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7/27/2019 ASEAN Climate Leadership Academy, Urban Adapation
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Zroim Kaceitj Ifiptitclm
G_LE _C[@ OI__CJ_[ VL _J[ZAV[Eimincmn tdj [lkcia, Xlactckia, Jmvcrlmejmtia,& Gcmimkcia _cs`s lg Zroim Cmgristrukturj
I _jslurkj Nucfj glr Alkia Ajifjrs
KACEIVJAJIFJ_[DCX IKIFJES
KctyAcm`s Xcalt Xirtmjrsdcp Ojtwjjm Z[ imf I[JIM Ejeojr [titjs
Xrlfukjf oy
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KACEIVJAJIFJ_[DCXIKIFJESKctyAcm`s Xcalt Xirtmjrsdcp Ojtwjjm Z[ imf I[JIM Ejeojr [titjs
I _jslurkj Nucfj glr Alkia Ajifjrs
Zroim Kaceitj IfiptitclmG_LE _C[@ OI__CJ_[ VL _J[ZAV[
Eimincmn tdj [lkcia, Xlactckia, Jmvcrlmejmtia,
& Gcmimkcia _cs`s lg Zroim Cmgristrukturj
Xrlfukjf oy
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Ik`mlwajfnjejmts
Vdcs _jslurkj Nucfj wis fjvjalpjf glr tdj Kaceitj Ajifjrsdcp Ikifjey lm Zroim Kaceitj Ifiptitclm djaf Iunust 9;-9:,
?89;, Bi`irti, Cmflmjsci. Vdj Nucfj wis eifj plsscoaj wctd njmjrlus gumfcmn grle tdj CKEI KctyAcm`sVE
prlnrie. VdcsKaceitj Ajifjrsdcp Ikifjey cs prjsjmtjf is pirt lg tdj KctyAcm`s Xcalt Xirtmjrsdcp ojtwjjm Z[ imf I[JIM Ejeojr [titjs
Cm rjsjirkdcmn imf prlfukcmn tdj _jslurkj Nucfj, C[K klmsuatjf wctd tdj jcndt pir tckcpitcmn kcty tjies, is wjaa is _jslurkjVjie ejeojrs, imf i wcfj rimnj lg ajifcmn jxpjrts imf priktctclmjrs. KctyAcm`s wcsdjs tl tdim` tdj eimy cmfcvcfuias
imf lrnimczitclms tdit klmtrcoutjf tdjcr `mlwajfnj imf jxpjrtcsj, cmkaufcmn CNJ[, Vdj Cmstctutj glr Naloia Jmvcrlmejmtia[tritjncjs0 I[JK Vdj I[JIM [jkrjtircit0 imf tdj I^NJ[K2 I[JIM ^lr`cmn Nrlup lm Jmvcrlmejmtiaay [usticmioaj Kctcjs.
Vdcs _jslurkj Nucfj cs eifj plsscoaj oy tdj njmjrlus supplrt lg tdj Iejrckim pjlpaj tdrlund tdj Zmctjf [titjs Injmky
glr Cmtjrmitclmia Fjvjalpejmt (Z[ICF) cm supplrt lg CKEIs KctyAcm`s Xrlnrie umfjr Ajifjr wctd Isslkcitjs Kllpjritcvj
Inrjjejmt ICF-LII-A-99-88884. Vdj klmtjmts irj tdj rjsplmscocacty lg tdj KctyAcm`s prlnrie imf fl mlt mjkjssircay
rjgajkt tdj vcjws lg Z[ICF lr tdj Zmctjf [titjs Nlvjrmejmt.
IOLZV CKEICKEI, tdj Cmtjrmitclmia Kcty/Klumty Eiminjejmt Isslkcitclm, fjvjalps imf ifvimkjs prlgjssclmia alkia nlvjrmejmteiminjejmt tl krjitj susticmioaj kleeumctcjs tdit ceprlvj acvjs wlrafwcfj. CKEI prlvcfjs ejeojr supplrt0 puoackitclms0
fiti imf cmglreitclm0 pjjr imf rjsuats-lrcjmtjf isscstimkj0 imf tricmcmn imf prlgjssclmia fjvjalpejmt tl mjiray 3,888
kcty, tlwm, imf klumty jxpjrts imf ltdjr cmfcvcfuias imf lrnimczitclms tdrlundlut tdj wlraf. Vdj eiminjejmt fjkcsclms
eifj oy CKEIs ejeojrs iggjkt ecaaclms lg cmfcvcfuias acvcmn cm tdlusimfs lg kleeumctcjs, grle seiaa vcaainjs imf tlwms
tl airnj ejtrlplactim irjis. Xajisj vcsct www.ckei.lrn/KctyAcm`s.
IOLZV VDJ CM[VCVZVJ GL_ [Z[VICMIOAJ KLEEZMCVCJ[[cmkj cts glumfcmn cm 9339 oy glrejr Wjrelmt Nlvjrmlr Eifjajcmj @umcm, C[K dis ajf 39 trimsglreitcvj, kleeumcty-frcvjm
prlbjkts cm ?: klumtrcjs. C[K spjkciaczjs cm fjvjalpcmn imf fjacvjrcmn tricmcmn imf tjkdmckia isscstimkj prlnries tditceprlvj tdj jggjktcvjmjss lg kleeumctcjs, tdjcr ajifjrs, imf tdj cmstctutclms tdit supplrt tdje. Cm ?89?, C[K aiumkdjf tdj
[usticmioaj Kleeumctcjs Ajifjrsdcp Ikifjey wjosctj (www.susticmioajkleeumctcjsajifjrsdcpikifjey.lrn) tl ei`j
tdj viauioaj, dcnd-kiacojr cmglreitclm grle lur gcrst-kaiss pjjr-ajirmcmn imf tricmcmn wlr`sdlps ivicaioaj tl priktctclmjrs
cm imy kleeumcty. www.cskvt.lrn
^J ^JAKLEJ SLZ_ GJJFOIK@!Vdcs _jslurkj Nucfj cs i wlr`-cm-prlnrjss. Ct wcaa oj eicmticmjf is i wjo-oisjf rjslurkj imf upfitjf tl prlvcfj viauioaj
rjslurkjs tl puoack, prcvitj imf mlmprlgct sjktlr ajifjrs wlr`cmn tl prleltj rjscacjmkj-oucafcmn iktcvctcjs ikrlss Mlrtd
Iejrcki. Cg ylu divj kleejmts lm tdj nucfj, lr cfjis glr dlw tl ceprlvj ct, pajisj sjmf tdje tl Immi Kisjy it tdj Cmstctutj
glr [usticmioaj Kleeumctcjs it ikisjyHcskvt.lrn.
Vdcs _jslurkj Nucfj wis prcmtjf lm 988% rjkykajf pipjr.
KctyAcm`s | dttp2//ckei.lrn/jm/cmtjrmitclmia/kctyacm`s/ckei\kctyacm`s | Vwcttjr2 HCKEIKctyAcm`s
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Vioaj lg Klmtjmts
; CMV_LFZKVCLM & LWJ_WCJ^
3 KI[J [VZFCJ[
99 Xdcaifjapdci, XI2^jitdjrcmn tdj [tlres
94 Kdckinl, CA2Kdckinl, Caacmlcs
?6 Mjw Lrajims, AI2[ivcmn Klistia Alucscimi
;? Fjmvjr, KL2Glrjsts tl Giukjts
;6 Krjitj Elrj [usticmioaj imf _jscacjmt
Kleeumctcjs
;4 Xaim glr Kaceitj Ifiptitclm
68 Iflpt Nrjjm Oucafcmn Xlackcjs
69 Xrjsjrvj imf Krjitj Nrjjm [pikj
6? Jmninj tdj Kleeumcty cm tdj Kaceitj Kdimnj
Xaimmcmn Xrlkjss
66 Ipprlikd Kaceitj Kdimnj Xaimmcmn lm i
_jnclmia Ajvja
67 Iffrjss Vrimsplrtitclm Vdrlund Vrimsct-Lrcjmtjf
Fjvjalpejmt & Klepajtj [trjjts
:9 ^JOCMI_ [ZEEI_CJ[
:: KLEEZMCVS VJIE X_LGCAJ[:4 Kdcimn _ic, Vdicaimf
:3 Dl Kdc Ecmd, Wcjtmie
78 Bi`irti, Cmflmjsci
79 @uimtim, Eiaiysci
7? Ajnizpc, Xdcacppcmjs
76 Xi`simj, Ail XF_
7: Xiajeoimn, Cmflmjsci
77 Xdmle Xjmd, Kieolfci
7> KLMVIKV CMGL_EIVCLM& OCLN_IXDCJ[
>8 Xirtckcpimt Vjies
47 _jslurkj Vjie & @jymltj [pji`jrs
43 KctyAcm`s Vjie
Xdltl krjfct2 ^lraf Oim` Xdltl Klaajktclm,dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/98497>;6HM8;/76774;::4;
36 _J[LZ_KJ AC[V[
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Cmtrlfuktclm & Lvjrvcjw | ;
Cmtrlfuktclm imf Lvjrvcjw
VDJ KDIAAJMNJ
Z_OIMCRIVCLM, CMG_I[V_ZKVZ_J IMF JKLMLECK
N_L^VD
Cm 93:8, lmay 9>% lg tdj Iscim plpuaitclm acvjf cm uroim
irjis. Dlwjvjr, oy ?8;8, ct cs jxpjktjf tdit ::% lg tdj
plpuaitclm wcaa acvj cm uroim jmvcrlmejmts.9Vdcs ielumts
tl im cmkrjisj lg tdj tltia uroim plpuaitclm cm Isci grle
?;? ecaaclm pjlpaj tl ?.> ocaaclm i eisscvj kdimnj. ^ctdcm
tdj ejeojr stitjs lg tdj Isslkcitclm lg [lutd Jist Iscim
Mitclms (I[JIM), ct cs jxpjktjf tdit oy ?8?8, twl-tdcrfs lg
tdj jmtcrj I[JIM uroim plpuaitclm wcaa rjscfj cm lmay gcvjEjni-Zroim-_jnclms (EZ_)
?2 tdj Oimn`l`-kjmtjrjf EZ_
(;8 ecaaclm)0 tdj @uiai Auepur-@aimn EZ_ (7 ecaaclm)0 tdj
[cmniplrj Vrcimnaj (98 ecaaclm)0 tdj Bivi EZ_ (988 ecaaclm)0
imf tdj Eimcai EZ_ (;8 ecaaclm). Mjvjrtdjajss, fjspctj tdcs
klmkjmtritclm lg plpuaitclms cm EZ_s, ct cs tdj sjklmf imf
dcndjr tcjr kctcjs lg I[JIM tdit irj uroimczcmn tdj gistjst.
Isci Zroimczitclm Vrjmfs;
% lg Xlpuaitclm Acvcmn cm Zroim Irjis
93:8 ?88: ?8;8
Kieolfci 98 ?8 ;>Cmflmjsci 9? 64 74
Ail XF_ > ?? ;4
Eiaiysci ?8 7: >4
Xdcacppcmjs ?> 7; >7
Vdicaimf 9> ;; 6>
Wcjtmie 9? ?> 6;
Vdcs ripcf uroimczitclm lg I[JIM cs pirt lg i naloia trjmf. Oy
tdj yjir ?8;8 wlraf uroim plpuaitclm wcaa cmkrjisj tl mjiray
: ocaaclm pjrslms (9.;: ocaaclm elrj tdim prjsjmt), cmkrjiscmn
tdj uroim irji lm Jirtd oy 9:8% cm ajss tdim ?8 yjirs. Imf
klmtriry tl tdj trjmf lg tdj ?8td kjmtury, tdj eiblrcty lg tdj
jklmleck nrlwtd wcaa lkkur cm fjvjalpcmn klumtrcjs imf
eicmay cm sjklmf-tcjr imf dcndjr kctcjs. Grle mlw tl ?8;8,
tdj wlraf wcaa mjjf tl oucaf tdj jqucviajmt lg i kcty lg lmj
ecaaclm pjlpaj cm fjvjalpcmn klumtrcjs jvjry gcvj fiys.
Vdj fjeimf glr cmgristrukturj tl supplrt tdcs uroim nrlwtd cs
eisscvj. [cxty pjrkjmt lg tdj irji tdit wcaa oj uroim oy ?8;8
dis yjt tl oj oucat.6Iatdlund [lutdjist Isci dis jmblyjf
fjkifjs lg rloust jklmleck nrlwtd, cts cmgristrukturj klvjrinj
tricas ojalw tdj Iscim ivjrinj imf cs st caa i griktclm lg tdit lg
ifvimkjf jklmlecjs.:Is sueeirczjf oy tdj IFO, I[JIMs
cmgristrukturj mjjfs irj jstceitjf it $78 ocaaclm i yjir grle
?898-?8?8, imf tdcs cs cm iffctclm tl mitclmia prlbjkts wctd
scnmcgckimt krlss-olrfjr cepikts sukd is icrplrts, sjiplrts,
imf rlifs tl olrfjrs.7
Mltioay, tdj uroimczitclm trjmf cm I[JIM dis ojjm
ikklepimcjf oy im umpiriaajajf fjkacmj cm plvjrty. Furcmn
tdj jiray 93>8s, elrj tdim diag tdj plpuaitclm lg Isci imf tdj
Xikcgck wis pllr, ivjrinj acgj jxpjktimky wis 64 yjirs, imf
lmay 68 pjr kjmt lg tdj ifuat plpuaitclm wis actjritj. Vlfiy,
tdj pjrkjmtinj lg pllr pjlpaj dis fjkrjisjf tl iolut ?:pjrkjmt lg tdj plpuaitclm, acgj jxpjktimky dis cmkrjisjf tl
7: yjirs, imf iolut >8 pjrkjmt lg tdj ifuats irj actjritj. Vdj
prlplrtclm lg pllr cm Cmflmjsci fjkacmjf grle 78 pjrkjmt cm
93>8 tl ?> pjrkjmt cm tdj aitj 9338s. Cm Eiaiysci grle 94 tl
4 pjrkjmt0 imf cm Vdicaimf grle ?7 tl 96 pjrkjmt.
[tufcjs cm Cmflmjsci, Eiaiysci, Vdicaimf imf tdj Xdcacppcmjs
divj sdlwm tdit elst lg tdj fjkacmj cm plvjrty ritjs dis
ojjm ittrcoutjf tl jklmleck nrlwtd ritdjr tdim tl ceprlvjf
fcstrcoutclm.>Kctcjs irj tdj frcvjrs lg tdcs jklmleck nrlwtd,
imf tdjy irj prlfukcmn i ripcfay cmkrjiscmn sdirj lg tdj nrlss
flejstck prlfukt (NFX) lg tdjcr rjspjktcvj mitclms. ^ctdcmI[JIM, tdj ivjrinj sdirj lg uroim jklmlecjs cm mitclmia
NFX cs irlumf 48%. Cm Eiaiysci imf Vdicaimf, kctcjs klmtrcoutj
elrj tdim 38% lg NFX, imf kalsj tl 988% cm [cmniplrj imf
Dlmn @lmn. Out jvjm cm Iscim klumtrcjs wctd alw uroimczitclm
ritjs, is cm [rc Aim`i imf Oimnaifjsd, elrj tdim 7:% lg
NFX cs mlw prlfukjf cm uroim irjis. Zroimczitclm cs mlw
Xdltl krjfct2 dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/348:>3:8HM88/??>??399;?
