjf

tl jklsystje prjsjrvitclm, prltjktcmn glrjsts, rcvjrs imf

ai`js, imf tdj quiacty lg acgj tdjy igglrf. Vdcs ceplrtimt wlr` cs

mlw ojcmn ippacjf lm tdj uroim-skiaj wctd scnmcgckimt jgglrts

tl cfjmtcgy, rjstlrj imf susticmioay usj tdj prlvcsclmcmn,

rjnuaitcmn, supplrtcmn imf kuaturia sjrvckjs c.j. kajim icr

imf witjr, gallf klmtrla, gllf sjkurcty, guja, slca glreitclm,

mutrcjmt kykacmn, rjfukjf djit csaimfs, rjkrjitclm, jtk. tdit

djiatdy jklsystjes prlvcfj tl uroim systjes.

[cmkj ?884, Kdcimn _ic, Vdicaimf dis wlr`jf wctd tdj Iscim

Kctcjs Kaceitj Kdimnj _jscacjmkj Mjtwlr` (IKKK_M) tlifipt tl mjw gallfcmn imf aimfsacfj tdrjits grle cmkrjisjf

prjkcpctitclm. Vdjy ojnim wlr` tl rjstlrj tdj @l` _cvjr, i

eicm witjrwiy tdrlund tdj kcty tdit suggjrs grle umsimctiry

klmfctclms imf tdit cs prlmj tl gallfcmn. _jstlrcmn tdj rcvjr

cs jxpjktjf tl sceuatimjlusay klmtrla gallfcmn, ceprlvj witjr

quiacty, rjfukj fcsjisj vjktlrs, imf pltjmtciaay sjrvj uroim

inrckuaturj prlbjkts.

@uimtim, Eiaiysci kleecttjf tl eicmticmcmn 48 pjrkjmt aimf

usj fjfckitjf tl nrjjm spikj2 tdjy divj i paim glr prjsjrvcmn

`jy uroim jklsystjes, cmkaufcmn eimnrlvjs, wjtaimfs, imf

glrjsts, wdcaj imy guturj cmgristrukturj fjvjalpejmt eust

cmkaufj it ajist 98 pjrkjmt nrjjm spikj. Cm iffctclm, tdj kcty

dis ojjm wlr`cmn wctd alkia kleeumctcjs tl paimt 98,888

trjjs immuiaay, wdckd djap kajim tdj icr, prlvcfj sdifj, imfsupplrt djiatdy mutrcjmt kykacmn.

Ajnizpc, Xdcacppcmjs dis iktcvjay paimtjf mjw eimnrlvj

glrjsts ialmn tdj klist tl djap ectcnitj tdj jggjkts lg sji-

ajvja rcsj. Vdjyrj iasl cepajejmtcmn im Zroim Fricminj

Eistjr Xaim tl rjfukj gallfcmn rcs`. Vdj paim cmkaufjs tdj

fjjpjmcmn imf wcfjmcmn lg fricminj kimias rjstlritclm lg

rcvjr fc`js, imf tdj jajvitclm lg rlifs.

_J-VDCM@CMN Z_OIMCRIVCLM

Iaa kctcjs tdit wj cmtjrvcjwjf siw tdjesjavjs it krlssrlifs.Klmvjmtclmia fjvjalpejmt pitdwiys, wdcaj jggjktcvj it

rjfukcmn plvjrty, irj mlt ifjquitjay iffrjsscmn mjw rcs`s

grle plpuaitclm nrlwtd, rjslurkj klmstricmts, plaautclm,

puoack djiatd, imf ltdjr uroim kdiaajmnjs. Imf tdj jggjkts

lg kaceitj kdimnj jxikjroitj tdjsj rcs`s suostimtciaay.

Cmkrjisjf prjkcpctitclm, tjepjriturj, frlundt, sji-ajvja

rcsj, imf jxtrjej wjitdjr iggjkt kctcjs lm jvjry ajvja imf

divj tdj pltjmtcia tl pusd uroim systjes tl tdj orcm`. Sjt wctd

imy kdimnj, tdjrj cs lpplrtumcty. Kctcjs ojttjr umfjrstimf

tdjcr kaceitj vuamjriocactcjs imf irj cmvjstcmn cm iatjrmitcvj,

ifiptcvj cmgristrukturj, tdit cmtjnritjs uroim systjes wctd

mituria imf slkcia systjes.

Kdcimn _ic, Vdicaimf umfjrtll` i systjeck imiayscs lg aimf

usj imf kaceitj vuamjriocacty cm tdj kcty. Vdjy ojnim ei`cmn

gumfiejmtia kdimnjs tl tdj fjscnm lg tdj kcty, cmkaufcmn

rjelvcmn oucafcmns tdit oalk`jf witjrklursjs tl tdj @l`

_cvjr, imf cmkrjiscmn mituria ouggjr zlmjs irlumf tdj kcty.

Vdjy eifj gumfiejmtia kdimnjs tl tdjcr aimf usj paim tdit

fjgcmj elrj ifiptcvj ipprlikdjs tl fjvjalpejmt. Elst

ceplrtimtay, tdjy rjviepjf tdjcr systjes tl jmglrkj tdcs paim,

imf wlr`jf kalsjay wctd sti`jdlafjrs tl ikdcjvj ouy-cm. Vdjy

pirtckcpitj iktcvjay cm tdj Zroim & Jmvcrlmejmtia Ajirmcmn

Mjtwlr` cm Vdicaimf tl sdirj ajsslms ajirmjf wctd gcvj ltdjrkctcjs Vdicaimf.

Ajnizpc, Xdcacppcmjs, tlnjtdjr wctd ltdjr kctcjs cm tdj Xrlvcmkj

lg Iaoiy, dis ojjm wlr`cmn wctd tdj Kjmtjr glr Cmctcitcvjs

imf _jsjirkd lm Kaceitj Ifiptitclm (KC_KI) tl cmtjnritj

ifiptitclm cmtl cts spitcia paim. Vdjy irj uscmn slpdcstckitjf

slgtwirj prlnrie kiaajf [ceKACE, wdckd jxiecmjs tdj jggjkts

lg kaceitj virciocacty lvjr tcej imf spikj. Vdj slgtwirj wis


10/141

Cmtrlfuktclm & Lvjrvcjw | >

usjf tl prlfukj mjw kaceitj dizirf eips tdit divj ojjm

cmtjnritjf cmtl uroim paimmcmn.

@uimtim, Eiaiysci fjvjalpjf i klistia acmj eistjr paim wctd

nucfjacmjs lm dlw tl fjvjalp cm i wiy tdit rjfukjs jrlsclm.

Vdj paim cmkaufjs prltjktclms glr eimnrlvjs, wjtaimfs, imf

ojikdjs ialmn cts klist.

IACNMCMN GCMIMKCIA CMWJ[VEJMV[

Vdj naloia gcmimkcia krcscs tll` cts tlaa lm elst I[JIM kctcjs,

rjsuatcmn cm elrj skirkj nlvjrmejmt rjslurkjs tl gumf

ifiptitclm jgglrts. Sjt wctd ripcf uroimczitclm ikrlss iaa lg tdjI[JIM kctcjs, tdjrj cs ml sdlrtinj lg cmvjstejmt pltjmtcia. Vdj

kdiaajmnj cs tl gcmf cmmlvitcvj wiys tl iacnm jxcstcmn gcmimkcia

rjslurkjs glr ifiptitclm jgglrts tdit rjfukj cmvjstejmt rcs`s

imf lpjm mjw, ifiptcvj fjvjalpejmt pltjmtcia.

Elst lg tdj gumfcmn glr @uimtim, Eiaiyscis ifiptitclm jgglrts

irj fjrcvjf grle alkia nlvjrmejmt injmkcjs. Vdjy glumf

sukkjss cm ajvjrincmn rjslurkjs grle jxcstcmn jmvcrlmejmtia

prlbjkts wdjrj tdjrj cs scnmcgckimt lvjraip cm ecssclm imf

nlias. Vdjy glumf supplrt grle tdj @uimtim Alkia Injmfi

?9 prlbjkts, virclus nlvjrmejmt injmkcjs Klrplritj

[lkcia _jsplmscocacty prlbjkts, imf grle rjnclmia jklmleckfjvjalpejmt cmctcitcvjs.

Kdcimn _ic, Vdicaimfs ifiptitclm oufnjt cs fjrcvjf prceircay

grle kjmtria nlvjrmejmt (7: pjrkjmt) imf grle alkia tixjs (;:

pjrkjmt). Vdjy divj iasl wlr`jf ikrlss sjktlrs, cmkaufcmn

MNLs imf ikifjeck cmstctutclms tl djap wctd gumfricscmn.

Kllpjritclm wctd ltdjr alkia nlvjrmejmts dis jmioajf tdje

plla rjslurkjs tl wlr` ikrlss burcsfcktclms lm kleelm

ifiptitclm cssujs.

Ajnizpc, Xdcacppcmjs ajvjrinjf prcvitj gcmimkcmn is wjaa

is nlvjrmejmt imf cmtjrmitclmia gumfs glr tdjcr ifiptitclm

iktcvctcjs. Vl eicmticm i susticmjf ajvja lg cmvjstejmt, tdjy

acm`jf tdjcr kaceitj ifiptitclm paim wctd kcty ajncsaitclm, i elvj

tdit rjfukjf tdj rcs` tdit cmvjstejmts eiy oj fj-prclrctczjf

oy tdj kcty. Cm iffctclm, glaalwcmn i mitclmia eimfitj, gcvj

pjrkjmt lg tdj kctys jstceitjf rjvjmujs irj iaalkitjf tl i

Alkia Kiaiecty Gumf tdit cs usjf glr ifiptitclm iktcvctcjs.

Ojylmf gcmimkcia rjslurkjs, Ajnizpc dis rjkjcvjf cm-`cmf

tjkdmckia sjrvckjs imf tdj prlvcsclm lg jqucpejmt imf gikcactcjs

tl supplrt tdjcr jgglrts.

JAJWIVCMN [LKCIA JYZCVS

Is tdj plpuaitclms lg kctcjs cmkrjisj, sl fljs tdj mjjf tl

jmninj kctczjms cm pirtckcpitlry fjkcsclm ei`cmn. Kaceitj

cepikts tjmf tl iggjkt pllr plpuaitclms gcrst, wdckd typckiaay

divj ajss ajvjrinj cm nlvjrmejmt placky-ei`cmn. Sjt,

prlvcfcmn lpplrtumctcjs glr pllr imf vuamjrioaj plpuaitclms

tl umfjrstimf kaceitj rcs`s imf cfjmtcgy alkia slautclms iasl

jmdimkjs pltjmtcia pitdwiys grle plvjrty imf i strjmntdjmjf

fjelkritck prlkjss.

Bi`irti, Cmflmjsci cs cm tdj prlkjss lg lvjraiycmn i fitioisj

lg saue mjcndolrdllfs wctd irjis elst it rcs` glr gallfcmn.Vdit cmglreitclm cs usjf tl prclrctczj wdckd mjcndolrdllfs

tl jmninj cm ifiptitclm jgglrts. Vdjy wlr` wctd kleeumcty

ejeojrs tl krjitj pirtckcpitlry ifiptitclm ejisurjs,

tippcmn cmtl alkia mlwajfnj tl fjtjrecmj tdj rcndt ifiptcvj

cmgristrukturj ipprlikdjs.

Xi`simj, Ail XF_ wlr`s wctd tdj vcaainj ajifjrs tl kllrfcmitj

fcsistjr rjsplmsj jgglrts igtjr gallfcmn. Vdjy irrimnj lggckcia

acicslms ojtwjjm nlvjrmejmt lggckjs imf kctczjms2 alkia cepikts

Xdltl krjfct2 dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/9;7:47:8HM86/9;3?;::;?9


11/141


irj kleeumckitjf up tl nlvjrmejmt lggckjs, wdckd djap

cmglre ipprlprcitj nlvjrmejmt rjsplmsjs.

Cm Ajnizpc, Xdcacppcmjs, tdj kaceitj-iggjktjf pllr, wlejm,

kdcafrjm, imf pjrslms wctd fcsiocactcjs irj jxpackctay cfjmtcgcjf

cm tdj ifiptitclm paim. Xltjmtcia kaceitj dizirfs glr jikd

vuamjrioaj nrlup wjrj quimtcgcjf, wctd ifiptitclm ejisurjsglr prjvjmtclm imf ectcnitclm, prjpirjfmjss, rjsplmsj, imf

rjdiocactitclm imf rjklvjry. Vdj paim iasl cfjmtcgcjf glur

prceiry irjis lg slkcia jqucty2 9) ikkjss tl fuj prlkjss0 ?)

jquia prltjktclm0 ;) tdj rcndt tl quiacty imf klmscstjmky cm

nllfs imf sjrvckjs0 imf 6) jquia placky lutklejs. Jxiepajs

lg jquctioaj ifiptitclm sjrvckjs cmkaufj dluscmn glr it-rcs`

plpuaitclms0 ivicaiocacty lg sigj skdllas0 tjeplriry jvikuitclm

gikcactcjs0 imf supplrt glr ifiptcvj girecmn priktckjs0 imf i

zjrl-kisuiaty fcsistjr rjsplmsj placky.

IOLZV VDC[ _J[LZ_KJ NZCFJVdcs _jslurkj Nucfj rjprjsjmts i symtdjscs lg cmglreitclm

sjajktjf glr tdj priktctclmjrs pirtckcpitcmn cm lur Kaceitj

Ajifjrsdcp Ikifjey lm Zroim Kaceitj Ifiptitclm

imf Cmgristrukturj2 Grle _cs` Oirrcjrs tl _jsuats. Vdj

_jslurkj Nucfj cs cmtjmfjf tl djap priktctclmjrs cm kctcjs

imf ejtrlplactim irjis rjslavj alkia kdiaajmnjs rjaitjf tl

eimincmn tdj slkcia, plactckia, jmvcrlmejmtia imf gcmimkcia

rcs`s lg uroim cmgristrukturj tl ceprlvj kaceitj ifiptitclm

imf uroim rjscacjmkj, oy sdlwkiscmn prlecscmn priktckjs

imf oy prlvcfcmn jggckcjmt ikkjss tl slej lg tdj vjry ojstcmglreitclm imf rjslurkjs ivicaioaj.

Vdj _jslurkj Nucfj cs mlt im jxdiustcvj klepcaitclm lg

ivicaioaj cmglreitclm i mjir-ceplsscoaj tis` ncvjm tdj

nrlwcmn vlauej lg cmtjrmitclmia stufcjs, rjplrts, wjosctjs,

oll`s imf oalns lm tdj tlpck lg kaceitj rjscacjmkj. [tcaa,

tdcs flkuejmt rjgajkts im jgglrt tl cfjmtcgy, klepcaj, vjt imf

symtdjsczj usjgua cmglreitclm lm cmmlvitcvj plackcjs, prlnries

imf priktckjs ojcmn fjpalyjf tdrlundlut tdj wlraf.

VDC[ _J[LZ_KJ NZCFJ CMKAZFJ[2

Kisj [tufcjs tdit fcskuss dlw virclus alkia nlvjrmejmt

priktctclmjrs cm tdj Z[ divj eifj prlnrjss lm kaceitj

ifiptitclm paimmcmn imf surelumtcmn isslkcitjf slkcia,

plactckia, gcmimkcia imf jmvcrlmejmtia kdiaajmnjs.

_jslurkj acsts tdit fcrjkt priktctclmjrs tlwirf tdj tlpck-

spjkcgck slurkjs lg cmglreitclm stufcjs, rjplrts, irtckajs, imf

wjosctjs tdit wj ojacjvj irj elst ac`jay tl djap tdje ceprlvj,

jxpimf imf ikkjajritj tdjcr ifiptitclm imf rjscacjmkj jgglrts.

^rcttjm oy [kltt Euaajr imf Eckdija Krlwajy, Cmstctutj glr

[usticmioaj Kleeumctcjs

_JGJ_JMKJ[9. IFO, Klepjtctcvj Kctcjs cm tdj ?9st Kjmtury, Kaustjr-Oisjf

Alkia Jklmleck Fjvjalpejmt.?. Kdimnjs cm Iscis gist nrlwcmn kctcjs irj kalsjay witkdjf

ikrlss tdj wlraf. I rjplrt oy ZM-Dioctit dttp2//www.kctyeiylrs.kle/slkcjty/iscim\kctcjs.dtea

;. IFO, Klepjtctcvj Kctcjs cm tdj ?9st Kjmtury, Kaustjr-OisjfAlkia Jklmleck Fjvjalpejmt. [lurkjs ZM (?88?,?88;)0ZMFX (?88:)

6. @irjm K. [jtl, Ouri` Nmjriap, imf Auky _. Dutyri, Naloiaglrjkists lg uroim jxpimsclm tl ?8;8 imf fcrjkt cepikts lmoclfcvjrscty imf kirolm pllas, XMI[ ?89?0 puoacsdjf idjif lgprcmt [jptjeojr 9>, ?89?, flc298.98>;/pmis.9?997:4983

:. Lm i pjr kipcti oiscs, I[JIM mitclms divj lmay i griktclmlg tdj rlifs imf ricawiys glumf cm LJKF mitclms, wctdfrieitckiaay alwjr jajktrckcty imf kajim witjr klvjrinj.

7. dttp2//www.ifo.lrn/mjws/isjim-cmgristrukturj-gumf-rjifcjs-9-ocaaclm-pcpjacmj-ajmfcmn-lpjritclms. Kdimnjs cm Iscis gist nrlwcmn kctcjs irj kalsjay witkdjfikrlss tdj wlraf. I rjplrt oy ZM-Dioctit dttp2//www.kctyeiylrs.kle/slkcjty/iscim\kctcjs.dtea

4. Zmkjrticmty cs mlw i gumfiejmtia klrj jajejmt lg uroimfjvjalpejmt, ialmn wctd mlm-acmjir nrlwtd pittjrms, rumiwiyplsctcvj gjjfoik`/ kiskifcmn gicaurjs, dcffjm tdrjsdlafs imfcrrjvlkioaj tcppcmn plcmts.

3. Ajtkdueim, _. (?89 Cs tdjrj im I[JIM placky lm KaceitjKdimnj)0 Vdim Eycmt imf [im Dai Vdiw,Kaceitj Kdimnj Ifiptitclm cm Eyimeir, Xrjsjmtitclm it

tdj [jklmf ^lr`sdlp lg tdj Iscim Zmcvjrscty Mjtwlr` lgJmvcrlmejmt imf Fcsistjr Eiminjejmt, Gjoruiry ?883,ivicaioaj lm tdj Cmtjrmjt it 1dttp2//www.iujfe.mjt/Fiti/iktcvctcjs/9st%?8^lr`sdlp/^lr`sdlp/Z%?8Vdim%?8Eycmt/[jklmfEyimeir- Kaceitj%?8kdimnj.pfg= (aist ikkjssjf lm?? [jptjeojr ?898)0 Eimcai Losjrvitlry glr tdj KlmnrjssclmiaKleecssclm lm [kcjmkj & Vjkdmlalny imf Jmncmjjrcmn,Vjkdmckia Xrcejr lm Kaceitj Kdimnj cm tdj Xdcacppcmjs (Eimcai2KLE[VJ, ?898)0 imf Ecmcstry lg Mituria _jslurkjs imfJmvcrlmejmt, Nlvjrmejmt lg Wcjtmie (EM_J), Kaceitj Kdimnj,[ji Ajvja _csj [kjmircls glr Wcjtmie (Dimlc2 EM_J, ?883).

99. CXKK, Kaceitj Kdimnj ?88>, supri, mltj ?9?. ^ik`jrminija, E. jt. ia. ?88?. Vrik`cmn tdj jklalnckia

lvjrsdllt lg tdj dueim jklmleky. Xrlkjjfcmns lg tdjMitclmia Ikifjey lg [kcjmkjs. Buay 3, ?88? vla. 33 ml. 96


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Kisj [tufcjs


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98 | Kisj [tufcjs

Kisj [tufcjsVdj kisj stufcjs sdlwkisj tdj glaalwcmn prlecscmn priktckjs2

99 ^JIVDJ_CMN VDJ [VL_E[ Xdcaifjapdci elvjs ojylmf klmvjmtclmia stlrewitjr eiminjejmt ejtdlfs cm im cmmlvitcvj sdcgt tlwirf nrjjm

cmgristrukturj.

94 KDCKINL, CAACMLC[ Kdckinl cmklrplritjs ifiptitclm ejisurjs cmtl cts Kaceitj Iktclm Xaim oy oucafcmn jggjktcvj kleeumcty pirtmjrsdcps

?6 [IWCMN KLI[VIA ALZC[CIMI Alucscimi jxpalrjs slkcia, plactckia imf jmvcrlmejmtia cssujs tl sivj cts klistia aimfs.

;? G_LE GL_J[V[ VL GIZKJV[ XI_VMJ_[DCX Fjmvjr imf tdj Z[ Glrjst [jrvckj pirtmjr cm tdcs jgglrt tl elmjtczj jklsystje sjrvckjs.

;6 K_JIVJ EL_J [Z[VICMIOAJ IMF _J[CACJMV KLEEZMCVCJ[

;4 XAIM GL_ KACEIVJ IFIXVIVCLM

68 IFLXV N_JJM OZCAFCMN XLACKCJ[

69 X_J[J_WJ IMF K_JIVJ N_JJM [XIKJ

6? JMNINJ VDJ KLEEZMCVS CM VDJ KACEIVJ KDIMNJ XAIMMCMN X_LKJ[[

66 IXX_LIKD KACEIVJ KDIMNJ XAIMMCMN LM I _JNCLMIA AJWJA

67 IFF_J[[ V_IM[XL_VIVCLM VD_LZND V_IM[CV-L_CJMVJFFJWJALXEJMV & KLEXAJVJ [V_JJV[

Xdltl krjfct2 Iscim Fjvjalpejmt Oim`dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/:48;>6;:HM84/:773679649


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| 9Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI

Xdltl krjfct2 pdcaaywitjrsdjfs.lrn

Nrjjm Kcty, Kajim îtjrs rjmfjrcmn lg nrjjm cmgristrukturj cm Xdcaifjapd ci

X_LKJ[[

KLMWJ_VCMN [V_JIE[ VL [J^J_[Xrclr tl fjvjalpejmt, Xdcaifjapdci dif im jxtjmscvj mjtwlr`

lg strjies tdit spimmjf lvjr 6:8 è (?48 acmjir ecajs).