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6 | Cmtrlfuktclm & Lvjrvcjw
plsctcvjay klrrjaitjf wctd mitclmia NFX nrlwtd. Kctcjs imf
kcty rjnclms divj rjpaikjf tdj mitclm stitj is tdj prcmkcpia
frcvjrs lg jklmleck fjvjalpejmt cm eimy Iscim klumtrcjs.
Alnckiaay, eimy nlvjrmejmts ojacjvj tdit cg kctcjs irj tdj
jmncmjs lg nrlwtd, tdjm klumtrcjs sdluaf ti`j guaa ifvimtinj
lg uroimczitclm imf mlt dlaf oik` tdj lpplrtumctcjs ct kim
prlvcfj glr jklmleck nrlwtd imf plvjrty rjfuktclm.
KACEIVJ KDIMNJ
Fjspctj tdj umqujstclmioaj uroimczitclm trjmfs, tdjklmvjmtclmia elfjas lg uroim fjvjalpejmt tdit divj frcvjm
jklmleck imf dueim prlnrjss irj kdimncmn. Vdjy irj ojcmn
kdiaajmnjf oy mjw rcs`s imf umkjrticmtcjs. [pjkcgckiaay,
tdj jggjkts lg kaceitj kdimnj, sukd is rcscmn tjepjriturjs,
cmkrjisjf prjkcpctitclm imf sji-ajvja rcsj, irj iatjrcmn
oltd tdj rcs` imf slautclm aimfskipjs lg kctcjs.4Kaceitj
kdimnj cs sdcgtcmn tdj gumfiejmtia ruajs lg kcty paimmcmn imf
ifecmcstritclm. Vdj fjmscty lg pjlpaj, jklmleck iktcvctcjs
cm tdj klistia irjis, rckd oclfcvjrscty, imf mituria rjslurkj
oisjf jklmlecjs ei`j I[JIM kctcjs jspjkciaay vuamjrioaj
tl kaceitj kdimnj.3
Vdj losjrvjf kaceitj kdimnj trjmfs cm [lutdjist Isci tdit
irj cepiktcmn uroimczitclm cmkaufj2
Cmkrjisj cm tjepjriturj,
Fjkrjisj cm ricmgiaa,
[ji ajvja rcsj,
Cmkrjisjf grjqujmky, furitclm imf cmtjmscty lg
jxtrjej wjitdjr jvjmts sukd is frlundts, stlres,
gallfs, typdllms, djit wivjs imf djivy prjkcpctitclm
jvjmts.
Fcrjkt lr gcrst lrfjr cepikts grle tdjsj kaceitj kdimnjs
sukd is gallfcmn, uroim djit csaimfs imf siat witjr cmtrusclm irj
lgtjm gjat is cmtjmsj, ikutj, imf umprjfcktioaj wjitdjr jvjmts.
Vdjsj jvjmts divj prlglumf cepackitclms glr klmvjmtclmia
cmgristrukturj, wdckd cs typckiaay fjscnmjf umfjr-kipikcty
glr tdjsj mjw jxtrjejs imf cs tdjrjglrj prlmj tl gicaurj.
Cm iffctclm, tdj cmfcrjkt imf kiskifcmn cepikts lg kaceitj
kdimnj cm tdj rjnclm irj ceplrtimt tl klmscfjr. Iatdlund
fcskussclms rjnirfcmn cmgristrukturj irj njmjriaay glkusjf
lm pdysckia strukturjs, ct cs ceplrtimt tl rjklnmczj tdit tdjsjstrukturjs irj ejims tl slkcia jmfs. Cm ltdjr wlrfs, ct cs
sjrvckjs mlt strukturjs tdit irj ceplrtimt tl usjrs imf
fjkcsclm ei`jrs. Vdj jxtrjej wjitdjr jvjmts cm tdj I[JIM
rjnclm divj kiusjf mlt lmay jxtjmscvj fieinj tl dueim acgj
imf cmgristrukturj alssjs, out divj iasl njmjritjf scnmcgckimt
jklmleck fcsruptclms. ^djm krctckia cmgristrukturj imf tdus
krctckia sjrvckjs irj fcsruptjf oy sjvjrj gallfcmn, kiskifcmn
cepikts lkkur iggjktcmn pirt lr iaa lg tdj irji, slkcia imf
jklmleck iktcvcty imf tdj djiatd imf quiacty lg acgj lg tdj
kcty rjscfjmts. Ltdjr kiskifcmn kaceitj kdimnj cepikts
ojylmf cmgristrukturj cmkaufj cepikts lm oclfcvjrscty tdit
divj jxikjroitjf witjr sdlrtinjs, iggjktjf inrckuaturiaprlfuktcvcty imf tdrjitjmjf gllf sjkurcty cm tdj rjnclm.
Kaceitj kdimnj dis iasl cmkrjisjf glrjst imf pjitaimf
gcrjs, trimsolumfiry sel`j dizj, aimf/glrjst fjnrifitclm
imf slca jrlsclm, fieinjf klistia imf eircmj rjslurkjs,
imf cmkrjisjf tdj rcs` lg lutorji`s lg cmgjktclus fcsjisjs.98
Xdltl krjfct2 [dirifi Xrisif, dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/999?667>HM8?/3?6>4749?8
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Cmtrlfuktclm & Lvjrvcjw | :
Guturj kaceitj kdimnj cepikts imf vuamjriocactcjs cm I[JIM
klumtrcjs cmkaufj2
i klmtcmujf cmkrjisj cm surgikj icr tjepjriturj,
sji ajvja rcsj ajifcmn tl gallfcmn imf siatwitjr
cmtrusclm,
cmkrjisj cm witjr fjeimf glr uroimczitclm imf
inrckuaturia crrcnitclm imf alssjs cm ricm-gjfinrckuaturj,
cmkrjisjs cm jmfjeck elrocfcty imf elrtiacty fuj tl
fcirrdjia fcsjisj prceircay isslkcitjf wctd gallfs
imf frlundts,
mjnitcvj cepikt lm tdj gcsdjrcjs sjktlr,
mjnitcvj cepikt lm tdj tlurcse sjktlr imf,
cmkrjisj cm tdj cmtjmscty imf sprjif lg glrjst gcrjs fuj
tl rcsjs cm tjepjriturj imf fjkacmjs cm prjkcpctitclm cm
kleocmitclm wctd cmkrjiscmn cmtjmscty lg aimf usjs.99
Is i rjsuat, umfjr tdj cmkrjiscmn fcrjkt imf kiskifcmn cepikts
grle kaceitj kdimnj, tdj klmtcmujf uroimczitclm cm I[JIMklumtrcjs imf isslkcitjf trjmfs lg plvjrty rjfuktclm eiy
ojklej prlglumfay elrj fcggckuat tl eicmticm.
_J[LZ_KJ KLM[V_ICMV[
Imltdjr kdiaajmnj tl tdj trjmf lg klmtcmujf uroimczitclm imf
plvjrty rjfuktclm irj tdj acects tl rjslurkj ivicaiocacty imf
tdj susticmioaj usj lg jklsystje sjrvckjs. Krlss fcskcpacmiry
rjsjirkd fjelmstritjs tdit jklmleck nrlwtd cs iarjify :8%
cm lvjrsdllt.9?
Vdcs ejims tdit dueim systjes irj prjsjmtay
uscmn :8% elrj tdim tdj immuia prlfuktcvcty imf isscecaitcmn
kipikcty lg tdj paimjts jklsystjes. Vdj umsusticmioajklmsueptclm lg jklsystje sjrvckjs tl suoscfczj tdj nrlwtd
lg kctcjs dis naloia cepackitclms. Lmj rjsuat cm [lutd Jist
Isci cs im lecmlus jmjrny-witjr-gllf mjxus klmgrlmtcmn kcty,
rjnclmia imf mitclmia fjkcsclm ei`jrs. ^itjr sjkurcty, gllf
sjkurcty imf jmjrny sjkurcty irj mlw cmjxtrckioay acm`jf0 i
fjeimf cmkrjisj cm lmj irji dis mjnitcvj cepikts cm lmj lr
oltd lg tdj ltdjr irjis. Vdj mjjf glr cmtjnritjf eiminjejmt
imf ceprlvjf krlss-sjktlria nlvjrmimkj cs frcvcmn mjw
cmtjriktclms imf klaaiolritclms, cmkaufcmn piyejmt glr
jklsystje sjrvckj skdjejs, suomitclmia-mitclmia cmtjnritclm
lg fjvjalpejmt stritjncjs, trimsolumfiry fcialnujs, imf tdj
plwjr lg jquctioaj puoack-prcvitj pirtmjrsdcps.
VDJ I[JIM [Z[VICMIOAJ KCVS KLEECVEJMV
[pimmcmn grle tdj ajist tl tdj elst fjvjalpjf, tdj iocacty
lg kctcjs tl ei`j plvjrty dcstlry cs ojcmn tdrjitjmjf oy
kaceitj kdimnj, rjslurkj acects imf ripcf plpuaitclm nrlwtd.
^ctd tdj rjklnmctclm tdit tdj kctcjs lg [lutd Jist Isci irj
ielmn tdj elst vuamjrioaj cm tdj wlraf tl kaceitj kdimnj,
I[JIM dis fjelmstritjf naloia ajifjrsdcp oy mlt lmay
cmkaufcmn susticmioaj fjvjalpejmt cm tdj I[JIM Kdirtjr,
out iasl oy puttcmn glrwirf sjvjria lggckcia fjkairitclms
cm supplrt lg kaceitj kdimnj stritjncjs scmkj ?88>. ^ctd
fcrjkt rjajvimkj tl uroim ifiptitclm tl kaceitj kdimnj,
tdj Jist Isci [ueect (IJ[) Jmvcrlmejmt Ecmcstjrs iflptjf
Jmvcrlmejmtiaay [usticmioaj Kctcjs is i prclrcty irji glr
jmvcrlmejmtia klaaiolritclm it cts gcrst ejjtcmn cm ?884.
Is i rjsuat lg tdj kdiaajmnjs imf I[JIMs kleectejmt tl
trimsglreitclm, kcty priktctclmjrs ikrlss [lutdjist Isci irj
fjscnmcmn imf oucafcmn elrj rjscacjmt, jklalnckiaay cmtjnritjf
uroim cmgristrukturj, jmnincmn tdjcr plpuaitclms cm cmkauscvj
fjkcsclm ei`cmn, imf klaaiolritcmn ikrlss burcsfcktclms.
Vdjsj iktcvctcjs irj njmjritcmn cmmlvitclms imf cmvjstejmt
lpplrtumctcjs tdit irj sdipcmn tdj guturj lg nrlwtd tdrlundlut
tdj rjnclm.
^DIV ^J DJI_F G_LE SLZVl ojttjr umfjrstimf tdj stitj lg kaceitj ifiptitclm priktckj
cm I[JIM kctcjs, imf tdj kdiaajmnjs tdit priktctclmjrs irj
gikcmn, tdj Cmstctutj glr [usticmioaj Kleeumctcjs cmtjrvcjwjf
jikd tjie tdit cs pirtckcpitcmn cm tdcs Kaceitj Ajifjrsdcp
Ikifjey (KAI). Vdjsj cmtjrvcjws rjvjiajf gcvj ocn cfjis
gikcmn tdj gcjaf, imf glrejf tdj glumfitclm lg tdj I[JIM
Kaceitj Ajifjrsdcp Ikifjey lm Zroim Ifiptitclm.
OZCAFCMN O_LIF-OI[JF [ZXXL_V
Zroim kaceitj cepikts irj wcfj-rimncmn, iggjktcmn iaa sjktlrs,
plpuaitclms, imf ajvjas lg nlvjrmejmt. Vl rjsplmf jggjktcvjay,kctcjs eust ti`j systjeck ipprlikdjs tdit cmkaufj iaa sjktlrs,
wdcaj oucafcmn orlif-oisjf supplrt glr ifiptitclm jgglrts.
^dcaj tdcs tis` cs mlt jisy, cg flmj wjaa ct wcaa oucaf i mjkjssiry
glumfitclm glr sukkjssgua ifiptitclm stritjncjs.
Eimy kctcjs tdit wj cmtjrvcjwjf kctjf tdj viauj lg jstioacsdcmn
krlss-sjktlr wlr`cmn nrlups glr ifiptitclm paimmcmn.
Xiajeoimn, Cmflmjsci krjitjf i Kaceitj Kdimnj ^lr`cmn
I[JIM sdiaa prleltj susticmioaj fjvjalpejmtsl is tl jmsurj tdj prltjktclm lg tdj rjnclm'sjmvcrlmejmt, tdj susticmiocacty lg cts mituriarjslurkjs, imf tdj prjsjrvitclm lg cts kuaturiadjrctinj imf tdj dcnd quiacty lg acgj lg cts
pjlpaj. - I[JIM Kdirtjr
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7 | Cmtrlfuktclm & Lvjrvcjw
Nrlup klmscstcmn lg tdj Jmvcrlmejmt Ecmcstry imf Xuoack
^lr`s fjpirtejmts, ikifjeck cmstctutclms, imf kleeumcty
nrlups. Vdcs nrlup cs krjitcmn i Kaceitj [tritjny tdit strcvjs
tl oj cmkauscvj imf wcfjay jmflrsjf.
Dl Kdc Ecmd Kcty, Wcjtmie jstioacsdjf i Kaceitj Kdimnj
Ourjiu, wdckd kllrfcmitjs i Kaceitj Kdimnj Mjtwlr`klmscstcmn lg i [tjjrcmn Olirf, imf sjvjria wlr`cmn nrlups cm
nlvjrmejmt fjpirtejmts. Vdj Mjtwlr` sukkjssguaay krjitjf i
frigt Ifiptitclm Iktclm Xaim tdit cmkaufjs kleectejmts grle iaa
nlvjrmejmt fjpirtejmts. Dl Kdc Ecmd dis iasl pirtckcpitjf
cm sjvjria cmtjrmitclmia ifiptitclm mjtwlr`s, cmkaufcmn tdj K68
Kctcjs Kaceitj Ajifjrsdcp Nrlup, tdj Klmmjktcmn Fjati Kctcjs
Mjtwlr`, imf tdj Nrjjm Nrlwtd Mjtwlr`. Vdjsj mjtwlr`s
divj nrjitay cmkrjisjf tdjcr kleeumcty lg priktckj imf
iaalwjf glr i rckd jxkdimnj lg ojst priktckjs imf ajsslms
ajirmjf ikrlss olrfjrs.