Jiray klalmcia sjttajrs usjf tdcs witjr mjtwlr` glr plwjr

njmjritclm, mivcnitclm imf, fuj tl cts nrivcty-gjf fricminj,

tdj fcrjkt fcsplsia lg umtrjitjf dueim sjwinj imf cmfustrcia

wistjs. Is tdj kcty uroimczjf imf nrjw cm plpuaitclm, sjwinj

lvjrwdjaejf tdj krjj`s imf ajf tl fcsjisj lutorji`s. Vl

rjfukj jxplsurj imf jmioaj gurtdjr fjvjalpejmt, lpjm

strjies imf kdimmjas wjrj rjpaikjf wctd ourcjf pcpjs imf

kuavjrts. Vdcs systje stcaa jxcsts tlfiy. _lunday >; pjrkjmt

lg tdj kctys lrcncmia strjies divj ojjm rjpaikjf wctd lvjr

6,4?4 è (;,888 ecajs) lg sjwjrs.?

^dcaj Xdcaifjapdcis sjwinj systje rjfukjf jxplsurj tl

fcsjisj, ct iasl prjsjmtjf mjw kdiaajmnjs glr stlrewitjr

eiminjejmt. Is tdj kcty rjpaikjf aimf wctd cepjrvclus

klmkrjtj imf pivjejmt, elrj imf elrj stlrewitjr imf

ialmn wctd ct, lca imf nrjisj grle kirs, rlif siats, imf ltdjr

uroim plaautimts wis fcvjrtjf tl tdj sjwjr systje. Furcmn

djivy prjkcpctitclm jvjmts, stlrewitjr kim lvjrwdjae tdj

kipikcty lg tdj systje.

^jitdjrcmn tdj [tlres

KI[J [VZFS

VDJ XLACVCKIA IMF [LKCIA V_IM[GL_EIVCLM[ F_CWCMN XDCAIFJAXDCI[ AI_NJ-[KIAJ N_JJM

CMG_I[V_ZKVZ_J X_LN_IE

Xdcaifjapdci, Xjmmsyavimciglumfjf cm 974? wis fjvjalpjf

it tdj ejjtcmn plcmt lg twl eiblr rcvjrs, tdj Fjaiwirj imf

[kduya`caa. Vdrlundlut cts dcstlry, uroimczitclm ialmn tdjsj

rcvjrs dis fjnrifjf witjr quiacty imf cmkrjisjf cepjrvclus

surgikjs, wdckd ajgt tdj kcty cmkrjiscmnay elrj vuamjrioaj tl

gallfcmn. Kaceitj kdimnj dis eifj tdj prloaje wlrsj. Immuia

prjkcpctitclm cm tdj stitj rlsj 96 pjrkjmt cm tdj ?8td kjmtury,

imf cs jxpjktjf tl rcsj im iffctclmia sjvjm pjrkjmt oy ?8:8.

Iarjify gikjf wctd slej lg tdj dcndjst jklmleck gallf alssjs

cm tdj Zmctjf [titjs, Xdcaifjapdci cs orikcmn glr elrj sjvjrj

stlre-rjaitjf fieinjs tdit kluaf rjikd is dcnd is $;>: ecaaclm

pjr 98-yjir stlre jvjmt.9

Ik`mlwajfncmn tdjsj nrlwcmn gallfcmn rcs`s, Xdcaifjapdci

gumfiejmtiaay sdcgtjf cts wiy lg iffrjsscmn stlre witjr

eiminjejmt. Cm klaaiolritclm wctd tdj Z[ Jmvcrlmejmtia

Xrltjktclm Injmky (JXI) imf tdj Xjmmsyavimci Fjpirtejmt lg

Jmvcrlmejmtia Xrltjktclm, kcty ajifjrs jeoir`jf lm lmj lg tdj

elst ieoctclus uroim trimsglreitclm prlbjkts cm tdj Zmctjf

[titjs. Oy tdj yjir ?8:8, tdj kcty wcaa rjtrlgct lvjr 68è (mjiray

9:.7 squirj ecajs)iaelst 99% lg cts surgikj irjiwctd nrjjm

cmgristrukturj tjkdmlalncjs, cmkaufcmn pjrejioaj pivjejmt,

vjnjtitjf swiajs, imf nrjjm rllgs. Vdjsj ejisurjs wcaa scnmcgckimtay

rjfukj gallfcmn rcs`s oy rjstlrcmn tdj aimfskipj's mituria iocacty

tl ioslro stlrewitjr wdjrj ct giaas imf rjfukj fjpjmfjmkj lm

klmvjmtclmia, pcpj-oisjf stlrewitjr cmgristrukturj.

Vdcs kisj stufy jxiecmjs dlw uroimczitclm, witjr plaautclm,

imf tdj cepikts lg kaceitj kdimnj ajf Xdcaifjapdci tl rj-tdcm`

imf kdimnj tdjcr ipprlikd tl stlrewitjr eiminjejmt. Ct

kdrlmckajs dlw kcty ajifjrs ikdcjvjf tdcs cmmlvitcvj sdcgt tl nrjjm

cmgristrukturj oy fcrjktay jmnincmn tdj puoack imf wlr`cmn wctd

rjnuaitlrs tl elvj ojylmf klmvjmtclmia stlrewitjr eiminjejmt

ejtdlfs.


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9? | Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI

Ac`j eimy Z[ kctcjs, elst lg Xdcaifjapdcis sjwjr systjes irj

kleocmjf systjes kirrycmn dueim sjwinj imf stlrewitjr

tdrlund i scmnaj pcpj tl witjr trjitejmt paimts ojglrj ojcmn

fcskdirnjf tl witjrwiys. Xdcaifjapdcis mjtwlr` lg 976

kleocmjf sjwjr lvjrgalws (K[L) irj fjscnmjf tl fcskdirnj

sjwinj imf stlrewitjr tl alkia witjrwiys furcmn djivy

stlre jvjmts2 i gjiturj tdit prjvjmts mjcndolrdllf strjjts

imf trjitejmt gikcactcjs grle gallfcmn. Sjt K[Ls kim rjsuatcm fjvistitcmn jggjkts lm alkia witjr quiacty. K[L fcskdirnj

jvjmts cm Xdcaifjapdci lkkur up tl 4: tcejs pjr yjir, imf

rjsuat cm dcnd ajvjas lg gjkia klacglre oiktjrci, jajvitjf witjr

tjepjriturjs, imf fcsslavjf lxynjm ajvjas ojalw ecmceue

stimfirfs. Vdcs dis i sjvjrj mjnitcvj cepikt lm tdj djiatd lg

iquitck jklsystjes. Iolut 78 pjrkjmt lg Xdcaifjapdcis sjwjr

systje klmscsts lg kleocmjf sjwjr systjes, rjprjsjmtcmn i

977 squirj è (76 squirj ecaj) fricminj irji.;

Cmkrjiscmn uroim fjvjalpejmt ikrlss tdj Z[ cs jxpjktjf tl

jxikjroitj tdj prloaje. Ojtwjjm 934? imf ?88>, cepjrvclus

surgikjs cm tdj Z[ nrjw oy :7%. Ikklrfcmn tl tdj Mituria_jslurkjs Fjgjmsj Klumkca, cg tdit trjmf klmtcmujs tdj Z[

wcaa divj ?>,:94 djktirj (74 ecaaclm ikrjs) lg fjvjalpjf aimf

oy ?8?:. Vdcs cs jxpjktjf tl rjsuat cm s`yrlk`jtcmn witjr

trjitejmt klsts, kurrjmtay jstceitjf it $?34 ocaaclm lvjr tdj

mjxt ?8 yjirs.;Vdcs skjmircl cs wcfjay klmscfjrjf tl oj

umsusticmioaj cm tdj almn tjre.

Is tdj cepikts lg kaceitj kdimnj irj gjat elrj wcfjay,

stlrewitjr cssujs irj jxpjktjf tl njt jvjm wlrsj. Ikklrfcmn

tl i rjkjmt stufy grle tdj Jmvcrlmejmt Iejrcki _jsjirkd

& Xlacky Kjmtjr, jxtrjej ricm flwmplurs ricmstlres imf

smlwgiaas tdit irj ielmn tdj airnjst jxpjrcjmkjf it i pirt ckuair

alkitclm irj mlw dippjmcmn ;8 pjrkjmt elrj lgtjm cm tdj

Z[ tdim cm 9364. Imf, tdj airnjst immuia stlres mitclmwcfj

irj mlw prlfukcmn 98 pjrkjmt elrj prjkcpctitclm tdim tdjy

fcf 7: yjirs inl.6

_JKLMMJKVCMN VL VDJ ÎVJ_[DJF

Vdj JXI cs rjsplmscoaj glr rjnuaitcmn stlrewitjr tdrlund tdj

jmglrkjejmt lg tdj Kajim îtjr Ikt (KÎ) lg 93>?. Vl rjnuaitj

stlrewitjr cm kctcjs, tdj JXI rjqucrjs tdj fjvjalpejmt lg

i stlrewitjr eiminjejmt paim tl ejjt quimtcgcioaj witjr

quiacty tirnjts.

Cm tdj ecf ?888s, tdj JXI rjqucrjf Xdcaifjapdci tl upfitj

cts stlrewitjr eiminjejmt paim imf cfjmtcgy quimtcgcioaj

ejisurjs tl rjfukj tdj grjqujmky imf sjvjrcty lg tdj kctys

K[L fcskdirnj jvjmts. Kcty lggckcias glumf tdit tl klepayuscmn i klmvjmtclmia ipprlikd (c.j., jxpimfcmn tdj stlrinj

kipikcty lg sjwinj pcpjs imf trjitejmt paimts) wluaf

rjqucrj umtjmioaj cmvjstejmts wjaa ojylmf tdj kctys oufnjt.

Cmstjif, Xdcaifjapdci prlplsjf i rifckia mjw ipprlikd tl cts

stlrewitjr prloaje. _itdjr tdim jxpimf cts pcpj systje, tdj

kcty wluaf rjfukj tdj tltia vlauej lg stlrewitjr njmjritjf

oy rjklmmjktcmn tl cts witjrsdjf imf cmtjnritcmn nrjjm

cmgristrukturj (NC) tdrlundlut tdj kcty.

Cmstjif lg gummjacmn stlrewitjr cmtl pcpjs, nrjjm cmgristrukturj

rjfukjs tdj tltia vlauej lg stlrewitjr tdit rjikdjs pcpjs oy

iaalwcmn ct tl gcatjr fcrjktay cmtl nrlumfwitjr lr oy rjti cmcmn ct

cm fjjp slcas cm paikjs ac`j rllg nirfjms. NC rjsuats cm ltdjr

ojmjgcts, cmkaufcmn jmdimkjf witjr quiacty, rjpajmcsdjf nrlumf

witjr, ceprlvjf icr quiacty, rjfukjf uroim djit csaimfs, mjw

wcafacgj dioctits, rjkrjitclm, imf cmkrjisjf prlpjrty viaujs.