Cm Bumj ?89?, Bi`irti, Cmflmjsci aiumkdjf tdjcr Xaimmcmnglr Cmtjnritjf Klistia Ifiptitclm [tritjny (XCKI[). I eiblr
cmctcitcvj lg tdj prlnrie cs glkusjf lm kleeumcty-oisjf
ifiptitclm paimmcmn2 rjsjirkdjrs grle tdj Zmcvjrscty lg
Cmflmjsci klmsuatjf kleeumctcjs acvcmn cm Bi`irtis uroim
@iepumn (mjcndolrdllfs lg 98,888 lr gjwjr pjlpaj) tl
ojttjr umfjrstimf trifctclmia stritjncjs glr acvcmn wctd gallfcmn,
sukd is stcat klmstruktclm. Vdjsj stritjncjs irj mlw ojcmn
cmklrplritjf cmtl tdj kctys zlmcmn rjnuaitclms glr gallfpaicms.
_J[VL_CMN Z_OIM JKL[S[VJE [J_WCKJ[
I[JIM klumtrcjs jmbly rckd jklsystjes imf strlmnoclfcvjrscty. Lm i mitclmia ajvja, klumtrcjs divj kleecttjf
tl jklsystje prjsjrvitclm, prltjktcmn glrjsts, rcvjrs imf
ai`js, imf tdj quiacty lg acgj tdjy igglrf. Vdcs ceplrtimt wlr` cs
mlw ojcmn ippacjf lm tdj uroim-skiaj wctd scnmcgckimt jgglrts
tl cfjmtcgy, rjstlrj imf susticmioay usj tdj prlvcsclmcmn,
rjnuaitcmn, supplrtcmn imf kuaturia sjrvckjs c.j. kajim icr
imf witjr, gallf klmtrla, gllf sjkurcty, guja, slca glreitclm,
mutrcjmt kykacmn, rjfukjf djit csaimfs, rjkrjitclm, jtk. tdit
djiatdy jklsystjes prlvcfj tl uroim systjes.
[cmkj ?884, Kdcimn _ic, Vdicaimf dis wlr`jf wctd tdj Iscim
Kctcjs Kaceitj Kdimnj _jscacjmkj Mjtwlr` (IKKK_M) tlifipt tl mjw gallfcmn imf aimfsacfj tdrjits grle cmkrjisjf
prjkcpctitclm. Vdjy ojnim wlr` tl rjstlrj tdj @l` _cvjr, i
eicm witjrwiy tdrlund tdj kcty tdit suggjrs grle umsimctiry
klmfctclms imf tdit cs prlmj tl gallfcmn. _jstlrcmn tdj rcvjr
cs jxpjktjf tl sceuatimjlusay klmtrla gallfcmn, ceprlvj witjr
quiacty, rjfukj fcsjisj vjktlrs, imf pltjmtciaay sjrvj uroim
inrckuaturj prlbjkts.
@uimtim, Eiaiysci kleecttjf tl eicmticmcmn 48 pjrkjmt aimf
usj fjfckitjf tl nrjjm spikj2 tdjy divj i paim glr prjsjrvcmn
`jy uroim jklsystjes, cmkaufcmn eimnrlvjs, wjtaimfs, imf
glrjsts, wdcaj imy guturj cmgristrukturj fjvjalpejmt eust
cmkaufj it ajist 98 pjrkjmt nrjjm spikj. Cm iffctclm, tdj kcty
dis ojjm wlr`cmn wctd alkia kleeumctcjs tl paimt 98,888
trjjs immuiaay, wdckd djap kajim tdj icr, prlvcfj sdifj, imfsupplrt djiatdy mutrcjmt kykacmn.
Ajnizpc, Xdcacppcmjs dis iktcvjay paimtjf mjw eimnrlvj
glrjsts ialmn tdj klist tl djap ectcnitj tdj jggjkts lg sji-
ajvja rcsj. Vdjyrj iasl cepajejmtcmn im Zroim Fricminj
Eistjr Xaim tl rjfukj gallfcmn rcs`. Vdj paim cmkaufjs tdj
fjjpjmcmn imf wcfjmcmn lg fricminj kimias rjstlritclm lg
rcvjr fc`js, imf tdj jajvitclm lg rlifs.
_J-VDCM@CMN Z_OIMCRIVCLM
Iaa kctcjs tdit wj cmtjrvcjwjf siw tdjesjavjs it krlssrlifs.Klmvjmtclmia fjvjalpejmt pitdwiys, wdcaj jggjktcvj it
rjfukcmn plvjrty, irj mlt ifjquitjay iffrjsscmn mjw rcs`s
grle plpuaitclm nrlwtd, rjslurkj klmstricmts, plaautclm,
puoack djiatd, imf ltdjr uroim kdiaajmnjs. Imf tdj jggjkts
lg kaceitj kdimnj jxikjroitj tdjsj rcs`s suostimtciaay.
Cmkrjisjf prjkcpctitclm, tjepjriturj, frlundt, sji-ajvja
rcsj, imf jxtrjej wjitdjr iggjkt kctcjs lm jvjry ajvja imf
divj tdj pltjmtcia tl pusd uroim systjes tl tdj orcm`. Sjt wctd
imy kdimnj, tdjrj cs lpplrtumcty. Kctcjs ojttjr umfjrstimf
tdjcr kaceitj vuamjriocactcjs imf irj cmvjstcmn cm iatjrmitcvj,
ifiptcvj cmgristrukturj, tdit cmtjnritjs uroim systjes wctd
mituria imf slkcia systjes.
Kdcimn _ic, Vdicaimf umfjrtll` i systjeck imiayscs lg aimf
usj imf kaceitj vuamjriocacty cm tdj kcty. Vdjy ojnim ei`cmn
gumfiejmtia kdimnjs tl tdj fjscnm lg tdj kcty, cmkaufcmn
rjelvcmn oucafcmns tdit oalk`jf witjrklursjs tl tdj @l`
_cvjr, imf cmkrjiscmn mituria ouggjr zlmjs irlumf tdj kcty.
Vdjy eifj gumfiejmtia kdimnjs tl tdjcr aimf usj paim tdit
fjgcmj elrj ifiptcvj ipprlikdjs tl fjvjalpejmt. Elst
ceplrtimtay, tdjy rjviepjf tdjcr systjes tl jmglrkj tdcs paim,
imf wlr`jf kalsjay wctd sti`jdlafjrs tl ikdcjvj ouy-cm. Vdjy
pirtckcpitj iktcvjay cm tdj Zroim & Jmvcrlmejmtia Ajirmcmn
Mjtwlr` cm Vdicaimf tl sdirj ajsslms ajirmjf wctd gcvj ltdjrkctcjs Vdicaimf.
Ajnizpc, Xdcacppcmjs, tlnjtdjr wctd ltdjr kctcjs cm tdj Xrlvcmkj
lg Iaoiy, dis ojjm wlr`cmn wctd tdj Kjmtjr glr Cmctcitcvjs
imf _jsjirkd lm Kaceitj Ifiptitclm (KC_KI) tl cmtjnritj
ifiptitclm cmtl cts spitcia paim. Vdjy irj uscmn slpdcstckitjf
slgtwirj prlnrie kiaajf [ceKACE, wdckd jxiecmjs tdj jggjkts
lg kaceitj virciocacty lvjr tcej imf spikj. Vdj slgtwirj wis
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Cmtrlfuktclm & Lvjrvcjw | >
usjf tl prlfukj mjw kaceitj dizirf eips tdit divj ojjm
cmtjnritjf cmtl uroim paimmcmn.
@uimtim, Eiaiysci fjvjalpjf i klistia acmj eistjr paim wctd
nucfjacmjs lm dlw tl fjvjalp cm i wiy tdit rjfukjs jrlsclm.
Vdj paim cmkaufjs prltjktclms glr eimnrlvjs, wjtaimfs, imf
ojikdjs ialmn cts klist.
IACNMCMN GCMIMKCIA CMWJ[VEJMV[
Vdj naloia gcmimkcia krcscs tll` cts tlaa lm elst I[JIM kctcjs,
rjsuatcmn cm elrj skirkj nlvjrmejmt rjslurkjs tl gumf
ifiptitclm jgglrts. Sjt wctd ripcf uroimczitclm ikrlss iaa lg tdjI[JIM kctcjs, tdjrj cs ml sdlrtinj lg cmvjstejmt pltjmtcia. Vdj
kdiaajmnj cs tl gcmf cmmlvitcvj wiys tl iacnm jxcstcmn gcmimkcia
rjslurkjs glr ifiptitclm jgglrts tdit rjfukj cmvjstejmt rcs`s
imf lpjm mjw, ifiptcvj fjvjalpejmt pltjmtcia.
Elst lg tdj gumfcmn glr @uimtim, Eiaiyscis ifiptitclm jgglrts
irj fjrcvjf grle alkia nlvjrmejmt injmkcjs. Vdjy glumf
sukkjss cm ajvjrincmn rjslurkjs grle jxcstcmn jmvcrlmejmtia
prlbjkts wdjrj tdjrj cs scnmcgckimt lvjraip cm ecssclm imf
nlias. Vdjy glumf supplrt grle tdj @uimtim Alkia Injmfi
?9 prlbjkts, virclus nlvjrmejmt injmkcjs Klrplritj
[lkcia _jsplmscocacty prlbjkts, imf grle rjnclmia jklmleckfjvjalpejmt cmctcitcvjs.
Kdcimn _ic, Vdicaimfs ifiptitclm oufnjt cs fjrcvjf prceircay
grle kjmtria nlvjrmejmt (7: pjrkjmt) imf grle alkia tixjs (;:
pjrkjmt). Vdjy divj iasl wlr`jf ikrlss sjktlrs, cmkaufcmn
MNLs imf ikifjeck cmstctutclms tl djap wctd gumfricscmn.
Kllpjritclm wctd ltdjr alkia nlvjrmejmts dis jmioajf tdje
plla rjslurkjs tl wlr` ikrlss burcsfcktclms lm kleelm
ifiptitclm cssujs.
Ajnizpc, Xdcacppcmjs ajvjrinjf prcvitj gcmimkcmn is wjaa
is nlvjrmejmt imf cmtjrmitclmia gumfs glr tdjcr ifiptitclm
iktcvctcjs. Vl eicmticm i susticmjf ajvja lg cmvjstejmt, tdjy
acm`jf tdjcr kaceitj ifiptitclm paim wctd kcty ajncsaitclm, i elvj
tdit rjfukjf tdj rcs` tdit cmvjstejmts eiy oj fj-prclrctczjf
oy tdj kcty. Cm iffctclm, glaalwcmn i mitclmia eimfitj, gcvj
pjrkjmt lg tdj kctys jstceitjf rjvjmujs irj iaalkitjf tl i
Alkia Kiaiecty Gumf tdit cs usjf glr ifiptitclm iktcvctcjs.
Ojylmf gcmimkcia rjslurkjs, Ajnizpc dis rjkjcvjf cm-`cmf
tjkdmckia sjrvckjs imf tdj prlvcsclm lg jqucpejmt imf gikcactcjs
tl supplrt tdjcr jgglrts.
JAJWIVCMN [LKCIA JYZCVS
Is tdj plpuaitclms lg kctcjs cmkrjisj, sl fljs tdj mjjf tl
jmninj kctczjms cm pirtckcpitlry fjkcsclm ei`cmn. Kaceitj
cepikts tjmf tl iggjkt pllr plpuaitclms gcrst, wdckd typckiaay
divj ajss ajvjrinj cm nlvjrmejmt placky-ei`cmn. Sjt,
prlvcfcmn lpplrtumctcjs glr pllr imf vuamjrioaj plpuaitclms
tl umfjrstimf kaceitj rcs`s imf cfjmtcgy alkia slautclms iasl
jmdimkjs pltjmtcia pitdwiys grle plvjrty imf i strjmntdjmjf
fjelkritck prlkjss.
Bi`irti, Cmflmjsci cs cm tdj prlkjss lg lvjraiycmn i fitioisj
lg saue mjcndolrdllfs wctd irjis elst it rcs` glr gallfcmn.Vdit cmglreitclm cs usjf tl prclrctczj wdckd mjcndolrdllfs
tl jmninj cm ifiptitclm jgglrts. Vdjy wlr` wctd kleeumcty
ejeojrs tl krjitj pirtckcpitlry ifiptitclm ejisurjs,
tippcmn cmtl alkia mlwajfnj tl fjtjrecmj tdj rcndt ifiptcvj
cmgristrukturj ipprlikdjs.
Xi`simj, Ail XF_ wlr`s wctd tdj vcaainj ajifjrs tl kllrfcmitj
fcsistjr rjsplmsj jgglrts igtjr gallfcmn. Vdjy irrimnj lggckcia
acicslms ojtwjjm nlvjrmejmt lggckjs imf kctczjms2 alkia cepikts
Xdltl krjfct2 dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/9;7:47:8HM86/9;3?;::;?9
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4 | Cmtrlfuktclm & Lvjrvcjw
irj kleeumckitjf up tl nlvjrmejmt lggckjs, wdckd djap
cmglre ipprlprcitj nlvjrmejmt rjsplmsjs.
Cm Ajnizpc, Xdcacppcmjs, tdj kaceitj-iggjktjf pllr, wlejm,
kdcafrjm, imf pjrslms wctd fcsiocactcjs irj jxpackctay cfjmtcgcjf
cm tdj ifiptitclm paim. Xltjmtcia kaceitj dizirfs glr jikd
vuamjrioaj nrlup wjrj quimtcgcjf, wctd ifiptitclm ejisurjsglr prjvjmtclm imf ectcnitclm, prjpirjfmjss, rjsplmsj, imf
rjdiocactitclm imf rjklvjry. Vdj paim iasl cfjmtcgcjf glur
prceiry irjis lg slkcia jqucty2 9) ikkjss tl fuj prlkjss0 ?)
jquia prltjktclm0 ;) tdj rcndt tl quiacty imf klmscstjmky cm
nllfs imf sjrvckjs0 imf 6) jquia placky lutklejs. Jxiepajs
lg jquctioaj ifiptitclm sjrvckjs cmkaufj dluscmn glr it-rcs`
plpuaitclms0 ivicaiocacty lg sigj skdllas0 tjeplriry jvikuitclm
gikcactcjs0 imf supplrt glr ifiptcvj girecmn priktckjs0 imf i
zjrl-kisuiaty fcsistjr rjsplmsj placky.
IOLZV VDC[ _J[LZ_KJ NZCFJVdcs _jslurkj Nucfj rjprjsjmts i symtdjscs lg cmglreitclm
sjajktjf glr tdj priktctclmjrs pirtckcpitcmn cm lur Kaceitj
Ajifjrsdcp Ikifjey lm Zroim Kaceitj Ifiptitclm
imf Cmgristrukturj2 Grle _cs` Oirrcjrs tl _jsuats. Vdj
_jslurkj Nucfj cs cmtjmfjf tl djap priktctclmjrs cm kctcjs
imf ejtrlplactim irjis rjslavj alkia kdiaajmnjs rjaitjf tl
eimincmn tdj slkcia, plactckia, jmvcrlmejmtia imf gcmimkcia
rcs`s lg uroim cmgristrukturj tl ceprlvj kaceitj ifiptitclm
imf uroim rjscacjmkj, oy sdlwkiscmn prlecscmn priktckjs
imf oy prlvcfcmn jggckcjmt ikkjss tl slej lg tdj vjry ojstcmglreitclm imf rjslurkjs ivicaioaj.
Vdj _jslurkj Nucfj cs mlt im jxdiustcvj klepcaitclm lg
ivicaioaj cmglreitclm i mjir-ceplsscoaj tis` ncvjm tdj
nrlwcmn vlauej lg cmtjrmitclmia stufcjs, rjplrts, wjosctjs,
oll`s imf oalns lm tdj tlpck lg kaceitj rjscacjmkj. [tcaa,
tdcs flkuejmt rjgajkts im jgglrt tl cfjmtcgy, klepcaj, vjt imf
symtdjsczj usjgua cmglreitclm lm cmmlvitcvj plackcjs, prlnries
imf priktckjs ojcmn fjpalyjf tdrlundlut tdj wlraf.
VDC[ _J[LZ_KJ NZCFJ CMKAZFJ[2
Kisj [tufcjs tdit fcskuss dlw virclus alkia nlvjrmejmt
priktctclmjrs cm tdj Z[ divj eifj prlnrjss lm kaceitj
ifiptitclm paimmcmn imf surelumtcmn isslkcitjf slkcia,
plactckia, gcmimkcia imf jmvcrlmejmtia kdiaajmnjs.
_jslurkj acsts tdit fcrjkt priktctclmjrs tlwirf tdj tlpck-
spjkcgck slurkjs lg cmglreitclm stufcjs, rjplrts, irtckajs, imf
wjosctjs tdit wj ojacjvj irj elst ac`jay tl djap tdje ceprlvj,
jxpimf imf ikkjajritj tdjcr ifiptitclm imf rjscacjmkj jgglrts.
^rcttjm oy [kltt Euaajr imf Eckdija Krlwajy, Cmstctutj glr
[usticmioaj Kleeumctcjs
_JGJ_JMKJ[9. IFO, Klepjtctcvj Kctcjs cm tdj ?9st Kjmtury, Kaustjr-Oisjf
Alkia Jklmleck Fjvjalpejmt.?. Kdimnjs cm Iscis gist nrlwcmn kctcjs irj kalsjay witkdjf
ikrlss tdj wlraf. I rjplrt oy ZM-Dioctit dttp2//www.kctyeiylrs.kle/slkcjty/iscim\kctcjs.dtea
;. IFO, Klepjtctcvj Kctcjs cm tdj ?9st Kjmtury, Kaustjr-OisjfAlkia Jklmleck Fjvjalpejmt. [lurkjs ZM (?88?,?88;)0ZMFX (?88:)
6. @irjm K. [jtl, Ouri` Nmjriap, imf Auky _. Dutyri, Naloiaglrjkists lg uroim jxpimsclm tl ?8;8 imf fcrjkt cepikts lmoclfcvjrscty imf kirolm pllas, XMI[ ?89?0 puoacsdjf idjif lgprcmt [jptjeojr 9>, ?89?, flc298.98>;/pmis.9?997:4983
:. Lm i pjr kipcti oiscs, I[JIM mitclms divj lmay i griktclmlg tdj rlifs imf ricawiys glumf cm LJKF mitclms, wctdfrieitckiaay alwjr jajktrckcty imf kajim witjr klvjrinj.
7. dttp2//www.ifo.lrn/mjws/isjim-cmgristrukturj-gumf-rjifcjs-9-ocaaclm-pcpjacmj-ajmfcmn-lpjritclms. Kdimnjs cm Iscis gist nrlwcmn kctcjs irj kalsjay witkdjfikrlss tdj wlraf. I rjplrt oy ZM-Dioctit dttp2//www.kctyeiylrs.kle/slkcjty/iscim\kctcjs.dtea
4. Zmkjrticmty cs mlw i gumfiejmtia klrj jajejmt lg uroimfjvjalpejmt, ialmn wctd mlm-acmjir nrlwtd pittjrms, rumiwiyplsctcvj gjjfoik`/ kiskifcmn gicaurjs, dcffjm tdrjsdlafs imfcrrjvlkioaj tcppcmn plcmts.
3. Ajtkdueim, _. (?89 Cs tdjrj im I[JIM placky lm KaceitjKdimnj)0 Vdim Eycmt imf [im Dai Vdiw,Kaceitj Kdimnj Ifiptitclm cm Eyimeir, Xrjsjmtitclm it
tdj [jklmf ^lr`sdlp lg tdj Iscim Zmcvjrscty Mjtwlr` lgJmvcrlmejmt imf Fcsistjr Eiminjejmt, Gjoruiry ?883,ivicaioaj lm tdj Cmtjrmjt it 1dttp2//www.iujfe.mjt/Fiti/iktcvctcjs/9st%?8^lr`sdlp/^lr`sdlp/Z%?8Vdim%?8Eycmt/[jklmfEyimeir- Kaceitj%?8kdimnj.pfg= (aist ikkjssjf lm?? [jptjeojr ?898)0 Eimcai Losjrvitlry glr tdj KlmnrjssclmiaKleecssclm lm [kcjmkj & Vjkdmlalny imf Jmncmjjrcmn,Vjkdmckia Xrcejr lm Kaceitj Kdimnj cm tdj Xdcacppcmjs (Eimcai2KLE[VJ, ?898)0 imf Ecmcstry lg Mituria _jslurkjs imfJmvcrlmejmt, Nlvjrmejmt lg Wcjtmie (EM_J), Kaceitj Kdimnj,[ji Ajvja _csj [kjmircls glr Wcjtmie (Dimlc2 EM_J, ?883).
99. CXKK, Kaceitj Kdimnj ?88>, supri, mltj ?9?. ^ik`jrminija, E. jt. ia. ?88?. Vrik`cmn tdj jklalnckia
lvjrsdllt lg tdj dueim jklmleky. Xrlkjjfcmns lg tdjMitclmia Ikifjey lg [kcjmkjs. Buay 3, ?88? vla. 33 ml. 96
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Kisj [tufcjs
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98 | Kisj [tufcjs
Kisj [tufcjsVdj kisj stufcjs sdlwkisj tdj glaalwcmn prlecscmn priktckjs2
99 ^JIVDJ_CMN VDJ [VL_E[ Xdcaifjapdci elvjs ojylmf klmvjmtclmia stlrewitjr eiminjejmt ejtdlfs cm im cmmlvitcvj sdcgt tlwirf nrjjm
cmgristrukturj.
94 KDCKINL, CAACMLC[ Kdckinl cmklrplritjs ifiptitclm ejisurjs cmtl cts Kaceitj Iktclm Xaim oy oucafcmn jggjktcvj kleeumcty pirtmjrsdcps
?6 [IWCMN KLI[VIA ALZC[CIMI Alucscimi jxpalrjs slkcia, plactckia imf jmvcrlmejmtia cssujs tl sivj cts klistia aimfs.
;? G_LE GL_J[V[ VL GIZKJV[ XI_VMJ_[DCX Fjmvjr imf tdj Z[ Glrjst [jrvckj pirtmjr cm tdcs jgglrt tl elmjtczj jklsystje sjrvckjs.
;6 K_JIVJ EL_J [Z[VICMIOAJ IMF _J[CACJMV KLEEZMCVCJ[
;4 XAIM GL_ KACEIVJ IFIXVIVCLM
68 IFLXV N_JJM OZCAFCMN XLACKCJ[
69 X_J[J_WJ IMF K_JIVJ N_JJM [XIKJ
6? JMNINJ VDJ KLEEZMCVS CM VDJ KACEIVJ KDIMNJ XAIMMCMN X_LKJ[[
66 IXX_LIKD KACEIVJ KDIMNJ XAIMMCMN LM I _JNCLMIA AJWJA
67 IFF_J[[ V_IM[XL_VIVCLM VD_LZND V_IM[CV-L_CJMVJFFJWJALXEJMV & KLEXAJVJ [V_JJV[
Xdltl krjfct2 Iscim Fjvjalpejmt Oim`dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/:48;>6;:HM84/:773679649
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| 9Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI
Xdltl krjfct2 pdcaaywitjrsdjfs.lrn
Nrjjm Kcty, Kajim ^itjrs rjmfjrcmn lg nrjjm cmgristrukturj cm Xdcaifjapd ci
X_LKJ[[
KLMWJ_VCMN [V_JIE[ VL [J^J_[Xrclr tl fjvjalpejmt, Xdcaifjapdci dif im jxtjmscvj mjtwlr`
lg strjies tdit spimmjf lvjr 6:8 `e (?48 acmjir ecajs).
Jiray klalmcia sjttajrs usjf tdcs witjr mjtwlr` glr plwjr
njmjritclm, mivcnitclm imf, fuj tl cts nrivcty-gjf fricminj,
tdj fcrjkt fcsplsia lg umtrjitjf dueim sjwinj imf cmfustrcia
wistjs. Is tdj kcty uroimczjf imf nrjw cm plpuaitclm, sjwinj
lvjrwdjaejf tdj krjj`s imf ajf tl fcsjisj lutorji`s. Vl
rjfukj jxplsurj imf jmioaj gurtdjr fjvjalpejmt, lpjm
strjies imf kdimmjas wjrj rjpaikjf wctd ourcjf pcpjs imf
kuavjrts. Vdcs systje stcaa jxcsts tlfiy. _lunday >; pjrkjmt
lg tdj kctys lrcncmia strjies divj ojjm rjpaikjf wctd lvjr
6,4?4 `e (;,888 ecajs) lg sjwjrs.?
^dcaj Xdcaifjapdcis sjwinj systje rjfukjf jxplsurj tl
fcsjisj, ct iasl prjsjmtjf mjw kdiaajmnjs glr stlrewitjr
eiminjejmt. Is tdj kcty rjpaikjf aimf wctd cepjrvclus
klmkrjtj imf pivjejmt, elrj imf elrj stlrewitjr imf
ialmn wctd ct, lca imf nrjisj grle kirs, rlif siats, imf ltdjr
uroim plaautimts wis fcvjrtjf tl tdj sjwjr systje. Furcmn
djivy prjkcpctitclm jvjmts, stlrewitjr kim lvjrwdjae tdj
kipikcty lg tdj systje.
^jitdjrcmn tdj [tlres
KI[J [VZFS
VDJ XLACVCKIA IMF [LKCIA V_IM[GL_EIVCLM[ F_CWCMN XDCAIFJAXDCI[ AI_NJ-[KIAJ N_JJM
CMG_I[V_ZKVZ_J X_LN_IE
Xdcaifjapdci, Xjmmsyavimciglumfjf cm 974? wis fjvjalpjf
it tdj ejjtcmn plcmt lg twl eiblr rcvjrs, tdj Fjaiwirj imf
[kduya`caa. Vdrlundlut cts dcstlry, uroimczitclm ialmn tdjsj
rcvjrs dis fjnrifjf witjr quiacty imf cmkrjisjf cepjrvclus
surgikjs, wdckd ajgt tdj kcty cmkrjiscmnay elrj vuamjrioaj tl
gallfcmn. Kaceitj kdimnj dis eifj tdj prloaje wlrsj. Immuia
prjkcpctitclm cm tdj stitj rlsj 96 pjrkjmt cm tdj ?8td kjmtury,
imf cs jxpjktjf tl rcsj im iffctclmia sjvjm pjrkjmt oy ?8:8.
Iarjify gikjf wctd slej lg tdj dcndjst jklmleck gallf alssjs
cm tdj Zmctjf [titjs, Xdcaifjapdci cs orikcmn glr elrj sjvjrj
stlre-rjaitjf fieinjs tdit kluaf rjikd is dcnd is $;>: ecaaclm
pjr 98-yjir stlre jvjmt.9
Ik`mlwajfncmn tdjsj nrlwcmn gallfcmn rcs`s, Xdcaifjapdci
gumfiejmtiaay sdcgtjf cts wiy lg iffrjsscmn stlre witjr
eiminjejmt. Cm klaaiolritclm wctd tdj Z[ Jmvcrlmejmtia
Xrltjktclm Injmky (JXI) imf tdj Xjmmsyavimci Fjpirtejmt lg
Jmvcrlmejmtia Xrltjktclm, kcty ajifjrs jeoir`jf lm lmj lg tdj
elst ieoctclus uroim trimsglreitclm prlbjkts cm tdj Zmctjf
[titjs. Oy tdj yjir ?8:8, tdj kcty wcaa rjtrlgct lvjr 68`e (mjiray
9:.7 squirj ecajs)iaelst 99% lg cts surgikj irjiwctd nrjjm
cmgristrukturj tjkdmlalncjs, cmkaufcmn pjrejioaj pivjejmt,
vjnjtitjf swiajs, imf nrjjm rllgs. Vdjsj ejisurjs wcaa scnmcgckimtay
rjfukj gallfcmn rcs`s oy rjstlrcmn tdj aimfskipj's mituria iocacty
tl ioslro stlrewitjr wdjrj ct giaas imf rjfukj fjpjmfjmkj lm
klmvjmtclmia, pcpj-oisjf stlrewitjr cmgristrukturj.
Vdcs kisj stufy jxiecmjs dlw uroimczitclm, witjr plaautclm,
imf tdj cepikts lg kaceitj kdimnj ajf Xdcaifjapdci tl rj-tdcm`
imf kdimnj tdjcr ipprlikd tl stlrewitjr eiminjejmt. Ct
kdrlmckajs dlw kcty ajifjrs ikdcjvjf tdcs cmmlvitcvj sdcgt tl nrjjm
cmgristrukturj oy fcrjktay jmnincmn tdj puoack imf wlr`cmn wctd
rjnuaitlrs tl elvj ojylmf klmvjmtclmia stlrewitjr eiminjejmt
ejtdlfs.
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9? | Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI
Ac`j eimy Z[ kctcjs, elst lg Xdcaifjapdcis sjwjr systjes irj
kleocmjf systjes kirrycmn dueim sjwinj imf stlrewitjr
tdrlund i scmnaj pcpj tl witjr trjitejmt paimts ojglrj ojcmn
fcskdirnjf tl witjrwiys. Xdcaifjapdcis mjtwlr` lg 976
kleocmjf sjwjr lvjrgalws (K[L) irj fjscnmjf tl fcskdirnj
sjwinj imf stlrewitjr tl alkia witjrwiys furcmn djivy
stlre jvjmts2 i gjiturj tdit prjvjmts mjcndolrdllf strjjts
imf trjitejmt gikcactcjs grle gallfcmn. Sjt K[Ls kim rjsuatcm fjvistitcmn jggjkts lm alkia witjr quiacty. K[L fcskdirnj
jvjmts cm Xdcaifjapdci lkkur up tl 4: tcejs pjr yjir, imf
rjsuat cm dcnd ajvjas lg gjkia klacglre oiktjrci, jajvitjf witjr
tjepjriturjs, imf fcsslavjf lxynjm ajvjas ojalw ecmceue
stimfirfs. Vdcs dis i sjvjrj mjnitcvj cepikt lm tdj djiatd lg
iquitck jklsystjes. Iolut 78 pjrkjmt lg Xdcaifjapdcis sjwjr
systje klmscsts lg kleocmjf sjwjr systjes, rjprjsjmtcmn i
977 squirj `e (76 squirj ecaj) fricminj irji.;
Cmkrjiscmn uroim fjvjalpejmt ikrlss tdj Z[ cs jxpjktjf tl
jxikjroitj tdj prloaje. Ojtwjjm 934? imf ?88>, cepjrvclus
surgikjs cm tdj Z[ nrjw oy :7%. Ikklrfcmn tl tdj Mituria_jslurkjs Fjgjmsj Klumkca, cg tdit trjmf klmtcmujs tdj Z[
wcaa divj ?>,:94 djktirj (74 ecaaclm ikrjs) lg fjvjalpjf aimf
oy ?8?:. Vdcs cs jxpjktjf tl rjsuat cm s`yrlk`jtcmn witjr
trjitejmt klsts, kurrjmtay jstceitjf it $?34 ocaaclm lvjr tdj
mjxt ?8 yjirs.;Vdcs skjmircl cs wcfjay klmscfjrjf tl oj
umsusticmioaj cm tdj almn tjre.