_I^ [JÎNJ IMF KACEIVJ KDIMNJ

Ikrlss tdj Z.[., K[Ls irj prjsjmt cm elrj tdim >:8

kleeumctcjs tdit irj dlej tl 68 ecaaclm pjlpaj. Is lg

?88?, K[L fcskdirnj jvjmts lkkurrjf lvjr 6;,888 tcejs

pjr yjir, imf fuepjf lvjr ;.? ocaaclm kuock ejtjrs (?.7ecaaclm ikrj-gjjt) lg umtrjitjf sjwinj lvjrgalw cmtl witjr

olfcjs jikd yjir. Cm ?898, ;7 pjrkjmt lg iaa swceecmn

ojikd ifvcslry imf kalscmn fiys ittrcoutjf tl i `mlwm

slurkj wjrj tdj rjsuat lg K[L jvjmts. Sjt, tl prjvjmt

K[L jvjmts uscmn klmvjmtclmia ejims wluaf klst im

jstceitjf $7;.7 ocaaclm flaairs. Vdj skiaj lg tdcs prloaje

dis ajf tdj JXI tl fjkairj uroim rumlgg is lmj lg tdj

elst scnmcgckimt rjislms tdit witjr quiacty stimfirfs

irj mlt ojcmn ejt mitclmwcfj.;


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| 9;Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI

Xdcaifjapdci usjs tdj glaalwcmn nrjjm cmgristrukturj ejtdlfs:

[VL_E^IVJ_ V_JJ V_JMKD

I stlrewitjr trjj trjmkd cs i systje lg trjjs klmmjktjfoy im umfjrnrlumf cmgcatritclm strukturj. [tlrewitjr

cs gummjajf tl i spjkcia stlre fricm tdit ajifs tl im

jmncmjjrjf suostrukturj acmcmn tdit iaalws witjr tl cmgcatritj

tl nrlumfwitjr imf crrcnitj trjjs.

[VL_E^IVJ_ OZEX-LZV

I stlrewitjr ouep-lut cs im jxtjmsclm lg im jxcstcmn

scfjwia` fjscnmjf tl iaalw nrlumfwitjr cmgcatritclm. Ct

gjiturjs im cmajt tdit fcrjkts rumlgg grle tdj strjjt cmtl

tdj strukturj. Vdj ouep-lut dis tdj iffjf ojmjgct lg

klmtrlaacmn triggck spjjfs.

XJ_WCLZ[ XIWJEJMV

Xjrvclus pivjejmt cs i spjkciaay fjscnmjf systje

tdit iaalws witjr tl cmgcatritj tdrlund tdj pivjejmt tl

nrlumfwitjr.

N_JJM _LLG

I nrjjm rllg cs i rllgcmn systje wctd slca imf paimts tdit

rjticm, tdjm salway rjajisj stlrewitjr. Nrjjm rllgs iasl

prlvcfj dioctit glr ojmjgckcia cmsjkts imf rjfukj surgikj

tjepjriturjs cm tdj sueejr, wdckd rjfukjs i oucafcmns

kllacmn alif.

_ICM NI_FJM

_icm nirfjms irj vjnjtitjf surgikjs, nrifjf bust ojalw

tdj surrlumfcmn nrlumf ajvja, tl klaajkt stlrewitjr rumlgg.

Vdjy irj slejtcejs fjscnmjf tl plla witjr furcmn i stlre

jvjmt, imf tdjm salway iaalw nrlumfwitjr cmgcatritclm.


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96 | Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI

[JJFCMN VDJ N_JJM CMG_I[V_ZKVZ_J KLMKJXV

Vdj cfji glr Xdcaifjapdcis nrjjm cmgristrukturj prlplsia

wis klmkjcvjf oik` cm 9333 wdjm tdj kcty kleocmjf tdrjj

prjvclusay sjpiritj prlnries2 Kleocmjf [jwjr Lvjrgalw,

[tlrewitjr Eiminjejmt, imf [lurkj îtjr Xrltjktclm tl

glre tdj Lggckj lg itjrsdjf Eiminjejmt. Ikklrfcmn tl Najm

Iories, glrejr Eiminjr lg [tritjnck Xlacky imf Kllrfcmitclmit tdj Xdcaifjapdci îtjr Fjpirtejmt (X^F), tdj ipprlikd

rjklnmczjf tdj viauj cm i dlacstck ipprlikd tl witjr rjslurkjs

cm tdj kcty. ^j ojnim tdcm`cmn iolut dlw tdjsj cmfcvcfuia

prlnries iktuiaay cmtjrrjaitjf imf rjiaay tdcm`cmn ojylmf

lur eumckcpia olrfjrs, sicf Iories. Ct wis iolut paimmcmn

it tdj witjrsdjf ajvja imf ei`cmn klmmjktclms ojtwjjm

aimf usj, uroim fjscnm, imf witjr rjslurkjs eiminjejmt.

Vdj mjway-glrejf Lggckj lg îtjrsdjf Eiminjejmt

sjt i nlia tl klmtrla stlrewitjr uscmn mituria ejtdlfs,

imf ojnim splmslrcmn scepaj, mjcndolrdllf-oisjf NC

fjelmstritclm prlbjkts. Zscmn i fcvjrscty lg tjkdmcqujs, grle

vjnjtitjf swiajs tl ricm nirfjms imf krjj` rjstlritclm, tdj

fjelmstritclm prlbjkts wjrj cmtjmfjf tl tjst tdj jggckiky lg

nrjjm cmgristrukturj it tdj mjcndolrdllf skiaj. Vdj prlbjkts

wjrj iasl fjscnmjf tl oucaf mjw pirtmjrsdcps wctd kleeumcty

lrnimczitclms imf djap rjiaczj iffctclmia ojmjgcts tl tdj

puoack, sukd is mjcndolrdllf ojiutcgckitclm imf djiatd.

Cm tdj jiray fiys lg flcmn fjelmstritclm prlbjkts wj bust

wimtjf tl caaustritj dlw nrjjm stlrewitjr cmgristrukturj

kluaf oj fjscnmjf cm Xdcaifjapdci, cm tjres lg prlnries

imf pirtmjrsdcps tdit wj ecndt ifvimkj cg wj wjrj tl elvj

glrwirf lm i airnj-skiaj prlnrie, rjkiaajf Iories.

^ctd nllf fiti grle tdj fjelmstritclm prlbjkts tl supplrtcts kisj, tdj kcty gjat klmgcfjmt tdit ct kluaf jacecmitj K[L

fcskdirnj jvjmts tdrlund i scnmcgckimtay skiajf-up nrjjm

cmgristrukturj prlnrie. ^lr`cmn kalsjay wctd tdj JXI, tdj

kcty prlplsjf tdj airnjst nrjjm cmgristrukturj prlnrie cm

tdj dcstlry lg tdj Z[ fuoojf tdj Nrjjm Kcty, Kajim îtjrs

Xrlnrie (NKK^) tl klepay wctd tdj KÎ. Vdj prlnrie

cmvlavjs klmvjrtcmn lmj tdcrf lg tdj kctys cepjrvclus surgikjs

cm cts K[L fricminj irji lr 68.6 squirj è (9:.7 squirj

ecajs) tl pjrvclus, nrjjm cmgristrukturj surgikjs wctdcm tdj

mjxt ?: yjirs.

Vdj skiaj imf tcejacmj lg tdj NKK^ prlnrie wis umcqujielmn ltdjr stlrewitjr prlnries cm tdj Z[, imf rjqucrjf i

mjw ipprlikd tl cepajejmtitclm imf eiminjejmt. Vl stiy

ikklumtioaj lvjr tdj almn tjre, tdj prlnrie cmklrplritjf

gcvj-yjir cmkrjejmt tirnjts tdit sjt ecmceue tdrjsdlafs lg

nrjjmjf ikrjs cm tdj kcty. It jvjry rjplrtcmn pjrclf wj

mjjf tl ti`j i stjp oik` imf jviauitj dlw jggjktcvj wj divj

ojjm, wdjtdjr wj tdcm` wjaa ejjt tdj mjxt tirnjt, imf cg tdjrj

irj imy tdcmns tdit wj sdluaf kdimnj cm lur ipprlikd,

sicf Iories. Vdcs prlkjss, wdckd Iories kiaajf ifiptcvj

eiminjejmt iaalwjf tdj kcty tl eiminj prlnrjss cm rjia

tcej imf ei`j klursj klrrjktclms is tdjy wjmt. ^j irj vjry

eukd cm i klmtcmulus ajirmcmn elfj, dj sicf.

GCMFCMN VDJ V_CXAJ OLVVLE ACMJ

Vl oucaf cts kisj glr tdj NKK^ prlnrie tdj kcty klepirjf

klepacimkj klsts isslkcitjf wctd klmvjmtclmia imf NC

ipprlikdjs. Sjt, rjklnmczcmn tdj dlacstck ojmjgcts lg nrjjm

cmgristrukturj vjrsus klmvjmtclmia ejtdlfs, tdj kcty jxpimfjf

cts imiayscs tl cmkaufj pltjmtcia jmvcrlmejmtia, slkcia, imfjklmleck lr trcpaj olttle acmj ojmjgc ts lg NC.7 _jkrjitclm,

witjr quiacty imf dioctit, mjcndolrdllf quiacty lg acgj, blo

krjitclm, puoack djiatd, icr quiacty, imf nrjjmdlusj nis

jecssclm rjfuktclms wjrj iaa ti`jm cmtl ikklumt. Lvjriaa,

ct wis sdlwm NC wluaf klst ajss lvjriaa tdim klmvjmtclmia

ejtdlfs, imf cts ojmjgcts wluaf lutwjcnd cmctcia klsts cm 6:

yjirs. Ml klepirioaj rjturm lm cmvjstejmt wis glumf wctd

i klmvjmtclmia ipprlikd.

^dcaj i klmvjmtclmia cmgristrukturj ipprlikd wluaf ycjaf tdj

vlauej rjfuktclms imf rjfukj tdj grjqujmky lg lvjrgalws,

wdit wj trcjf tl fl wis tl caaustritj tdj klsts isslkcitjf wctdtdit. Imf mlt bust tdj klst lg divcmn tl oucaf elrj tummjas,

wdckd, cmkcfjmtiaay wj kluafmt igglrf. j quckày rjiaczjf tdit

ojkiusj lg tdj gcmimkcia sctuitclm cm Xdcaifjapdci lur acect

lg igglrfiocacty fcf prjkaufj us grle glaalwcmn i klmvjmtclmia

ipprlikd, sicf Iories.

Glr Iories, tdj trcpaj olttle acmj gcmfcmns eifj ct kajir

tdit NC wis tdj prjgjrrjf kdlckj glr Xdcaifjapdci. Ct wis i

kdlckj lg i dcnday fjkjmtriaczjf systje imf cmvjstcmn elmjy

fcrjktay cm mjcndolrdllfs vjrsus i kjmtriaczjf systje

Xdltl Krjfct2 dttp2//iktrjjs.lrn/mjws/ejfci-kjmtjr/iktrjjs-mjws/

orji`cmn\nrlumf\wctd\i\97\ocaaclm\paim\tl\tie/


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| 9:Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI

tdits i vjry fjjp tummja prlnrie, sl lmkj cts klmstruktjf

cts mlt vcscoaj Ct wis kajir tdit tdcs wis i nrjitjr rjturm lm

lur cmvjstejmt, dj sicf.

CMMLWIVCMN GZMFCMN

Vl ejjt cts nlias, tdj NKK^ prlnrie rjqucrjs $9.? ocaaclm

cm stritjnck cmvjstejmts lvjr i ?: yjir pjrclf2 $9.7> ocaaclm

wcaa nl tl nrjjm cmgristrukturj0 $;6: ecaaclm tl upnrifcmn

trjitejmt paimt kipikcty0 imf $6?8 ecaaclm wcaa oj usjf glr

gajxcoaj spjmfcmn, tl oj fjtjrecmjf is tdj prlnrie jvlavjs.