Is tdj cepikts lg kaceitj kdimnj irj gjat elrj wcfjay,
stlrewitjr cssujs irj jxpjktjf tl njt jvjm wlrsj. Ikklrfcmn
tl i rjkjmt stufy grle tdj Jmvcrlmejmt Iejrcki _jsjirkd
& Xlacky Kjmtjr, jxtrjej ricm flwmplurs ricmstlres imf
smlwgiaas tdit irj ielmn tdj airnjst jxpjrcjmkjf it i pirt ckuair
alkitclm irj mlw dippjmcmn ;8 pjrkjmt elrj lgtjm cm tdj
Z[ tdim cm 9364. Imf, tdj airnjst immuia stlres mitclmwcfj
irj mlw prlfukcmn 98 pjrkjmt elrj prjkcpctitclm tdim tdjy
fcf 7: yjirs inl.6
_JKLMMJKVCMN VL VDJ ^IVJ_[DJF
Vdj JXI cs rjsplmscoaj glr rjnuaitcmn stlrewitjr tdrlund tdj
jmglrkjejmt lg tdj Kajim ^itjr Ikt (K^I) lg 93>?. Vl rjnuaitj
stlrewitjr cm kctcjs, tdj JXI rjqucrjs tdj fjvjalpejmt lg
i stlrewitjr eiminjejmt paim tl ejjt quimtcgcioaj witjr
quiacty tirnjts.
Cm tdj ecf ?888s, tdj JXI rjqucrjf Xdcaifjapdci tl upfitj
cts stlrewitjr eiminjejmt paim imf cfjmtcgy quimtcgcioaj
ejisurjs tl rjfukj tdj grjqujmky imf sjvjrcty lg tdj kctys
K[L fcskdirnj jvjmts. Kcty lggckcias glumf tdit tl klepayuscmn i klmvjmtclmia ipprlikd (c.j., jxpimfcmn tdj stlrinj
kipikcty lg sjwinj pcpjs imf trjitejmt paimts) wluaf
rjqucrj umtjmioaj cmvjstejmts wjaa ojylmf tdj kctys oufnjt.
Cmstjif, Xdcaifjapdci prlplsjf i rifckia mjw ipprlikd tl cts
stlrewitjr prloaje. _itdjr tdim jxpimf cts pcpj systje, tdj
kcty wluaf rjfukj tdj tltia vlauej lg stlrewitjr njmjritjf
oy rjklmmjktcmn tl cts witjrsdjf imf cmtjnritcmn nrjjm
cmgristrukturj (NC) tdrlundlut tdj kcty.
Cmstjif lg gummjacmn stlrewitjr cmtl pcpjs, nrjjm cmgristrukturj
rjfukjs tdj tltia vlauej lg stlrewitjr tdit rjikdjs pcpjs oy
iaalwcmn ct tl gcatjr fcrjktay cmtl nrlumfwitjr lr oy rjti cmcmn ct
cm fjjp slcas cm paikjs ac`j rllg nirfjms. NC rjsuats cm ltdjr
ojmjgcts, cmkaufcmn jmdimkjf witjr quiacty, rjpajmcsdjf nrlumf
witjr, ceprlvjf icr quiacty, rjfukjf uroim djit csaimfs, mjw
wcafacgj dioctits, rjkrjitclm, imf cmkrjisjf prlpjrty viaujs.
_I^ [J^INJ IMF KACEIVJ KDIMNJ
Ikrlss tdj Z.[., K[Ls irj prjsjmt cm elrj tdim >:8
kleeumctcjs tdit irj dlej tl 68 ecaaclm pjlpaj. Is lg
?88?, K[L fcskdirnj jvjmts lkkurrjf lvjr 6;,888 tcejs
pjr yjir, imf fuepjf lvjr ;.? ocaaclm kuock ejtjrs (?.7ecaaclm ikrj-gjjt) lg umtrjitjf sjwinj lvjrgalw cmtl witjr
olfcjs jikd yjir. Cm ?898, ;7 pjrkjmt lg iaa swceecmn
ojikd ifvcslry imf kalscmn fiys ittrcoutjf tl i `mlwm
slurkj wjrj tdj rjsuat lg K[L jvjmts. Sjt, tl prjvjmt
K[L jvjmts uscmn klmvjmtclmia ejims wluaf klst im
jstceitjf $7;.7 ocaaclm flaairs. Vdj skiaj lg tdcs prloaje
dis ajf tdj JXI tl fjkairj uroim rumlgg is lmj lg tdj
elst scnmcgckimt rjislms tdit witjr quiacty stimfirfs
irj mlt ojcmn ejt mitclmwcfj.;
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| 9;Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI
Xdcaifjapdci usjs tdj glaalwcmn nrjjm cmgristrukturj ejtdlfs:
[VL_E^IVJ_ V_JJ V_JMKD
I stlrewitjr trjj trjmkd cs i systje lg trjjs klmmjktjfoy im umfjrnrlumf cmgcatritclm strukturj. [tlrewitjr
cs gummjajf tl i spjkcia stlre fricm tdit ajifs tl im
jmncmjjrjf suostrukturj acmcmn tdit iaalws witjr tl cmgcatritj
tl nrlumfwitjr imf crrcnitj trjjs.
[VL_E^IVJ_ OZEX-LZV
I stlrewitjr ouep-lut cs im jxtjmsclm lg im jxcstcmn
scfjwia` fjscnmjf tl iaalw nrlumfwitjr cmgcatritclm. Ct
gjiturjs im cmajt tdit fcrjkts rumlgg grle tdj strjjt cmtl
tdj strukturj. Vdj ouep-lut dis tdj iffjf ojmjgct lg
klmtrlaacmn triggck spjjfs.
XJ_WCLZ[ XIWJEJMV
Xjrvclus pivjejmt cs i spjkciaay fjscnmjf systje
tdit iaalws witjr tl cmgcatritj tdrlund tdj pivjejmt tl
nrlumfwitjr.
N_JJM _LLG
I nrjjm rllg cs i rllgcmn systje wctd slca imf paimts tdit
rjticm, tdjm salway rjajisj stlrewitjr. Nrjjm rllgs iasl
prlvcfj dioctit glr ojmjgckcia cmsjkts imf rjfukj surgikj
tjepjriturjs cm tdj sueejr, wdckd rjfukjs i oucafcmns
kllacmn alif.
_ICM NI_FJM
_icm nirfjms irj vjnjtitjf surgikjs, nrifjf bust ojalw
tdj surrlumfcmn nrlumf ajvja, tl klaajkt stlrewitjr rumlgg.
Vdjy irj slejtcejs fjscnmjf tl plla witjr furcmn i stlre
jvjmt, imf tdjm salway iaalw nrlumfwitjr cmgcatritclm.
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96 | Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI
[JJFCMN VDJ N_JJM CMG_I[V_ZKVZ_J KLMKJXV
Vdj cfji glr Xdcaifjapdcis nrjjm cmgristrukturj prlplsia
wis klmkjcvjf oik` cm 9333 wdjm tdj kcty kleocmjf tdrjj
prjvclusay sjpiritj prlnries2 Kleocmjf [jwjr Lvjrgalw,
[tlrewitjr Eiminjejmt, imf [lurkj ^itjr Xrltjktclm tl
glre tdj Lggckj lg itjrsdjf Eiminjejmt. Ikklrfcmn tl Najm
Iories, glrejr Eiminjr lg [tritjnck Xlacky imf Kllrfcmitclmit tdj Xdcaifjapdci ^itjr Fjpirtejmt (X^F), tdj ipprlikd
rjklnmczjf tdj viauj cm i dlacstck ipprlikd tl witjr rjslurkjs
cm tdj kcty. ^j ojnim tdcm`cmn iolut dlw tdjsj cmfcvcfuia
prlnries iktuiaay cmtjrrjaitjf imf rjiaay tdcm`cmn ojylmf
lur eumckcpia olrfjrs, sicf Iories. Ct wis iolut paimmcmn
it tdj witjrsdjf ajvja imf ei`cmn klmmjktclms ojtwjjm
aimf usj, uroim fjscnm, imf witjr rjslurkjs eiminjejmt.
Vdj mjway-glrejf Lggckj lg ^itjrsdjf Eiminjejmt
sjt i nlia tl klmtrla stlrewitjr uscmn mituria ejtdlfs,
imf ojnim splmslrcmn scepaj, mjcndolrdllf-oisjf NC
fjelmstritclm prlbjkts. Zscmn i fcvjrscty lg tjkdmcqujs, grle
vjnjtitjf swiajs tl ricm nirfjms imf krjj` rjstlritclm, tdj
fjelmstritclm prlbjkts wjrj cmtjmfjf tl tjst tdj jggckiky lg
nrjjm cmgristrukturj it tdj mjcndolrdllf skiaj. Vdj prlbjkts
wjrj iasl fjscnmjf tl oucaf mjw pirtmjrsdcps wctd kleeumcty
lrnimczitclms imf djap rjiaczj iffctclmia ojmjgcts tl tdj
puoack, sukd is mjcndolrdllf ojiutcgckitclm imf djiatd.
Cm tdj jiray fiys lg flcmn fjelmstritclm prlbjkts wj bust
wimtjf tl caaustritj dlw nrjjm stlrewitjr cmgristrukturj
kluaf oj fjscnmjf cm Xdcaifjapdci, cm tjres lg prlnries
imf pirtmjrsdcps tdit wj ecndt ifvimkj cg wj wjrj tl elvj
glrwirf lm i airnj-skiaj prlnrie, rjkiaajf Iories.
^ctd nllf fiti grle tdj fjelmstritclm prlbjkts tl supplrtcts kisj, tdj kcty gjat klmgcfjmt tdit ct kluaf jacecmitj K[L
fcskdirnj jvjmts tdrlund i scnmcgckimtay skiajf-up nrjjm
cmgristrukturj prlnrie. ^lr`cmn kalsjay wctd tdj JXI, tdj
kcty prlplsjf tdj airnjst nrjjm cmgristrukturj prlnrie cm
tdj dcstlry lg tdj Z[ fuoojf tdj Nrjjm Kcty, Kajim ^itjrs
Xrlnrie (NKK^) tl klepay wctd tdj K^I. Vdj prlnrie
cmvlavjs klmvjrtcmn lmj tdcrf lg tdj kctys cepjrvclus surgikjs
cm cts K[L fricminj irji lr 68.6 squirj `e (9:.7 squirj
ecajs) tl pjrvclus, nrjjm cmgristrukturj surgikjs wctdcm tdj
mjxt ?: yjirs.
Vdj skiaj imf tcejacmj lg tdj NKK^ prlnrie wis umcqujielmn ltdjr stlrewitjr prlnries cm tdj Z[, imf rjqucrjf i
mjw ipprlikd tl cepajejmtitclm imf eiminjejmt. Vl stiy
ikklumtioaj lvjr tdj almn tjre, tdj prlnrie cmklrplritjf
gcvj-yjir cmkrjejmt tirnjts tdit sjt ecmceue tdrjsdlafs lg
nrjjmjf ikrjs cm tdj kcty. It jvjry rjplrtcmn pjrclf wj
mjjf tl ti`j i stjp oik` imf jviauitj dlw jggjktcvj wj divj
ojjm, wdjtdjr wj tdcm` wjaa ejjt tdj mjxt tirnjt, imf cg tdjrj
irj imy tdcmns tdit wj sdluaf kdimnj cm lur ipprlikd,
sicf Iories. Vdcs prlkjss, wdckd Iories kiaajf ifiptcvj
eiminjejmt iaalwjf tdj kcty tl eiminj prlnrjss cm rjia
tcej imf ei`j klursj klrrjktclms is tdjy wjmt. ^j irj vjry
eukd cm i klmtcmulus ajirmcmn elfj, dj sicf.
GCMFCMN VDJ V_CXAJ OLVVLE ACMJ
Vl oucaf cts kisj glr tdj NKK^ prlnrie tdj kcty klepirjf
klepacimkj klsts isslkcitjf wctd klmvjmtclmia imf NC
ipprlikdjs. Sjt, rjklnmczcmn tdj dlacstck ojmjgcts lg nrjjm
cmgristrukturj vjrsus klmvjmtclmia ejtdlfs, tdj kcty jxpimfjf
cts imiayscs tl cmkaufj pltjmtcia jmvcrlmejmtia, slkcia, imfjklmleck lr trcpaj olttle acmj ojmjgc ts lg NC.7 _jkrjitclm,
witjr quiacty imf dioctit, mjcndolrdllf quiacty lg acgj, blo
krjitclm, puoack djiatd, icr quiacty, imf nrjjmdlusj nis
jecssclm rjfuktclms wjrj iaa ti`jm cmtl ikklumt. Lvjriaa,
ct wis sdlwm NC wluaf klst ajss lvjriaa tdim klmvjmtclmia
ejtdlfs, imf cts ojmjgcts wluaf lutwjcnd cmctcia klsts cm 6:
yjirs. Ml klepirioaj rjturm lm cmvjstejmt wis glumf wctd
i klmvjmtclmia ipprlikd.
^dcaj i klmvjmtclmia cmgristrukturj ipprlikd wluaf ycjaf tdj
vlauej rjfuktclms imf rjfukj tdj grjqujmky lg lvjrgalws,
wdit wj trcjf tl fl wis tl caaustritj tdj klsts isslkcitjf wctdtdit. Imf mlt bust tdj klst lg divcmn tl oucaf elrj tummjas,
wdckd, cmkcfjmtiaay wj kluafmt igglrf. j quck`ay rjiaczjf tdit
ojkiusj lg tdj gcmimkcia sctuitclm cm Xdcaifjapdci lur acect
lg igglrfiocacty fcf prjkaufj us grle glaalwcmn i klmvjmtclmia
ipprlikd, sicf Iories.
Glr Iories, tdj trcpaj olttle acmj gcmfcmns eifj ct kajir
tdit NC wis tdj prjgjrrjf kdlckj glr Xdcaifjapdci. Ct wis i
kdlckj lg i dcnday fjkjmtriaczjf systje imf cmvjstcmn elmjy
fcrjktay cm mjcndolrdllfs vjrsus i kjmtriaczjf systje
Xdltl Krjfct2 dttp2//iktrjjs.lrn/mjws/ejfci-kjmtjr/iktrjjs-mjws/
orji`cmn\nrlumf\wctd\i\97\ocaaclm\paim\tl\tie/
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| 9:Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI
tdits i vjry fjjp tummja prlnrie, sl lmkj cts klmstruktjf
cts mlt vcscoaj Ct wis kajir tdit tdcs wis i nrjitjr rjturm lm
lur cmvjstejmt, dj sicf.
CMMLWIVCMN GZMFCMN
Vl ejjt cts nlias, tdj NKK^ prlnrie rjqucrjs $9.? ocaaclm
cm stritjnck cmvjstejmts lvjr i ?: yjir pjrclf2 $9.7> ocaaclm
wcaa nl tl nrjjm cmgristrukturj0 $;6: ecaaclm tl upnrifcmn
trjitejmt paimt kipikcty0 imf $6?8 ecaaclm wcaa oj usjf glr
gajxcoaj spjmfcmn, tl oj fjtjrecmjf is tdj prlnrie jvlavjs.
^dcaj tdj klst cs ojalw wdit i trifctclmia cmgristrukturj paim
wluaf rjqucrj, ct stcaa rjeicms iolvj tdj rimnj rjkleejmfjf oy
tdj JXI (9.:% tl ?% lg ejfcim dlusjdlaf cmklej). Vrifctclmia
olmfs wluaf mlt klvjr tdj guaa klsts, sl tdj kcty dif tl gcmf
krjitcvj, mjw imf umklmvjmtclmia gumfcmn slurkjs.
Vdj kcty is`jf tdj fjvjalpjrs tl prlvcfj tdj elst scnmcgckimt
gumfcmn. Cm ?887, tdj kcty upfitjf cts stlrewitjr rjnuaitclms
tl rjqucrj tdit jvjry fjvjalpejmt imf rjfjvjalpejmt prlbjkt
wctd i glltprcmt nrjitjr tdim 9,;36 squirj ejtjrs (9:,888
squirj gjjt) eust ei`j irrimnjejmts tl eiminj elst
stlrewitjr rumlgg tdrlund NC. Vdj kcty jstceitjf tdit wctd i
prlbjkt fjvjalpejmt ritj lg 9 pjrkjmt immuiaay, elrj tdim
$9 ocaaclm cm prjsjmt viauj tdit wluaf divj ltdjrwcsj ojjm
spjmt lm plst-klmstruktclm rjtrlgcts wcaa oj ajvjrinjf cm tdj
mjxt ?: yjirs. Vdit gumfcmn wluaf divj ltdjrwcsj ojjm spjmt
lm plst-klmstruktclm rjtrlgcts tl dimfaj tdj stlrewitjr alifs
krjitjf oy cepjrvclus surgikjs grle tdjsj fjvjalpejmts.
Jvcfjmkj sunnjsts tdit tdcs placky kdimnj wcaa divj acttaj tl
ml jggjkt lm tdj oufnjts lg fjvjalpjrs. Cm ?88>, tdj JXI
puoacsdjf i stufy tdit rjvcjwjf 9> fjvjalpejmts tdit cmkaufjf
NC, imf glumf tdit iaa out lmj dif alwjr upgrlmt klmstruktclm
klsts. Cm gikt, klsts wjrj rjfukjf imywdjrj ojtwjjm 9:-48
pjrkjmt.>I scecair stufy oy tdj Iejrckim [lkcjty lg Aimfskipj
Irkdctjkts glumf tdit mlt lmay fljs nrjjm cmgristrukturj klst
ajss, out tdjsj priktckjs kim gurtdjr rjfukj klsts lg trjitcmn
airnj ielumts lg plaautjf rumlgg.4
Imltdjr scnmcgckimt slurkj lg gumfcmn wcaa klej grle kdimnjscm tdj wiy tdit stlrewitjr cs ocaajf tl kustlejrs. Dcstlrckiaay,
tdj kcty ocaajf glr sjwinj trjitejmt oisjf lm tdj ielumt
lg flejstck witjr usjf oy cts kustlejrs. Vdcs systje wis
rjklnmczjf tl oj cmdjrjmtay umgicr ojkiusj ct fcf mlt rjgajkt
tdj truj klst lg sjrvckj2 slej kustlejrs usjf klepiritcvjay
acttaj flejstck witjr out lwmjf airnj irjis lg cepjrvclus
surgikjs tdit dif airnj cepikts lm sjwjr systjes. Cm tdj jiray
?888s, tl djap nrippaj wctd tdcs cssuj, tdj kcty issjeoajf
i ritj-piyjrs kleecttjj. Vdj kleecttjj rjkleejmfjf i
Xdltl Krjfct2 Xdcaifjapdci ^itjr Fjpirtejmt,dttp2//pdcaaywitjrsdjfs.lrn/wdit\wjrj\flcmn/nrjjm\cmgristrukturj/tllas
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97 | Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI
stlrewitjr ocaacmn strukturj oisjf lm tdj ikrjs lg cepjrvclus
aimf tdit kustlejrs lwmjf2 elrj cepjrvclus surgikjs ejimt
elrj stlrewitjr trjitejmt, imf dcndjr ocaas.
Vdj mjw ocaacmn systje kiaajf tdj Xirkja-Oisjf Ocaacmn
Cmctcitcvj wcaa oj cm jggjkt oy ?89: (cepajejmtitclm dif tl
wict glr mjw tjkdmlalny sukd is Naloia Xlsctclmcmn [lgtwirjtl ei`j tdj systje plsscoaj). Vdj kcty rjklnmczjf tdit slej
kustlejrs wcaa oj cepiktjf elrj tdim ltdjrs, sl tdjy krjitjf
i grjj fjscnm isscstimkj imf sctj jviauitclm tl cfjmtcgy pltjmtcia
nrjjm cmgristrukturj lpplrtumctcjs. Cm iffctclm, tdj kcty prlvcfjs
grjj klst-ojmjgct imiayscs tl djap prlpjrty lwmjrs wjcnd tdj
klst lg rjtrlgct vjrsus tdj sivcmns cm tdjcr ocaa.
Ltdjr klsts tl tdj prlnrie wcaa oj klvjrjf oy trifctclmia
olmfs is wjaa is puoack imf prcvitj nrimts.
KLEEZMCVS LZV_JIKD
Vdj kcty rjklnmczjf tdit ct mjjfjf tl rjikd ojylmf tdjfjvjalpejmt imf kleejrkcia aimflwmjr kleeumctcjs cg ct
wis nlcmn tl ejjt cts stlrewitjr nlias. Kcty lggckcias ojnim
mjw pirtmjrsdcps wctd alkia kleeumcty lrnimczitclms sukd
is tdj Xjmmsyavimci Dlrtckuaturj [lkcjty imf tdj Vll`imy/
Viklmy-Grim`glrf ^itjrsdjf Xirtmjrsdcp (VVG Xirtmjrsdcp)
tl gcmf tdj rcndt wiys tl jmninj tdj kleeumcty. Vlnjtdjr,
tdj kcty imf mlmprlgct nrlups dlstjf kleeumcty wlr`sdlps
lm dlw tl cmstiaa igglrfioaj, rjscfjmtcia nrjjm cmgristrukturj
prlbjkts, sukd is ricm oirrjas imf nrjjm rllgs. Vdj kcty lggjrjf
tix krjfcts tl imy rjscfjmt wdl cmstiaajf i nrjjm rllg, imf
grjj ricm oirrjas tl imylmj wdl ittjmfjf i wlr`sdlp.
Vdjy iasl sjkurjf i $;8 ecaaclm alim grle tdj Xjmmsyavimci
Cmgristrukturj _jcmvjstejmt Iutdlrcty tl gurtdjr fjvjalp
kleeumcty-skiaj NC fjelmstritclm prlbjkts ikrlss tdj kcty.
Vdj prlbjkts rjtrlgcttjf jmtcrj oalk`s cm jikd mjcndolrdllf
tl sdlwkisj i vircjty lg nrjjm cmgristrukturj priktckjs, imftdjy orlundt tdj kleeumcty tlnjtdjr tl ricsj iwirjmjss
iolut tdjcr sdirjf witjrsdjf.
Vdj VVG Xirtmjrsdcp ajf im jiray fjelmstritclm prlbjkt tdit
cmkaufjf tdj cmstiaaitclm lg i ricm nirfjm cm Wjrmlm Xir`. Vdjy
wlr`jf wctd Grcjmfs lg Wjrmlm Xir`, tdj alkia mjcndolrdllf
nrlup, tl nicm kleeumcty supplrt imf dlst kleeumcty fjscnm
ejjtcmns glr tdj nirfjm. Buacj [aivjt, Fcrjktlr lg tdj VVG
Xirtmjrsdcp, rjkiaajf tdit tdj mjcndolrdllf sdirjf i fjjp
umfjrstimfcmn lg tdj ceplrtimkj lg tdj prlbjkt. Vdjsj pjlpaj
nlt ct, imf tdjy kluaf nl lut imf tia` tl ltdjr pjlpaj iolut
ct, sdj sicf. Vdcs nrissrllts, wlrf-lg-elutd supplrt, sdjjepdisczjf, wis i krctckia kleplmjmt tl glstjr kcty-wcfj
supplrt glr tdj prlnrie.
AJ[[LM[ AJI_MJF[tirt cm tdj Kleeumcty.Iacx Dlwirf, Fcrjktlr lg Jfukitclm imfLutrjikd glr tdj VVG Xirtmjrsdcp, jepdisczjs tdj ceplrtimkj
lg tia`cmn tl tdj kleeumcty rcndt lgg tdj oit. [tlrewitjr
stritjncjs irj tdcmns tdit rjiaay ceprlvj klmfctclms cm alw-
cmklej mjcndolrdllfs, sdj sicf. ^djm pjlpaj rjiaczj
cts ajss iolut tdj witjr fjpirtejmt imf alkia utcactcjs imf
elrj iolut tdje, imf ct wcaa cmkrjisj quiacty lg acgj, tdjm
tdjyaa oj lm olirf, tdjrjaa oj elrj ouy-cm imf supplrt cm
tdj mjcndolrdllf.
Vdcm` Fcggjrjmtay imf [tirt [eiaa.Ikklrfcmn tl Iories, tdj
sukkjss lg tdj NKK^ prlnrie wis airnjay fuj tl tdj jirayajifjrsdcp lg tdj glumfcmn Fcrjktlr lg tdj Lggckj lg ^itjrsdjf
Eiminjejmt, Dlwirf Mju`run imf dcs stigg. Ct wis ceplrtimt
tl divj pjlpaj wcaacmn tl tdcm` lutscfj tdj olx. PMju`runU
issjeoajf i ylumn, jmjrnjtck, orcndt tjie tdit wis wcaacmn tl
tdcm` iolut slejtdcmn tdit wis vjry fcggjrjmt, dj sicf. Vdcs
lrcncmia nrlup lg ajifjrs oucat lm-tdj-nrlumf jxpjrcjmkj imf
jxpjrtcsj cm iatjrmitcvj stlrewitjr eiminjejmt tdrlund pcalt
prlbjkts, imf glstjrjf djiatdy rjaitclmsdcps wctd tdj kleeumcty.Xdltl Krjfct2 Vll`imy/Viklmy-Grim`glrf itjrsdjf Xirtmjrsdcp, Cmk.
_icm nirfjm cm Wjrmlm Xir`, XI
[tlrewitjr stritjncjs irj tdcmns tdit rjiaayceprlvj klmfctclms cm alw-cmklej mjcndolrdllfs.
Iacx Dlwirf, Fcrjktlr lg Jfukitclm imf
Lutrjikd glr tdj VVG Xirtmjrsdcp
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| 9>Kisj [tufy2 Xdcaifjapdci, XI
Xdltl krjfct2 Kdjsipji`j Oiy Xrlnrie, dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/?3;4467?HM87/48?;6834>8/
Vdjcr jgglrts djapjf klmvcmkj tdj kcty, tdj stitj, imf tdj JXI,
tl fjpirt grle klmvjmtclmia stlrewitjr ipprlikdjs, imf
skiaj-up nrjjm cmgristrukturj iatjrmitcvjs.
[ystjes Kdimnj ti`js Xitcjmkj.Iories losjrvjf tdit i
alt lg pjlpaj irj vjry umkleglrtioaj iolut kdimncmn tdj wiy
tdit tdjy fl prlbjkts lr rj-jviauitcmn dlw tdjcr blos sdluaf
lpjritj. Vdcs nljs wctd tdj tjrrctlry glr imy mjw kcty-wcfj
kdimnj. Glr kctcjs tl kdimnj, pjlpaj mjjf tl kdimnj. Glr
Iories, tdj `jy cs mlt tl glrkj mjw kdimnj tll quck`ay, out
tl divj pitcjmkj is mjw wiys lg tdcm`cmn kitkd lm. VdjLggckj lg ^itjrsdjf Eiminjejmt stirtjf wctd bust i gjw
kdimnj ei`jrs wdl ajvjrinjf sukkjssgua pcalt prlbjkts cm tdj
kleeumcty. Lvjr tcej, tdjy usjf jvcfjmkj grle tdjsj pcalts
tl nicm orlif supplrt imf jxkctjejmt cmscfj tdj nlvjrmejmt
imf tdj kleeumcty glr nrjjm cmgristrukturj.
Iffrjss _cs`s Dlacstckiaay.Xdcaifjapdci gikjf tdrjj mjw
kiskifcmn rcs`s wdjm ct kiej tl stlrewitjr2 9) cmkrjisjf
prjkcpctitclm grle kaceitj kdimnj, ?) uroimczitclm tdit
cepicrjf tdj rjnclms mituria dyfrlalny, imf ;) cmkrjisjf
stlrewitjr plaautclm tdit cepiktjf tdj djiatd lg strjies
imf tdj kleeumcty. Kcty lggckcias rjiaczjf tdit klmvjmtclmiaipprlikdjs tl stlrewitjr eiminjejmt wjrj mlt lmay
umigglrfioaj, out wjrj iktuiaay klmtrcoutcmn tl tdj prloaje. Oy
tdcm`cmn dlacstckiaay, lggckcias eifj kajir acm`injs ojtwjjm tdjsj
rcs` giktlrs, imf glumf jajnimt slautclms tdit sceuatimjlusay
iffrjssjf jikd prloaje imf jmdimkjf quiacty lg acgj cm tdj
kcty. Oy ceprlvcmn mituria witjr gcatritclm, tdj kcty cmkrjisjf
cts rjscacjmkj tl prjkcpctitclm jvjmts, ceprlvjf tdj djiatd imf
quiacty lg acgj lg rjscfjmts, imf krjitjf im jquctioaj gumfcmn
strukturj acm`jf tl fcrjktay witjr quiacty nlias.