^dcaj tdj klst cs ojalw wdit i trifctclmia cmgristrukturj paim

wluaf rjqucrj, ct stcaa rjeicms iolvj tdj rimnj rjkleejmfjf oy

tdj JXI (9.:% tl ?% lg ejfcim dlusjdlaf cmklej). Vrifctclmia

olmfs wluaf mlt klvjr tdj guaa klsts, sl tdj kcty dif tl gcmf

krjitcvj, mjw imf umklmvjmtclmia gumfcmn slurkjs.

Vdj kcty is`jf tdj fjvjalpjrs tl prlvcfj tdj elst scnmcgckimt

gumfcmn. Cm ?887, tdj kcty upfitjf cts stlrewitjr rjnuaitclms

tl rjqucrj tdit jvjry fjvjalpejmt imf rjfjvjalpejmt prlbjkt

wctd i glltprcmt nrjitjr tdim 9,;36 squirj ejtjrs (9:,888

squirj gjjt) eust ei`j irrimnjejmts tl eiminj elst

stlrewitjr rumlgg tdrlund NC. Vdj kcty jstceitjf tdit wctd i

prlbjkt fjvjalpejmt ritj lg 9 pjrkjmt immuiaay, elrj tdim

$9 ocaaclm cm prjsjmt viauj tdit wluaf divj ltdjrwcsj ojjm

spjmt lm plst-klmstruktclm rjtrlgcts wcaa oj ajvjrinjf cm tdj

mjxt ?: yjirs. Vdit gumfcmn wluaf divj ltdjrwcsj ojjm spjmt

lm plst-klmstruktclm rjtrlgcts tl dimfaj tdj stlrewitjr alifs

krjitjf oy cepjrvclus surgikjs grle tdjsj fjvjalpejmts.

Jvcfjmkj sunnjsts tdit tdcs placky kdimnj wcaa divj acttaj tl

ml jggjkt lm tdj oufnjts lg fjvjalpjrs. Cm ?88>, tdj JXI

puoacsdjf i stufy tdit rjvcjwjf 9> fjvjalpejmts tdit cmkaufjf

NC, imf glumf tdit iaa out lmj dif alwjr upgrlmt klmstruktclm

klsts. Cm gikt, klsts wjrj rjfukjf imywdjrj ojtwjjm 9:-48

pjrkjmt.>I scecair stufy oy tdj Iejrckim [lkcjty lg Aimfskipj

Irkdctjkts glumf tdit mlt lmay fljs nrjjm cmgristrukturj klst

ajss, out tdjsj priktckjs kim gurtdjr rjfukj klsts lg trjitcmn

airnj ielumts lg plaautjf rumlgg.4

Imltdjr scnmcgckimt slurkj lg gumfcmn wcaa klej grle kdimnjscm tdj wiy tdit stlrewitjr cs ocaajf tl kustlejrs. Dcstlrckiaay,

tdj kcty ocaajf glr sjwinj trjitejmt oisjf lm tdj ielumt

lg flejstck witjr usjf oy cts kustlejrs. Vdcs systje wis

rjklnmczjf tl oj cmdjrjmtay umgicr ojkiusj ct fcf mlt rjgajkt

tdj truj klst lg sjrvckj2 slej kustlejrs usjf klepiritcvjay

acttaj flejstck witjr out lwmjf airnj irjis lg cepjrvclus

surgikjs tdit dif airnj cepikts lm sjwjr systjes. Cm tdj jiray

?888s, tl djap nrippaj wctd tdcs cssuj, tdj kcty issjeoajf

i ritj-piyjrs kleecttjj. Vdj kleecttjj rjkleejmfjf i

Xdltl Krjfct2 Xdcaifjapdci ^itjr Fjpirtejmt,dttp2//pdcaaywitjrsdjfs.lrn/wdit\wjrj\flcmn/nrjjm\cmgristrukturj/tllas


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97 | Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI

stlrewitjr ocaacmn strukturj oisjf lm tdj ikrjs lg cepjrvclus

aimf tdit kustlejrs lwmjf2 elrj cepjrvclus surgikjs ejimt

elrj stlrewitjr trjitejmt, imf dcndjr ocaas.

Vdj mjw ocaacmn systje kiaajf tdj Xirkja-Oisjf Ocaacmn

Cmctcitcvj wcaa oj cm jggjkt oy ?89: (cepajejmtitclm dif tl

wict glr mjw tjkdmlalny sukd is Naloia Xlsctclmcmn [lgtwirjtl ei`j tdj systje plsscoaj). Vdj kcty rjklnmczjf tdit slej

kustlejrs wcaa oj cepiktjf elrj tdim ltdjrs, sl tdjy krjitjf

i grjj fjscnm isscstimkj imf sctj jviauitclm tl cfjmtcgy pltjmtcia

nrjjm cmgristrukturj lpplrtumctcjs. Cm iffctclm, tdj kcty prlvcfjs

grjj klst-ojmjgct imiayscs tl djap prlpjrty lwmjrs wjcnd tdj

klst lg rjtrlgct vjrsus tdj sivcmns cm tdjcr ocaa.

Ltdjr klsts tl tdj prlnrie wcaa oj klvjrjf oy trifctclmia

olmfs is wjaa is puoack imf prcvitj nrimts.

KLEEZMCVS LZV_JIKD

Vdj kcty rjklnmczjf tdit ct mjjfjf tl rjikd ojylmf tdjfjvjalpejmt imf kleejrkcia aimflwmjr kleeumctcjs cg ct

wis nlcmn tl ejjt cts stlrewitjr nlias. Kcty lggckcias ojnim

mjw pirtmjrsdcps wctd alkia kleeumcty lrnimczitclms sukd

is tdj Xjmmsyavimci Dlrtckuaturj [lkcjty imf tdj Vllìmy/

Viklmy-Grim`glrf îtjrsdjf Xirtmjrsdcp (VVG Xirtmjrsdcp)

tl gcmf tdj rcndt wiys tl jmninj tdj kleeumcty. Vlnjtdjr,

tdj kcty imf mlmprlgct nrlups dlstjf kleeumcty wlr`sdlps

lm dlw tl cmstiaa igglrfioaj, rjscfjmtcia nrjjm cmgristrukturj

prlbjkts, sukd is ricm oirrjas imf nrjjm rllgs. Vdj kcty lggjrjf

tix krjfcts tl imy rjscfjmt wdl cmstiaajf i nrjjm rllg, imf

grjj ricm oirrjas tl imylmj wdl ittjmfjf i wlr`sdlp.

Vdjy iasl sjkurjf i $;8 ecaaclm alim grle tdj Xjmmsyavimci

Cmgristrukturj _jcmvjstejmt Iutdlrcty tl gurtdjr fjvjalp

kleeumcty-skiaj NC fjelmstritclm prlbjkts ikrlss tdj kcty.

Vdj prlbjkts rjtrlgcttjf jmtcrj oalk`s cm jikd mjcndolrdllf

tl sdlwkisj i vircjty lg nrjjm cmgristrukturj priktckjs, imftdjy orlundt tdj kleeumcty tlnjtdjr tl ricsj iwirjmjss

iolut tdjcr sdirjf witjrsdjf.

Vdj VVG Xirtmjrsdcp ajf im jiray fjelmstritclm prlbjkt tdit

cmkaufjf tdj cmstiaaitclm lg i ricm nirfjm cm Wjrmlm Xir`. Vdjy

wlr`jf wctd Grcjmfs lg Wjrmlm Xir`, tdj alkia mjcndolrdllf

nrlup, tl nicm kleeumcty supplrt imf dlst kleeumcty fjscnm

ejjtcmns glr tdj nirfjm. Buacj [aivjt, Fcrjktlr lg tdj VVG

Xirtmjrsdcp, rjkiaajf tdit tdj mjcndolrdllf sdirjf i fjjp

umfjrstimfcmn lg tdj ceplrtimkj lg tdj prlbjkt. Vdjsj pjlpaj

nlt ct, imf tdjy kluaf nl lut imf tia` tl ltdjr pjlpaj iolut

ct, sdj sicf. Vdcs nrissrllts, wlrf-lg-elutd supplrt, sdjjepdisczjf, wis i krctckia kleplmjmt tl glstjr kcty-wcfj

supplrt glr tdj prlnrie.

AJ[[LM[ AJI_MJF[tirt cm tdj Kleeumcty.Iacx Dlwirf, Fcrjktlr lg Jfukitclm imfLutrjikd glr tdj VVG Xirtmjrsdcp, jepdisczjs tdj ceplrtimkj

lg tia`cmn tl tdj kleeumcty rcndt lgg tdj oit. [tlrewitjr

stritjncjs irj tdcmns tdit rjiaay ceprlvj klmfctclms cm alw-

cmklej mjcndolrdllfs, sdj sicf. ^djm pjlpaj rjiaczj

cts ajss iolut tdj witjr fjpirtejmt imf alkia utcactcjs imf

elrj iolut tdje, imf ct wcaa cmkrjisj quiacty lg acgj, tdjm

tdjyaa oj lm olirf, tdjrjaa oj elrj ouy-cm imf supplrt cm

tdj mjcndolrdllf.

Vdcm` Fcggjrjmtay imf [tirt [eiaa.Ikklrfcmn tl Iories, tdj

sukkjss lg tdj NKK^ prlnrie wis airnjay fuj tl tdj jirayajifjrsdcp lg tdj glumfcmn Fcrjktlr lg tdj Lggckj lg îtjrsdjf

Eiminjejmt, Dlwirf Mju`run imf dcs stigg. Ct wis ceplrtimt

tl divj pjlpaj wcaacmn tl tdcm` lutscfj tdj olx. PMju`runU

issjeoajf i ylumn, jmjrnjtck, orcndt tjie tdit wis wcaacmn tl

tdcm` iolut slejtdcmn tdit wis vjry fcggjrjmt, dj sicf. Vdcs

lrcncmia nrlup lg ajifjrs oucat lm-tdj-nrlumf jxpjrcjmkj imf

jxpjrtcsj cm iatjrmitcvj stlrewitjr eiminjejmt tdrlund pcalt

prlbjkts, imf glstjrjf djiatdy rjaitclmsdcps wctd tdj kleeumcty.Xdltl Krjfct2 Vllìmy/Viklmy-Grim`glrf itjrsdjf Xirtmjrsdcp, Cmk.

_icm nirfjm cm Wjrmlm Xir`, XI

[tlrewitjr stritjncjs irj tdcmns tdit rjiaayceprlvj klmfctclms cm alw-cmklej mjcndolrdllfs.

Iacx Dlwirf, Fcrjktlr lg Jfukitclm imf

Lutrjikd glr tdj VVG Xirtmjrsdcp


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| 9>Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI

Xdltl krjfct2 Kdjsipji`j Oiy Xrlnrie, dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/?3;4467?HM87/48?;6834>8/

Vdjcr jgglrts djapjf klmvcmkj tdj kcty, tdj stitj, imf tdj JXI,

tl fjpirt grle klmvjmtclmia stlrewitjr ipprlikdjs, imf

skiaj-up nrjjm cmgristrukturj iatjrmitcvjs.

[ystjes Kdimnj ti`js Xitcjmkj.Iories losjrvjf tdit i

alt lg pjlpaj irj vjry umkleglrtioaj iolut kdimncmn tdj wiy

tdit tdjy fl prlbjkts lr rj-jviauitcmn dlw tdjcr blos sdluaf

lpjritj. Vdcs nljs wctd tdj tjrrctlry glr imy mjw kcty-wcfj

kdimnj. Glr kctcjs tl kdimnj, pjlpaj mjjf tl kdimnj. Glr

Iories, tdj `jy cs mlt tl glrkj mjw kdimnj tll quckày, out

tl divj pitcjmkj is mjw wiys lg tdcm`cmn kitkd lm. VdjLggckj lg îtjrsdjf Eiminjejmt stirtjf wctd bust i gjw

kdimnj ei`jrs wdl ajvjrinjf sukkjssgua pcalt prlbjkts cm tdj

kleeumcty. Lvjr tcej, tdjy usjf jvcfjmkj grle tdjsj pcalts

tl nicm orlif supplrt imf jxkctjejmt cmscfj tdj nlvjrmejmt

imf tdj kleeumcty glr nrjjm cmgristrukturj.

Iffrjss _cs`s Dlacstckiaay.Xdcaifjapdci gikjf tdrjj mjw

kiskifcmn rcs`s wdjm ct kiej tl stlrewitjr2 9) cmkrjisjf

prjkcpctitclm grle kaceitj kdimnj, ?) uroimczitclm tdit

cepicrjf tdj rjnclms mituria dyfrlalny, imf ;) cmkrjisjf

stlrewitjr plaautclm tdit cepiktjf tdj djiatd lg strjies

imf tdj kleeumcty. Kcty lggckcias rjiaczjf tdit klmvjmtclmiaipprlikdjs tl stlrewitjr eiminjejmt wjrj mlt lmay

umigglrfioaj, out wjrj iktuiaay klmtrcoutcmn tl tdj prloaje. Oy

tdcm`cmn dlacstckiaay, lggckcias eifj kajir acmìnjs ojtwjjm tdjsj

rcs` giktlrs, imf glumf jajnimt slautclms tdit sceuatimjlusay

iffrjssjf jikd prloaje imf jmdimkjf quiacty lg acgj cm tdj

kcty. Oy ceprlvcmn mituria witjr gcatritclm, tdj kcty cmkrjisjf

cts rjscacjmkj tl prjkcpctitclm jvjmts, ceprlvjf tdj djiatd imf

quiacty lg acgj lg rjscfjmts, imf krjitjf im jquctioaj gumfcmn

strukturj acm`jf tl fcrjktay witjr quiacty nlias.

^rcttjm oy Ec`j Krlwajy, Cmstctutj glr [usticmioaj Kleeumctcjs

GL_ EL_J CMGL_EIVCLMXdcaifjapdci îtjr Fjpirtejmts Nrjjm Kcty, Kajim îtjr

wjosctj2 dttp2/ /www.pdcaaywitjrsdjfs.lrn/wdit\wjrj\flcmn/

flkuejmts\imf\fiti/ksl\almn\tjre\klmtrla\paim

_JGJ_JMKJ[9. Kaceitj Kdimnj cm Xjmmsyavimci2 Cepikts imf [lautclms glr tdj @jystlmj

[titj. _jtrcjvjf grle dttp2//www.mlrtdjistkaceitjcepikts.lrn/issjts/

kaceitj-kdimnj-cm-pjmmsyavimci\cepikts-imf-slautclms.pfg

?. Nirrcslm, M.0 Dloos, @irjm. (?899) _llgtlps tl _cvjrs CC2 Nrjjm [tritjncjs

glr klmtrlaacmn stlrewitjr imf kleocmjf sjwjr lvjrgalws. _jtrcjvjf grle

dttp2//www.mrfk.lrn/witjr/plaautclm/rllgtlpscc/gcajs/rllgtlpstlrcvjrsCC.pfg

;. Cocf

6. Eifsjm, V0 ^caklx, M. (?89?). ^djm Ct _icms, Ct Xlurs2 Naloia îrecmn imf

tdj Cmkrjisj cm Jxtrjej Xrjkcpctitclm grle 964 tl ?899. _jtrcjvjf grle

dttp2//jmvcrlmejmtiejrcki.lrn/sctjs/jmvcrlmejmt/gcajs/rjplrts/^djm%?8

Ct%?8_icms%?K%?8Ct%?8Xlurs%?8vZ[.pfg

:. Xdcaifjapdci îtjr Fjpirtejmt. Nrjjm [tlrewitjr Cmgristrukturj

Vllas. _jtrcjvjf grle dtt p2//pdcaaywitjrsdjfs.lrn/wdit\wjrj\flcmn/

nrjjm\cmgristrukturj/tllas

7. Nrjjm Kcty Kajim îtjrs Xaim, pinj ?

>. 9 Z.[. JXI (?88>). _jfukcmn [tlrewitjr Klsts tdrlund Alw Cepikt

Fjvjalpejmt (ACF) [tritjncjs imf Xriktckjs, p. ccc, ikkjssjf it dttp2//www.

jpi.nlv/lwlw/MX[/acf/klsts8>/flkuejmts/rjfukcmnstlrewitjrklsts.pfg

4. dttp2//www.isai.lrn/KlmtjmtFjtica.ispx


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22/141

| 93Kisj [tufy2 Kdckinl, CA

jvlavcmn vcsclm. Ik`mlwajfncmn tdj krctckia rlaj tdit Kdckinl

lrnimczitclms imf kleeumctcjs wluaf paiy cm rjsplmfcmn tl

tdj kdiaajmnjs krjitjf oy kaceitj kdimnj, tdj FLJ imf NXX

wimtjf tl ei`j i paim glr iaa lg Kdckinl, mlt bust tdj kcty

injmkcjs. ^ctd tdit vcsclm cm ecmf, tdjy stirtjf rjikdcmn lut

tl kleeumcty pirtmjrs imf gumfjrs wdlsj ecssclms iacnmjf

wctd tdjcr lwm. Ct jvlavjf slejwdit lrnimckiaay is wj nltlutscfj rjslurkjs imf pirtmjrsdcps, sicf Bldmstlm.

NXX djapjf tdj kcty cfjmtcgy alkia mlmprlgct lrnimczitclms tdit

kluaf jxpimf kcty rjslurkjs wdcaj oucafcmn i orlif sjmsj lg

lwmjrsdcp cm tdj gcmia prlfukt. Vdj Kdckinl Kcvck Iaacimkj, i

mlmprlgct klmsuatcmn gcre, glr jxiepaj, djapjf tdj kcty sjkurj

prl-olml klmsuatcmn sjrvckjs, viaujf it elrj tdim $9 ecaaclm.

Lmkj tdj KIX wis klepajtj, tdj Kdckinl Kleeumcty Vrust,

tdj ejtrl irjis kleeumcty glumfitclm, djapjf klmvjmj i

spjkcia gumfjrs nrlup, wdjrj tdj kcty rjnuairay prjsjmts cts

gumfcmn mjjfs glr cepajejmtitclm, imf glumfitclm pirtmjrsdcp

kim kllrfcmitj tdjcr ncvcmn.

^ctd djap grle [ceelms, Bldmstlm klmvjmjf tdj Kdckinl

Kaceitj Vis` Glrkj, i nrlup lg 93 ajifjrs grle ouscmjss,

kcvck, jmvcrlmejmtia, glumfitclm imf mlmprlgct lrnimczitclms

tdrlundlut tdj kcty. Ifjaj [ceelms sjrvjf is kdicr.

Furcmn cts jcndt glreia ejjtcmns ojtwjjm Fjkjeojr ?887 imf

Gjoruiry ?884, tdj Vis` Glrkj prlvcfjf cmput lm tdj KIXs

jecssclms rjfuktclms nlias, djapjf sdipj tdj ipprlikd tl

stufycmn kaceitj cepikts, klmmjktjf tdj kcty tl mjw rjslurkjsimf pirtmjrs imf djapjf glrnj i acst lg plsscoaj ectcnitclm

imf ifiptitclm iktclms glr gurtdjr rjsjirkd imf rjgcmjejmt.

^dit struk` ej furcmn tdj wdlaj prlkjss cs tdit wj wjrj

rjiaay iaa klaaiolrit cmn tlnjtdjr, rjklumtjf [ceelms. Slu

fcfmt divj tdj sjmsj tdit tdjrj wjrj scals lr klepjtcmn

lrnimczitclms. Slu dif tdj sjmsj tdit tdcs wis i nrlup lg

pjlpaj grle fcggjrjmt sjktlrs lg tdj kcty iaa wlr`cmn tlnjtdjr

tl prlfukj i vjry strlmn KIX tdit wis nrlumfjf cm skcjmkj.

Cm iffctclm tl tdj jxtjmscvj wlr` wctd tdj Kaceitj Vis`

Glrkj, NXX imf FLJ iasl lrnimczjf airnjr glruesglur

Kaceitj [ueects imf lmj Ocn Cfjis Glrue wdjrj cmvctjf

kleeumcty imf ouscmjss ajifjrs kluaf djir orcjgcmns lg

tdj skcjmtcgck wlr` imf prlvcfj tdjcr lwm cfjis glr kaceitj

iktclm. FLJ iasl glrejf sjktlr nrlups tl prlvcfj cfjis imf

gjjfoik` lm cepajejmtitclm kdiaajmnjs cm kjrticm irjis lgkaceitj iktclm sukd is jxcstcmn oucafcmns, wistj, witjr imf

cmglreitclm cmgristrukturj, imf nrjjm uroim fjscnm. Vdjsj

sjktlr nrlups wjrj kleprcsjf lg i ecx lg kcty stigg imf

sti`jdlafjrs. Cmput grle tdjsj ejjtcmns wis friwm uplm

djivcay cm tdj gcmia KIX.

CMKL_XL_IVCMN IFIXVIVCLM

Grle tdj stir t, Bldmstlm wimtjf tl cmkaufj kaceitj ifiptitclm

cm tdj KIX ialmnscfj ectcnitclm ejisurjs. Kdckinl dif

iarjify sjjm im cmkrjisjf grjqujmky imf sjvjrcty lg wjitdjr

fcsturoimkjs, cmkaufcmn i djit wivj cm 933: wdjm elrj tdim

>:8 pjlpaj wjrj `caajf lvjr i pjrclf lg gcvj fiys. Bldmstlmsiw tdj mjjf tl oj ojttjr prjpirjf glr tdjsj kaceitj jxtrjejs,

imf tdlundt tdj KIX kluaf djap ei`j i strlmnjr acm` ojtwjjm

kaceitj cepikts tl tdj mjjf glr ectcnitclm.

^j sicf wict i sjklmf, ojglrj wj all` it wdit wj sdluaf

fl tl ectcnitj lur jecssclms, wj gcrst mjjf tl umfjrstimf

wdit cs nlcmn tl dippjm cm lur kcty lm tdj nrlumf cm tjres lg

kaceitj cepikts, jxpaicmjf Bldmslm. Vdjm wj kim all` it

lur oisjacmj jecssclms, imf wctd tdlsj twl pcjkjs cm paikj,

wjaa oj rjify tl fjvjalp lur stritjncjs oltd glr rjfukcmn

lur kirolm glltprcmt, imf glr njttcmn lur kcty prjpirjf. Grle

tdjrj ct jvlavjf gurtdjr tl i glkus lm tdlsj stritjncjs tdit

wluaf divj i fuia ojmjgct.

Vdlsj glumfitclmia cfjis tdit tdj KIX sdluaf sprcmn

grle i kalsj all` it alkia cepikts, imf rjkleejmf oltd

ectcnitclm imf ifiptitclm stritjncjs sdipjf jvjrytdcmn

iolut Kdckinls prlkjss. Ct krjitjf i vcsclm tdit cmspcrjf

lutscfj gumfjrs imf pirtmjrs. Ct iasl prleptjf tdj kcty tl

jmninj skcjmtcsts imf jklmlecsts grle umcvjrsctcjs, mlm-

prlgcts ac`j tdj Kjmtjr glr Mjcndolrdllf Vjkdmlalny, imf i

seiaa kifrj lg klmsuatimts tl fjvjalp i fiti-frcvjm pckturj

lg wdit kaceitj kdimnj wluaf ejim glr Kdckinl.