^rcttjm oy Ec`j Krlwajy, Cmstctutj glr [usticmioaj Kleeumctcjs
GL_ EL_J CMGL_EIVCLMXdcaifjapdci ^itjr Fjpirtejmts Nrjjm Kcty, Kajim ^itjr
wjosctj2 dttp2/ /www.pdcaaywitjrsdjfs.lrn/wdit\wjrj\flcmn/
flkuejmts\imf\fiti/ksl\almn\tjre\klmtrla\paim
_JGJ_JMKJ[9. Kaceitj Kdimnj cm Xjmmsyavimci2 Cepikts imf [lautclms glr tdj @jystlmj
[titj. _jtrcjvjf grle dttp2//www.mlrtdjistkaceitjcepikts.lrn/issjts/
kaceitj-kdimnj-cm-pjmmsyavimci\cepikts-imf-slautclms.pfg
?. Nirrcslm, M.0 Dloos, @irjm. (?899) _llgtlps tl _cvjrs CC2 Nrjjm [tritjncjs
glr klmtrlaacmn stlrewitjr imf kleocmjf sjwjr lvjrgalws. _jtrcjvjf grle
dttp2//www.mrfk.lrn/witjr/plaautclm/rllgtlpscc/gcajs/rllgtlpstlrcvjrsCC.pfg
;. Cocf
6. Eifsjm, V0 ^caklx, M. (?89?). ^djm Ct _icms, Ct Xlurs2 Naloia ^irecmn imf
tdj Cmkrjisj cm Jxtrjej Xrjkcpctitclm grle 964 tl ?899. _jtrcjvjf grle
dttp2//jmvcrlmejmtiejrcki.lrn/sctjs/jmvcrlmejmt/gcajs/rjplrts/^djm%?8
Ct%?8_icms%?K%?8Ct%?8Xlurs%?8vZ[.pfg
:. Xdcaifjapdci ^itjr Fjpirtejmt. Nrjjm [tlrewitjr Cmgristrukturj
Vllas. _jtrcjvjf grle dtt p2//pdcaaywitjrsdjfs.lrn/wdit\wjrj\flcmn/
nrjjm\cmgristrukturj/tllas
7. Nrjjm Kcty Kajim ^itjrs Xaim, pinj ?
>. 9 Z.[. JXI (?88>). _jfukcmn [tlrewitjr Klsts tdrlund Alw Cepikt
Fjvjalpejmt (ACF) [tritjncjs imf Xriktckjs, p. ccc, ikkjssjf it dttp2//www.
jpi.nlv/lwlw/MX[/acf/klsts8>/flkuejmts/rjfukcmnstlrewitjrklsts.pfg
4. dttp2//www.isai.lrn/KlmtjmtFjtica.ispx
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| 93Kisj [tufy2 Kdckinl, CA
jvlavcmn vcsclm. Ik`mlwajfncmn tdj krctckia rlaj tdit Kdckinl
lrnimczitclms imf kleeumctcjs wluaf paiy cm rjsplmfcmn tl
tdj kdiaajmnjs krjitjf oy kaceitj kdimnj, tdj FLJ imf NXX
wimtjf tl ei`j i paim glr iaa lg Kdckinl, mlt bust tdj kcty
injmkcjs. ^ctd tdit vcsclm cm ecmf, tdjy stirtjf rjikdcmn lut
tl kleeumcty pirtmjrs imf gumfjrs wdlsj ecssclms iacnmjf
wctd tdjcr lwm. Ct jvlavjf slejwdit lrnimckiaay is wj nltlutscfj rjslurkjs imf pirtmjrsdcps, sicf Bldmstlm.
NXX djapjf tdj kcty cfjmtcgy alkia mlmprlgct lrnimczitclms tdit
kluaf jxpimf kcty rjslurkjs wdcaj oucafcmn i orlif sjmsj lg
lwmjrsdcp cm tdj gcmia prlfukt. Vdj Kdckinl Kcvck Iaacimkj, i
mlmprlgct klmsuatcmn gcre, glr jxiepaj, djapjf tdj kcty sjkurj
prl-olml klmsuatcmn sjrvckjs, viaujf it elrj tdim $9 ecaaclm.
Lmkj tdj KIX wis klepajtj, tdj Kdckinl Kleeumcty Vrust,
tdj ejtrl irjis kleeumcty glumfitclm, djapjf klmvjmj i
spjkcia gumfjrs nrlup, wdjrj tdj kcty rjnuairay prjsjmts cts
gumfcmn mjjfs glr cepajejmtitclm, imf glumfitclm pirtmjrsdcp
kim kllrfcmitj tdjcr ncvcmn.
^ctd djap grle [ceelms, Bldmstlm klmvjmjf tdj Kdckinl
Kaceitj Vis` Glrkj, i nrlup lg 93 ajifjrs grle ouscmjss,
kcvck, jmvcrlmejmtia, glumfitclm imf mlmprlgct lrnimczitclms
tdrlundlut tdj kcty. Ifjaj [ceelms sjrvjf is kdicr.
Furcmn cts jcndt glreia ejjtcmns ojtwjjm Fjkjeojr ?887 imf
Gjoruiry ?884, tdj Vis` Glrkj prlvcfjf cmput lm tdj KIXs
jecssclms rjfuktclms nlias, djapjf sdipj tdj ipprlikd tl
stufycmn kaceitj cepikts, klmmjktjf tdj kcty tl mjw rjslurkjsimf pirtmjrs imf djapjf glrnj i acst lg plsscoaj ectcnitclm
imf ifiptitclm iktclms glr gurtdjr rjsjirkd imf rjgcmjejmt.
^dit struk` ej furcmn tdj wdlaj prlkjss cs tdit wj wjrj
rjiaay iaa klaaiolrit cmn tlnjtdjr, rjklumtjf [ceelms. Slu
fcfmt divj tdj sjmsj tdit tdjrj wjrj scals lr klepjtcmn
lrnimczitclms. Slu dif tdj sjmsj tdit tdcs wis i nrlup lg
pjlpaj grle fcggjrjmt sjktlrs lg tdj kcty iaa wlr`cmn tlnjtdjr
tl prlfukj i vjry strlmn KIX tdit wis nrlumfjf cm skcjmkj.
Cm iffctclm tl tdj jxtjmscvj wlr` wctd tdj Kaceitj Vis`
Glrkj, NXX imf FLJ iasl lrnimczjf airnjr glruesglur
Kaceitj [ueects imf lmj Ocn Cfjis Glrue wdjrj cmvctjf
kleeumcty imf ouscmjss ajifjrs kluaf djir orcjgcmns lg
tdj skcjmtcgck wlr` imf prlvcfj tdjcr lwm cfjis glr kaceitj
iktclm. FLJ iasl glrejf sjktlr nrlups tl prlvcfj cfjis imf
gjjfoik` lm cepajejmtitclm kdiaajmnjs cm kjrticm irjis lgkaceitj iktclm sukd is jxcstcmn oucafcmns, wistj, witjr imf
cmglreitclm cmgristrukturj, imf nrjjm uroim fjscnm. Vdjsj
sjktlr nrlups wjrj kleprcsjf lg i ecx lg kcty stigg imf
sti`jdlafjrs. Cmput grle tdjsj ejjtcmns wis friwm uplm
djivcay cm tdj gcmia KIX.
CMKL_XL_IVCMN IFIXVIVCLM
Grle tdj stir t, Bldmstlm wimtjf tl cmkaufj kaceitj ifiptitclm
cm tdj KIX ialmnscfj ectcnitclm ejisurjs. Kdckinl dif
iarjify sjjm im cmkrjisjf grjqujmky imf sjvjrcty lg wjitdjr
fcsturoimkjs, cmkaufcmn i djit wivj cm 933: wdjm elrj tdim
>:8 pjlpaj wjrj `caajf lvjr i pjrclf lg gcvj fiys. Bldmstlmsiw tdj mjjf tl oj ojttjr prjpirjf glr tdjsj kaceitj jxtrjejs,
imf tdlundt tdj KIX kluaf djap ei`j i strlmnjr acm` ojtwjjm
kaceitj cepikts tl tdj mjjf glr ectcnitclm.
^j sicf wict i sjklmf, ojglrj wj all` it wdit wj sdluaf
fl tl ectcnitj lur jecssclms, wj gcrst mjjf tl umfjrstimf
wdit cs nlcmn tl dippjm cm lur kcty lm tdj nrlumf cm tjres lg
kaceitj cepikts, jxpaicmjf Bldmslm. Vdjm wj kim all` it
lur oisjacmj jecssclms, imf wctd tdlsj twl pcjkjs cm paikj,
wjaa oj rjify tl fjvjalp lur stritjncjs oltd glr rjfukcmn
lur kirolm glltprcmt, imf glr njttcmn lur kcty prjpirjf. Grle
tdjrj ct jvlavjf gurtdjr tl i glkus lm tdlsj stritjncjs tdit
wluaf divj i fuia ojmjgct.
Vdlsj glumfitclmia cfjis tdit tdj KIX sdluaf sprcmn
grle i kalsj all` it alkia cepikts, imf rjkleejmf oltd
ectcnitclm imf ifiptitclm stritjncjs sdipjf jvjrytdcmn
iolut Kdckinls prlkjss. Ct krjitjf i vcsclm tdit cmspcrjf
lutscfj gumfjrs imf pirtmjrs. Ct iasl prleptjf tdj kcty tl
jmninj skcjmtcsts imf jklmlecsts grle umcvjrsctcjs, mlm-
prlgcts ac`j tdj Kjmtjr glr Mjcndolrdllf Vjkdmlalny, imf i
seiaa kifrj lg klmsuatimts tl fjvjalp i fiti-frcvjm pckturj
lg wdit kaceitj kdimnj wluaf ejim glr Kdckinl.
Vl ojttjr umfjrstimf dlw kaceitj kdimnj wis cepiktcmn
Kdckinl, Bldmstlm rjikdjf lut tl Fr. Flm ^ujooajs, i
kaceitj rjsjirkdjr it tdj Zmcvjrscty lg Caacmlcs. Vdj twl dif
ejt prjvclusay wdjm ^ujooajs prjsjmtjf gcmfcmns grle
i kaceitj cepikts issjssejmt glr tdj Nrjit Ai`js rjnclm
tl tdj kcty. ^ujooajs dif i dcstlry lg prlfukcmn skcjmkj
tdit cepiktjf placky2 dj fjvjalpjf tdj klmkjpt lg Lzlmj
Fjpajtclm Xltjmtcias, usjf cm tdj Elmtrjia Xrltlkla imf tdj
Z.[. Kajim Icr Ikt, imf klmtrcoutjf tl tdj klmkjpt lg Naloia
Xdltl krjfct2 [jtd Imfjrslm, dttp2//www.gack`r.kle/pdltls/669?6;>?;7;HM89/?77>4336:3
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^irecmn Xltjmtcias usjf cm tdj @yltl Xrltlkla imf elst
kirolm trifcmn prlnries. _jklnmczcmn ^ujooajs umcquj
jxpjrtcsj, Bldmstlm is`jf ^ujooajs tl klmfukt i kaceitj
cepikt issjssejmt glr tdj Kdckinl. ^ujooajs buepjf it
tdj lpplrtumcty. Ltdjr kctcjs irj lgtjm rjauktimt tl orcmn cm
skcjmtcsts, lr tdjy scepay flmt `mlw dlw tl gcmf us, dj sicf.
Kdckinls wcaacmnmjss tl wlr` kalsjay wctd skcjmtcsts lm tdj
KIX rjiaay strjmntdjmjf ct.
^juooajs imf dcs tjie ojnim tdjcr issjssejmt oy
flwmskiacmn naloia kaceitj elfjas tl tdj Kdckinl rjnclm
uscmn ifvimkjf stitcstckia tjkdmcqujs. Vdj rjsuat wis ikustle kaceitj elfja spjkcgck tl Kdckinl tdit wis usjf tl
prjfckt kdimnjs cm kaceitj lvjr tdj mjxt kjmtury imf djap
placky-ei`jrs oj ojttjr prjpirjf.9
^ujooajs imf kl-iutdlr @itdircmj Diydlj grle Vjxis Vjkd
Zmcvjrscty puoacsdjf tdjcr gcmfcmns cm i rjplrt, Kaceitj Kdimnj
imf Kdckinl2 Xrlbjktclms imf Xltjmtcia Cepikts. Vdj rjplrt
acstjf twl cepikt skjmircls glr tdcs kjmtury2 alw jecssclms (up
tl ::8 pirts pjr ecaaclm (ppe) lg itelspdjrck kirolm fclxcfj
(KL?)), imf dcnd jecssclms (up tl 9,888 ppe). Ct fjticajf
kdimnjs tl tjepjriturj, prjkcpctitclm, imf jklsystjes, imf
prjfcktjf suosjqujmt cepikts lm puoack djiatd, tdj jklmley,imf cmgristrukturj. ([jj olx it rcndt).
Vdj kcty tdjm dcrjf klmsuatimts tl spjkcgy dlw prjfcktjf
kaceitj cepikts wluaf iggjkt kcty lpjritclms grle smlw
palwcmn tl lpjritcmn oucafcmns tl eicmticmcmn pir`s imf tl
kiakuaitj tdj jklmleck klsts lg prjpircmn vjrsus dlafcmn tl
tdj stitus qul. Vdcs jxtjmscvj wlr` prlfukjf i fjticajf sjt
lg rjplrts picmtcmn i kleprjdjmscvj pckturj lg wdit kdimnj
wluaf ejim alkiaay. Vdj virclus jxpjrts wjrj tdjm cmvctjf tl
prjsjmt tdjcr rjsuats it cmtjrmia ejjtcmns, is wjaa is furcmn
ejjtcmns lg tdj Kaceitj Vis` Glrkj.
Vdcs `cmf lg imiayscs fljsmt divj tl oj pjrgjkt, jxpaicmjf
Iirlm Furmoiund, Fjputy Kleecssclmjr lg tdj Fjpirtejmt lg
Jmvcrlmejmt, imf tdj kctys kurrjmt ajif lm kaceitj ifiptitclm
jgglrts. Glr jxiepaj, tdjrj wjrj nips cm lur imiayscs lg tdj
klsts lg ifiptcmn tl kaceitj kdimnj. Out ct nivj i rlund
jstceitj lg tdj tltia klst up tl $>88 ocaaclm imf tdlsj
mueojrs nlt pjlpajs ittjmtclm.
Ikklrfcmn tl Bldmstlm, all`cmn it kaceitj cepikts imf
ifiptitclm kdiaajmnjs uatceitjay klepjaajf kcty stigg imf
kleeumcty ajifjrs tl ti`j tdj ectcnitclm scfj elrj sjrclusay.Glr tdj miysiyjrs, tdj fjskrcptclm lg i guturj wctd kaceitj
kdimnj djapjf tdje ei`j sjmsj lg kdimnjs tdjy wjrj iarjify
sjjcmn. Vdit djapjf tdje rjiaczj tdit tdj wcsjst klursj lg
iktclm wis tl ifipt lur lpjritclms imf cmgristrukturj, imf
ct djapjf tdje umfjrstimf tdj ceplrtimkj lg rjfukcmn lur
kirolm jecssclms cm tdj gcrst paikj.
KDCKINL & KACEIVJ KDIMNJ
Vjepjriturj
Ivjrinj tjepjriturjs wcaa cmkrjisj ; - 4G.
[ueejrs kluaf gjja elrj ac`j Elocaj, IA cm tdj
dcnd jecssclms skjmircl (ivjrinj djit cmfjx lg
69K (98:G)), lr Itaimti, NI cm tdj alw jecssclms
skjmircl (ivjrinj djit cmfjx lg ;6K (36G)).