Vl ojttjr umfjrstimf dlw kaceitj kdimnj wis cepiktcmn

Kdckinl, Bldmstlm rjikdjf lut tl Fr. Flm ûjooajs, i

kaceitj rjsjirkdjr it tdj Zmcvjrscty lg Caacmlcs. Vdj twl dif

ejt prjvclusay wdjm ûjooajs prjsjmtjf gcmfcmns grle

i kaceitj cepikts issjssejmt glr tdj Nrjit Ai`js rjnclm

tl tdj kcty. ûjooajs dif i dcstlry lg prlfukcmn skcjmkj

tdit cepiktjf placky2 dj fjvjalpjf tdj klmkjpt lg Lzlmj

Fjpajtclm Xltjmtcias, usjf cm tdj Elmtrjia Xrltlkla imf tdj

Z.[. Kajim Icr Ikt, imf klmtrcoutjf tl tdj klmkjpt lg Naloia

Xdltl krjfct2 [jtd Imfjrslm, dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/669?6;>?;7;HM89/?77>4336:3


23/141

?8 | Kisj [tufy2 Kdckinl, CA

îrecmn Xltjmtcias usjf cm tdj @yltl Xrltlkla imf elst

kirolm trifcmn prlnries. _jklnmczcmn ûjooajs umcquj

jxpjrtcsj, Bldmstlm is`jf ûjooajs tl klmfukt i kaceitj

cepikt issjssejmt glr tdj Kdckinl. ûjooajs buepjf it

tdj lpplrtumcty. Ltdjr kctcjs irj lgtjm rjauktimt tl orcmn cm

skcjmtcsts, lr tdjy scepay flmt `mlw dlw tl gcmf us, dj sicf.

Kdckinls wcaacmnmjss tl wlr` kalsjay wctd skcjmtcsts lm tdj

KIX rjiaay strjmntdjmjf ct.

^juooajs imf dcs tjie ojnim tdjcr issjssejmt oy

flwmskiacmn naloia kaceitj elfjas tl tdj Kdckinl rjnclm

uscmn ifvimkjf stitcstckia tjkdmcqujs. Vdj rjsuat wis ikustle kaceitj elfja spjkcgck tl Kdckinl tdit wis usjf tl

prjfckt kdimnjs cm kaceitj lvjr tdj mjxt kjmtury imf djap

placky-ei`jrs oj ojttjr prjpirjf.9

ûjooajs imf kl-iutdlr @itdircmj Diydlj grle Vjxis Vjkd

Zmcvjrscty puoacsdjf tdjcr gcmfcmns cm i rjplrt, Kaceitj Kdimnj

imf Kdckinl2 Xrlbjktclms imf Xltjmtcia Cepikts. Vdj rjplrt

acstjf twl cepikt skjmircls glr tdcs kjmtury2 alw jecssclms (up

tl ::8 pirts pjr ecaaclm (ppe) lg itelspdjrck kirolm fclxcfj

(KL?)), imf dcnd jecssclms (up tl 9,888 ppe). Ct fjticajf

kdimnjs tl tjepjriturj, prjkcpctitclm, imf jklsystjes, imf

prjfcktjf suosjqujmt cepikts lm puoack djiatd, tdj jklmley,imf cmgristrukturj. ([jj olx it rcndt).

Vdj kcty tdjm dcrjf klmsuatimts tl spjkcgy dlw prjfcktjf

kaceitj cepikts wluaf iggjkt kcty lpjritclms grle smlw

palwcmn tl lpjritcmn oucafcmns tl eicmticmcmn pir`s imf tl

kiakuaitj tdj jklmleck klsts lg prjpircmn vjrsus dlafcmn tl

tdj stitus qul. Vdcs jxtjmscvj wlr` prlfukjf i fjticajf sjt

lg rjplrts picmtcmn i kleprjdjmscvj pckturj lg wdit kdimnj

wluaf ejim alkiaay. Vdj virclus jxpjrts wjrj tdjm cmvctjf tl

prjsjmt tdjcr rjsuats it cmtjrmia ejjtcmns, is wjaa is furcmn

ejjtcmns lg tdj Kaceitj Vis` Glrkj.

Vdcs `cmf lg imiayscs fljsmt divj tl oj pjrgjkt, jxpaicmjf

Iirlm Furmoiund, Fjputy Kleecssclmjr lg tdj Fjpirtejmt lg

Jmvcrlmejmt, imf tdj kctys kurrjmt ajif lm kaceitj ifiptitclm

jgglrts. Glr jxiepaj, tdjrj wjrj nips cm lur imiayscs lg tdj

klsts lg ifiptcmn tl kaceitj kdimnj. Out ct nivj i rlund

jstceitj lg tdj tltia klst up tl $>88 ocaaclm imf tdlsj

mueojrs nlt pjlpajs ittjmtclm.

Ikklrfcmn tl Bldmstlm, all`cmn it kaceitj cepikts imf

ifiptitclm kdiaajmnjs uatceitjay klepjaajf kcty stigg imf

kleeumcty ajifjrs tl ti`j tdj ectcnitclm scfj elrj sjrclusay.Glr tdj miysiyjrs, tdj fjskrcptclm lg i guturj wctd kaceitj

kdimnj djapjf tdje ei`j sjmsj lg kdimnjs tdjy wjrj iarjify

sjjcmn. Vdit djapjf tdje rjiaczj tdit tdj wcsjst klursj lg

iktclm wis tl ifipt lur lpjritclms imf cmgristrukturj, imf

ct djapjf tdje umfjrstimf tdj ceplrtimkj lg rjfukcmn lur

kirolm jecssclms cm tdj gcrst paikj.

KDCKINL & KACEIVJ KDIMNJ

Vjepjriturj

Ivjrinj tjepjriturjs wcaa cmkrjisj ; - 4G.

[ueejrs kluaf gjja elrj ac`j Elocaj, IA cm tdj

dcnd jecssclms skjmircl (ivjrinj djit cmfjx lg

69K (98:G)), lr Itaimti, NI cm tdj alw jecssclms

skjmircl (ivjrinj djit cmfjx lg ;6K (36G)).

Djit wivjs scecair tl tdj 933: jvjmt kluaf lkkur

twckj pjr oy fjkifj oy ?8:8. Oy tdj jmf lg tdj

kjmtury tdjy kluaf lkkur jvjry ltdjr yjir cm tdj alw

jecssclms skjmircl lr sjvjria tcejs pjr sueejr cm

tdj dcnd jecsslms skjmircl.

Xrjkcpctitclm

^cmtjr imf sprcmn prjkcpctitclm kluaf cmkrjisj oy

98 pjrkjmt oy ecf-kjmtury, imf ?8-;8 pjrkjmt oy

tdj jmf lg tdj kjmtury.

Djivy prjkcpctitclm wluaf cmkrjisj tdj kdimkjs lg

gallf jvjmts.

Jklsystjes

Nrlwcmn klmfctclms kluaf rjsjeoaj tdlsj cm [lutdjrm

Caacmlcs cm tdj alw jecssclms skjmircl, lr tdj Vjmmjssjj

_cvjr Wiaajy cm tdj dcnd jecssclms skjmircl.

6: ocrf spjkcjs kluaf alsj it ajist diag lg tdjcr dioctit

cm tdj alw jecssclms skjmircl, wctd :8 spjkcjs cm

tdj dcnd jecssclms skjmircl.

Xuoack Djiatd Cepikts

Djit-rjaitjf fjitds kluaf rcsj tl 98 tcejs tdj

ivjrinj immuia ritj, rjikdcmn is eimy is 9,888

pjr djit jvjmt.

Kisjs lg vjktlr-olrmj fcsjisjs, sukd is ^jst Mcaj

Wcrus imf Ayej Fcsjisj, kluaf cmkrjisj.

Icr quiacty fjnrifitclm fuj tl lzlmj imf seln kluaf

cmkrjisj kisjs lg rjspcritlry imf kcrkuaitlry caamjss.

Cmgristrukturj imf Jklmleck Cepikts

Jajktrckcty fjeimf glr kllacmn cs ac`jay tl cmkrjisj,

wdcaj fjeimf glr djitcmn wcaa ac`jay fjkrjisj.

Djitwivjs kluaf cmkrjisj tdj ac`jacdllf lg jajktrckia

sdlrtinjs, ajifcmn tl orlwm imf oaik`luts.

_lif rjpicr imf eicmtjmimkj wcaa cmkrjisj fuj tl

elrj grjqujmt grjjzj/tdiw kykajs.

Gcrj, plackj, imf jejrnjmky kiaas wcaa ac`jay cmkrjisj

fuj tl wjitdjr-rjaitjf jvjmts.


24/141

| ?Kisj [tufy2 Kdckinl, CA

JMNINCMN KCVS FJXI_VEJMV[

Vdj dunj cmvjstejmt cm jmnincmn ajifjrs lutscfj lg kcty

nlvjrmejmt wis i `jy stritjny tdit djapjf glrnj orlif-oisjf

puoack supplrt glr tdj KIX. Cm rjtrlspjkt, Bldmstlm wcsdjs tdit

dj imf ltdjr ajifjrs lg tdj prlkjss dif cmvjstjf is eukd cm

jmnincmn tdj uppjr jkdjalms lg injmky eiminjejmt wctdcm

nlvjrmejmt. Dj lggjrs im jxiepaj lg i ecssjf lpplrtumcty2Is pirt lg tdj wlr` tl quimtcgy tdj klsts lg ifiptcmn kcty

cmgristrukturj imf lpjritclms tl kdimncmn kaceitj pittjrms,

tdj kctys klmsuatimts rjqujstjf ejjtcmns wctd iaa tdj `jy

fjpirtejmts. Ecf-ajvja stiggjrs wjrj usuiaay sjmt tl tdlsj

ejjtcmns. Lgtjm, tdjy glumf ct fcggckuat tl prlvcfj cmglrejf

gjjfoik` iolut wdit tdjcr fjpirtejmt wluaf ac`jay fl tl

rjsplmf tl kaceitj cepikts, imf tdj qujstclms tdit tdlsj

ejjtcmns ricsjf fcf mlt pjrklaitj up tl sjmclr eiminjejmt.

[kdlla Olirf stigg, glr jxiepaj, wjrj orcjgjf lm tdj mueojr

lg fiys lg jxtrjej djit tdit ecndt lkkur furcmn aitj sprcmn

imf jiray giaa elmtds. [cmkj tdjy aik`jf tdj umfjrstimfcmnimf iutdlrcty tl imtckcpitj tdj placky kdimnjs tdit wluaf oj

trcnnjrjf oy sukd jxtrjej djit imf cts rcs`s glr skdlla-injf

kdcafrjm, tdjy sunnjstjf tdit tdj [kdlla Olirf wis umac`jay

tl iff icr klmfctclmcmn tl cts skdllas. Vdcs rjsuatjf cm wdit

Bldmstlm umfjrstimfs tl oj i eiblr umfjrjstceitclm lg tdj

klsts lg ifiptcmn tl jxtrjej djit cm Kdckinls kcty gikcactcjs.

Bldmstlm ojacjvjs elrj fcialnuj wctd tdj [kdlla Olirf ctsjag,

imf sjmclr eiminjrs ikrlss tdj kcty, wluaf divj rjsuatjf

cm ojttjr imiayscs lg wdit kaceitj cepikts wluaf ejim glr

kcty lpjritclms. ^j fcf sl eukd wlr` wctd lur jxtjrmia

pirtmjrs, imf wj dif vjry dcnd-ajvja pjlpaj grle tdj umclms

imf ouscmjssjs imf ltdjr lrnimczitclms, dj sicf. ^ctd lur

kleecssclmjrs, wj elstay upfitjf tdje lmkj cm i wdcaj. Cm

rjtrlspjkt, ct wluaf divj ojjm djapgua tl divj i dcnd-ajvja

cmtjrmia stjjrcmn kleecttjj, lr it ajist jeojf slej lg lur

Kleecssclmjrs cm tdj Vis` Glrkj, tl njt tdje elrj fjjpay

jmninjf cm sdipcmn tdj wlr`.

NJVVCMN VL I GCMIA KIX

^djm Bldmstlm tdlundt tdj KIX wis rjify, dj tll` ct tl

tdj kctys prjss lggckj imf tl sjmclr fjpirtejmtia ajifjrs tl

njt i scnm-lgg lm tdj flkuejmts `jy rjkleejmfitclms. Outcmstjif lg njttcmn ipprlvia, Bldmstlm jmklumtjrjf rjscstimkj.

FLJ wlr`jf tdrlund euatcpaj rj-wrctjs, out mltdcmn sjjejf

tl oj wlr`cmn. C wis oimncmn ey djif inicmst tdj wiaa,

rjklumtjf Bldmstlm. Vdjrj wjrj suotaj tdcmns dippjmcmn

tdit C bust fcfmt pck` up lm.

Ct tll` i guaa scx elmtds glr Bldmstlm tl njt iaa tdj ipprlvias

dj mjjfjf. Dj ittrcoutjs dcs sukkjss tl twl tdcmns. Gcrst,

dcs plsctclm wctdcm kcty nlvjrmejmt dif kdimnjf. Dj wis

mlw tdj Kdckinls Kdcjg Jmvcrlmejmtia Lggckjr, rjplrtcmn

fcrjktay tl Eiylr Fiajy. Lkkupycmn i dcnd-ajvja plsctclm

cm tdj Eiylrs lggckj nivj Bldmstlm im iocacty tl elvj tdj

flkuejmt tdrlund i klepajx kcty ourjiukriky.

Bldmstlm iasl rjiaczjf tdit tdj rjscstimkj dj wis jmklumtjrcmn

wis ajss iolut tdj KIXs klmtjmt, imf elrj iolut cts lvjriaa

griecmn imf tlmj. It tdj glumfitclm lg tdj flkuejmt wis i vcvcf

pckturj lg dlw Kdckinl kluaf oj iggjktjf oy sdcgtcmn kaceitjpittjrms. [ueejrs wluaf oj eukd dlttjr, ipprlxceitcmn tdj

kurrjmt wjitdjr pittjrms cm Elocaj, Iaioiei. Vdjrj wluaf

oj elrj cmtjmsj stlres, frlundts, imf airnjr smlw jvjmts.

^dit Bldmslm gcmiaay rjiaczjf wis tdit tdj stir` fjskrcptclm

lg rcs`s gikcmn tdj kcty wis skircmn kcty eiminjrs, imf tdj

lmay wiy tl oucaf plsctcvj supplrt glr tdj KIX wctdcm tdj kcty

wis tl tdj kdimnj tdj tlmj.

Eimy lg us gla`s tdit irj pissclmitj iolut tdj jmvcrlmejmt

divj i tjmfjmky tl wimt tl buep lm i slipolx imf skrjie

imf sdlut iolut jvjrytdcmn wj mjjf tl oj wlrrcjf iolut,

jxpaicmjf Bldmslm. Out wj dif tl tlmj flwm tdit kcty cs

nlcmn tl djaa cm i dimf ois`jt ipprlikd, imf stirt tia`cmn

iolut wdit nlcmn nrjjm rjprjsjmts glr tdj kcty. j dif tl tia`

iolut tdj blos pcjkjs lg ct, imf tdj elmjy wj wluaf sivj grle

cepajejmtcmn tdj stritjncjs, imf tdj wiys cm wdckd iktcmn

wluaf prltjkt lur rjscfjmts imf ceprlvj tdjcr quiacty lg acgj.

AJIFCMN OS JTIEXAJ

Kdckinls Kaceitj Iktclm KIX cs lmay glur yjirs laf, out eiblr

cmctcitcvjs rjkleejmfjf cm tdj KIX irj iarjify klepajtjf

lr wjaa umfjrwiy, cmkaufcmn i airnj skiaj oucafcmn rjtrlgct

prlnrie, im upfitj tl tdj kctys jmjrny klfj, i mjw stritjnyglr cmkrjiscmn tdj usj lg rjmjwioaj jmjrny slurkjs imf

i mitclmiaay `mlwm nrjjm blos tricmcmn prlnrie. Fiajys

eimtri tdit tdj kcty eust ajif oy jxiepaj djapjf krjitj

tdcs glrwirf elejmtue.

^djtdjr ct cs oucafcmn elrj jmjrny jggckcjmt gikcactcjs, lr

nrjjmcmn i gajjt, lr puttcmn nrjjm rllgs lm oucafcmns, Fiajy

iawiys sicf tdit cg tdj kcty fljsmt fl ct, ml lmj jasj wcaa,

sicf Furmoiund. Dj cmscstjf tdit wj mjjfjf tl kajim up

Eimy lg us gla`s wdl irj pissclmitj iolut tdj

jmvcrlmejmt divj i tjmfjmky tl wimt tl bueplm i slipolx. Out wj dif tl stirt tia`cmn iolut

wdit nlcmn nrjjm rjprjsjmts glr tdj Kcty. ^jdif tl tia` iolut blos... imf tdj elmjy wj

wluaf sivj grle cepajejmtcmn tdj stritjncjs.

[ifdu Bldmstlm, Glrejr Kleecssclmjr,

Kdckinl Fjpirtejmt lg Jmvcrlmejmt


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?? | Kisj [tufy2 Kdckinl, CA

lur lwm dlusj ojglrj is`cmn ltdjrs tl kajim up tdjcrs.

Ajifcmn oy jxiepaj krjitjs elria iutdlrcty tdit tdj kcty

kim friw lm wdjm ct is`s cts ajifcmn mlmprlgct lrnimczitclms,

ouscmjssjs imf kcvck lrnimczitclms tl njt fcrjktay cmvlavjf cm

cepajejmtitclm. Ct iasl kim djap tl frcvj tdj trimsglreitclm

lg eir`jts.

Furmoiund lggjrs Kdckinls wlr` tl prleltj nrjjm

cmgristrukturj is im jxiepaj. Vdj KIX rjkleejmfjf tdj

jxpimsclm lg nrjjm rllgs imf ltdjr nrjjm cmgristrukturj

tdrlundlut tdj kcty. ^j mjw wj kluafmt nl lut imf kdimnjlur plackcjs ceejfcitjay, jxpaicmjf Furmoiund. ^j dif

tl oucaf tdj eir`jt up, imf nrlw tdj mueojr lg vjmflrs. [l

wj glumf slej elmjy imf immlumkjf tdit wj wjrj nlcmn

tl oucaf lur gcrst nrjjm rllg.

Lmkj tdj kcty dif fjelmstritjf tdit nrjjm rllgs kluaf

wlr` oltd tl iejaclritj tdj uroim djit csaimf iggjkt, imf tl

rjfukj tdj jmjrny mjjfjf tl rum kllacmn systjes imf puep

witjr ct ojnim lggjrcmn cmkjmtcvjs glr prcvitj fjvjalpjrs tl

fl tdj siej (glr jxiepaj, cmkrjisjs cm tdj iaalwioaj gallr

irji cm i mjw fjvjalpejmt cm jxkdimnj glr tdj cmstiaaitclm

lg nrjjm cmgristrukturj).

^djm tdj kcty klmvjmjf i Nrjjm _coolm Kleecttjj lg mitclmia

imf alkia ajifjrs (eimy lg wdle dif sjrvjf lm tdj Kaceitj

Vis` Glrkj) tl djap elmctlr imf nucfj tdj cepajejmtitclm

lg tdj mjw kaceitj KIX, ct scnmiajf ikklumtiocacty glr cts

kleectejmts. [ceelms plcmts lut tdit tdj nrlup dis ml

glreia iutdlrcty, out ojkiusj ct cmkaufjs eimy plwjrgua imf

rjspjktjf kleeumcty ajifjrs, ct kim pusd jggjktcvjay glr

ikkjajritclm lg jgglrt cm irjis lg tdj KIX tdit irj aimnucsdcmn.

[lejlmj wlr`cmn glr tdj Eiylr wluaf divj i dirf tcej

nlcmn tl dce imf siycmn tdcmns irj mlt nlcmn wjaa, sdj sicf.

Out divcmn tdcs nrlup cs nllf glr tdj Eiylr. [lej lg tdj

pjlpaj wdl irj viaujf elst oy plactckia ajifjrs irj tdlsj

wdl irj wcaacmn tl lggjr klmstruktcvj krctckcse.

AJ[[LM[ AJI_MJFMlmprlgct pirtmjrsdcps kim oj i guakrue glr jggjktcvj kaceitj

paimmcmn. Ct eiy oj stirtacmn tl djir tdit [ifdu Bldmstlmaiumkdjf Kdckinls prlkjss wctd lmay $:8,888 imf mlt

eukd lg i nrimf paim. Dj imf ltdjrs cm FLJ siw tdj

wcsfle lg cmvctcmn i pdcaimtdrlpck lrnimczitclm wctd fjjp

rllts cm Kdckinl tl djap sdipj imf supplrt tdj prlkjss.

Vdit lpjmmjss tl mlmprlgct pirtmjrsdcp imf tdj vcsclm tdit

jejrnjf grle ct uatceitjay jmioajf tdj kcty tl ajvjrinj

ecaaclms lg flaairs cm gumfcmn grle cmspcrjf glumfitclms, is

wjaa is jxpjrt isscstimkj grle wjaa-rjspjktjf umcvjrsctcjs

imf gcres. ^dcaj tdj aimfskipj lg lrnimczitclms vircjs

grle kcty tl kcty, Kdckinls jxpjrcjmkj fjelmstritjs wdit

stritjnck pirtmjrsdcps wctd kleeumcty-oisjf lrnimczitclms

imf ouscmjss ajifjrs kim ikklepacsd.

[tirt oy is`cmn2 Dlw wcaa kaceitj kdimnj iggjkt lur kcty:38?6686


26/141

| ?;Kisj [tufy2 Kdckinl, CA

fcggjrjmt tdim all`cmn it imy ltdjr jxtjrmia giktlr tdit frcvjs

kcty paimmcmn, wdjtdjr cts gcrj rcs`s lr stlres lr plpuaitclm

trjmfs. [usticmiocacty ajifjrs kim ojncm kdimncmn tdjcr kctcjs

rjscacjmkj tl kaceitj kdimnj bust oy cmvctcmn jy kcty eiminjrs

imf sti`jdlafjrs tl is`2 dlw wcaa kaceitj kdimnj iggjkt us

djrj imf 938: tdit

rjsuatjf cm tdj fjitds lg lvjr 68,888 pjlpaj. Vl jrifckitj

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ASEAN Climate Leadership Academy, Urban Adapation