Djit wivjs scecair tl tdj 933: jvjmt kluaf lkkur
twckj pjr oy fjkifj oy ?8:8. Oy tdj jmf lg tdj
kjmtury tdjy kluaf lkkur jvjry ltdjr yjir cm tdj alw
jecssclms skjmircl lr sjvjria tcejs pjr sueejr cm
tdj dcnd jecsslms skjmircl.
Xrjkcpctitclm
^cmtjr imf sprcmn prjkcpctitclm kluaf cmkrjisj oy
98 pjrkjmt oy ecf-kjmtury, imf ?8-;8 pjrkjmt oy
tdj jmf lg tdj kjmtury.
Djivy prjkcpctitclm wluaf cmkrjisj tdj kdimkjs lg
gallf jvjmts.
Jklsystjes
Nrlwcmn klmfctclms kluaf rjsjeoaj tdlsj cm [lutdjrm
Caacmlcs cm tdj alw jecssclms skjmircl, lr tdj Vjmmjssjj
_cvjr Wiaajy cm tdj dcnd jecssclms skjmircl.
6: ocrf spjkcjs kluaf alsj it ajist diag lg tdjcr dioctit
cm tdj alw jecssclms skjmircl, wctd :8 spjkcjs cm
tdj dcnd jecssclms skjmircl.
Xuoack Djiatd Cepikts
Djit-rjaitjf fjitds kluaf rcsj tl 98 tcejs tdj
ivjrinj immuia ritj, rjikdcmn is eimy is 9,888
pjr djit jvjmt.
Kisjs lg vjktlr-olrmj fcsjisjs, sukd is ^jst Mcaj
Wcrus imf Ayej Fcsjisj, kluaf cmkrjisj.
Icr quiacty fjnrifitclm fuj tl lzlmj imf seln kluaf
cmkrjisj kisjs lg rjspcritlry imf kcrkuaitlry caamjss.
Cmgristrukturj imf Jklmleck Cepikts
Jajktrckcty fjeimf glr kllacmn cs ac`jay tl cmkrjisj,
wdcaj fjeimf glr djitcmn wcaa ac`jay fjkrjisj.
Djitwivjs kluaf cmkrjisj tdj ac`jacdllf lg jajktrckia
sdlrtinjs, ajifcmn tl orlwm imf oaik`luts.
_lif rjpicr imf eicmtjmimkj wcaa cmkrjisj fuj tl
elrj grjqujmt grjjzj/tdiw kykajs.
Gcrj, plackj, imf jejrnjmky kiaas wcaa ac`jay cmkrjisj
fuj tl wjitdjr-rjaitjf jvjmts.
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JMNINCMN KCVS FJXI_VEJMV[
Vdj dunj cmvjstejmt cm jmnincmn ajifjrs lutscfj lg kcty
nlvjrmejmt wis i `jy stritjny tdit djapjf glrnj orlif-oisjf
puoack supplrt glr tdj KIX. Cm rjtrlspjkt, Bldmstlm wcsdjs tdit
dj imf ltdjr ajifjrs lg tdj prlkjss dif cmvjstjf is eukd cm
jmnincmn tdj uppjr jkdjalms lg injmky eiminjejmt wctdcm
nlvjrmejmt. Dj lggjrs im jxiepaj lg i ecssjf lpplrtumcty2Is pirt lg tdj wlr` tl quimtcgy tdj klsts lg ifiptcmn kcty
cmgristrukturj imf lpjritclms tl kdimncmn kaceitj pittjrms,
tdj kctys klmsuatimts rjqujstjf ejjtcmns wctd iaa tdj `jy
fjpirtejmts. Ecf-ajvja stiggjrs wjrj usuiaay sjmt tl tdlsj
ejjtcmns. Lgtjm, tdjy glumf ct fcggckuat tl prlvcfj cmglrejf
gjjfoik` iolut wdit tdjcr fjpirtejmt wluaf ac`jay fl tl
rjsplmf tl kaceitj cepikts, imf tdj qujstclms tdit tdlsj
ejjtcmns ricsjf fcf mlt pjrklaitj up tl sjmclr eiminjejmt.
[kdlla Olirf stigg, glr jxiepaj, wjrj orcjgjf lm tdj mueojr
lg fiys lg jxtrjej djit tdit ecndt lkkur furcmn aitj sprcmn
imf jiray giaa elmtds. [cmkj tdjy aik`jf tdj umfjrstimfcmnimf iutdlrcty tl imtckcpitj tdj placky kdimnjs tdit wluaf oj
trcnnjrjf oy sukd jxtrjej djit imf cts rcs`s glr skdlla-injf
kdcafrjm, tdjy sunnjstjf tdit tdj [kdlla Olirf wis umac`jay
tl iff icr klmfctclmcmn tl cts skdllas. Vdcs rjsuatjf cm wdit
Bldmstlm umfjrstimfs tl oj i eiblr umfjrjstceitclm lg tdj
klsts lg ifiptcmn tl jxtrjej djit cm Kdckinls kcty gikcactcjs.
Bldmstlm ojacjvjs elrj fcialnuj wctd tdj [kdlla Olirf ctsjag,
imf sjmclr eiminjrs ikrlss tdj kcty, wluaf divj rjsuatjf
cm ojttjr imiayscs lg wdit kaceitj cepikts wluaf ejim glr
kcty lpjritclms. ^j fcf sl eukd wlr` wctd lur jxtjrmia
pirtmjrs, imf wj dif vjry dcnd-ajvja pjlpaj grle tdj umclms
imf ouscmjssjs imf ltdjr lrnimczitclms, dj sicf. ^ctd lur
kleecssclmjrs, wj elstay upfitjf tdje lmkj cm i wdcaj. Cm
rjtrlspjkt, ct wluaf divj ojjm djapgua tl divj i dcnd-ajvja
cmtjrmia stjjrcmn kleecttjj, lr it ajist jeojf slej lg lur
Kleecssclmjrs cm tdj Vis` Glrkj, tl njt tdje elrj fjjpay
jmninjf cm sdipcmn tdj wlr`.
NJVVCMN VL I GCMIA KIX
^djm Bldmstlm tdlundt tdj KIX wis rjify, dj tll` ct tl
tdj kctys prjss lggckj imf tl sjmclr fjpirtejmtia ajifjrs tl
njt i scnm-lgg lm tdj flkuejmts `jy rjkleejmfitclms. Outcmstjif lg njttcmn ipprlvia, Bldmstlm jmklumtjrjf rjscstimkj.
FLJ wlr`jf tdrlund euatcpaj rj-wrctjs, out mltdcmn sjjejf
tl oj wlr`cmn. C wis oimncmn ey djif inicmst tdj wiaa,
rjklumtjf Bldmstlm. Vdjrj wjrj suotaj tdcmns dippjmcmn
tdit C bust fcfmt pck` up lm.
Ct tll` i guaa scx elmtds glr Bldmstlm tl njt iaa tdj ipprlvias
dj mjjfjf. Dj ittrcoutjs dcs sukkjss tl twl tdcmns. Gcrst,
dcs plsctclm wctdcm kcty nlvjrmejmt dif kdimnjf. Dj wis
mlw tdj Kdckinls Kdcjg Jmvcrlmejmtia Lggckjr, rjplrtcmn
fcrjktay tl Eiylr Fiajy. Lkkupycmn i dcnd-ajvja plsctclm
cm tdj Eiylrs lggckj nivj Bldmstlm im iocacty tl elvj tdj
flkuejmt tdrlund i klepajx kcty ourjiukriky.
Bldmstlm iasl rjiaczjf tdit tdj rjscstimkj dj wis jmklumtjrcmn
wis ajss iolut tdj KIXs klmtjmt, imf elrj iolut cts lvjriaa
griecmn imf tlmj. It tdj glumfitclm lg tdj flkuejmt wis i vcvcf
pckturj lg dlw Kdckinl kluaf oj iggjktjf oy sdcgtcmn kaceitjpittjrms. [ueejrs wluaf oj eukd dlttjr, ipprlxceitcmn tdj
kurrjmt wjitdjr pittjrms cm Elocaj, Iaioiei. Vdjrj wluaf
oj elrj cmtjmsj stlres, frlundts, imf airnjr smlw jvjmts.
^dit Bldmslm gcmiaay rjiaczjf wis tdit tdj stir` fjskrcptclm
lg rcs`s gikcmn tdj kcty wis skircmn kcty eiminjrs, imf tdj
lmay wiy tl oucaf plsctcvj supplrt glr tdj KIX wctdcm tdj kcty
wis tl tdj kdimnj tdj tlmj.
Eimy lg us gla`s tdit irj pissclmitj iolut tdj jmvcrlmejmt
divj i tjmfjmky tl wimt tl buep lm i slipolx imf skrjie
imf sdlut iolut jvjrytdcmn wj mjjf tl oj wlrrcjf iolut,
jxpaicmjf Bldmslm. Out wj dif tl tlmj flwm tdit kcty cs
nlcmn tl djaa cm i dimf ois`jt ipprlikd, imf stirt tia`cmn
iolut wdit nlcmn nrjjm rjprjsjmts glr tdj kcty. j dif tl tia`
iolut tdj blos pcjkjs lg ct, imf tdj elmjy wj wluaf sivj grle
cepajejmtcmn tdj stritjncjs, imf tdj wiys cm wdckd iktcmn
wluaf prltjkt lur rjscfjmts imf ceprlvj tdjcr quiacty lg acgj.
AJIFCMN OS JTIEXAJ
Kdckinls Kaceitj Iktclm KIX cs lmay glur yjirs laf, out eiblr
cmctcitcvjs rjkleejmfjf cm tdj KIX irj iarjify klepajtjf
lr wjaa umfjrwiy, cmkaufcmn i airnj skiaj oucafcmn rjtrlgct
prlnrie, im upfitj tl tdj kctys jmjrny klfj, i mjw stritjnyglr cmkrjiscmn tdj usj lg rjmjwioaj jmjrny slurkjs imf
i mitclmiaay `mlwm nrjjm blos tricmcmn prlnrie. Fiajys
eimtri tdit tdj kcty eust ajif oy jxiepaj djapjf krjitj
tdcs glrwirf elejmtue.
^djtdjr ct cs oucafcmn elrj jmjrny jggckcjmt gikcactcjs, lr
nrjjmcmn i gajjt, lr puttcmn nrjjm rllgs lm oucafcmns, Fiajy
iawiys sicf tdit cg tdj kcty fljsmt fl ct, ml lmj jasj wcaa,
sicf Furmoiund. Dj cmscstjf tdit wj mjjfjf tl kajim up
Eimy lg us gla`s wdl irj pissclmitj iolut tdj
jmvcrlmejmt divj i tjmfjmky tl wimt tl bueplm i slipolx. Out wj dif tl stirt tia`cmn iolut
wdit nlcmn nrjjm rjprjsjmts glr tdj Kcty. ^jdif tl tia` iolut blos... imf tdj elmjy wj
wluaf sivj grle cepajejmtcmn tdj stritjncjs.
[ifdu Bldmstlm, Glrejr Kleecssclmjr,
Kdckinl Fjpirtejmt lg Jmvcrlmejmt
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lur lwm dlusj ojglrj is`cmn ltdjrs tl kajim up tdjcrs.
Ajifcmn oy jxiepaj krjitjs elria iutdlrcty tdit tdj kcty
kim friw lm wdjm ct is`s cts ajifcmn mlmprlgct lrnimczitclms,
ouscmjssjs imf kcvck lrnimczitclms tl njt fcrjktay cmvlavjf cm
cepajejmtitclm. Ct iasl kim djap tl frcvj tdj trimsglreitclm
lg eir`jts.
Furmoiund lggjrs Kdckinls wlr` tl prleltj nrjjm
cmgristrukturj is im jxiepaj. Vdj KIX rjkleejmfjf tdj
jxpimsclm lg nrjjm rllgs imf ltdjr nrjjm cmgristrukturj
tdrlundlut tdj kcty. ^j mjw wj kluafmt nl lut imf kdimnjlur plackcjs ceejfcitjay, jxpaicmjf Furmoiund. ^j dif
tl oucaf tdj eir`jt up, imf nrlw tdj mueojr lg vjmflrs. [l
wj glumf slej elmjy imf immlumkjf tdit wj wjrj nlcmn
tl oucaf lur gcrst nrjjm rllg.
Lmkj tdj kcty dif fjelmstritjf tdit nrjjm rllgs kluaf
wlr` oltd tl iejaclritj tdj uroim djit csaimf iggjkt, imf tl
rjfukj tdj jmjrny mjjfjf tl rum kllacmn systjes imf puep
witjr ct ojnim lggjrcmn cmkjmtcvjs glr prcvitj fjvjalpjrs tl
fl tdj siej (glr jxiepaj, cmkrjisjs cm tdj iaalwioaj gallr
irji cm i mjw fjvjalpejmt cm jxkdimnj glr tdj cmstiaaitclm
lg nrjjm cmgristrukturj).
^djm tdj kcty klmvjmjf i Nrjjm _coolm Kleecttjj lg mitclmia
imf alkia ajifjrs (eimy lg wdle dif sjrvjf lm tdj Kaceitj
Vis` Glrkj) tl djap elmctlr imf nucfj tdj cepajejmtitclm
lg tdj mjw kaceitj KIX, ct scnmiajf ikklumtiocacty glr cts
kleectejmts. [ceelms plcmts lut tdit tdj nrlup dis ml
glreia iutdlrcty, out ojkiusj ct cmkaufjs eimy plwjrgua imf
rjspjktjf kleeumcty ajifjrs, ct kim pusd jggjktcvjay glr
ikkjajritclm lg jgglrt cm irjis lg tdj KIX tdit irj aimnucsdcmn.
[lejlmj wlr`cmn glr tdj Eiylr wluaf divj i dirf tcej
nlcmn tl dce imf siycmn tdcmns irj mlt nlcmn wjaa, sdj sicf.
Out divcmn tdcs nrlup cs nllf glr tdj Eiylr. [lej lg tdj
pjlpaj wdl irj viaujf elst oy plactckia ajifjrs irj tdlsj
wdl irj wcaacmn tl lggjr klmstruktcvj krctckcse.
AJ[[LM[ AJI_MJFMlmprlgct pirtmjrsdcps kim oj i guakrue glr jggjktcvj kaceitj
paimmcmn. Ct eiy oj stirtacmn tl djir tdit [ifdu Bldmstlmaiumkdjf Kdckinls prlkjss wctd lmay $:8,888 imf mlt
eukd lg i nrimf paim. Dj imf ltdjrs cm FLJ siw tdj
wcsfle lg cmvctcmn i pdcaimtdrlpck lrnimczitclm wctd fjjp
rllts cm Kdckinl tl djap sdipj imf supplrt tdj prlkjss.
Vdit lpjmmjss tl mlmprlgct pirtmjrsdcp imf tdj vcsclm tdit
jejrnjf grle ct uatceitjay jmioajf tdj kcty tl ajvjrinj
ecaaclms lg flaairs cm gumfcmn grle cmspcrjf glumfitclms, is
wjaa is jxpjrt isscstimkj grle wjaa-rjspjktjf umcvjrsctcjs
imf gcres. ^dcaj tdj aimfskipj lg lrnimczitclms vircjs
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| ?:Kisj [tufy2 Klistia Alucscimi
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