ASC 684- Advanced Ruminant Nutrition Selected … Handouts...ASC 684- Advanced Ruminant Nutrition Selected Lipid References ... Y. 1993. Dietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in

ASC 684- Advanced Ruminant Nutrition

Selected Lipid References

The AOCS Lipid Library. Available at http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/index.html.

Bauchart, D. 1993. Lipid absorption and transport in ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3864-3881.

Chilliard, Y. 1993. Dietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in ruminants, pigs, and rodents: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3897-3931.

Chilliard, Y., A. Ferlay, R. M. Mansbridge, M. Dorua, J. Agabriel, and I. Givens. 2000. Ruminant milk fat plasticity: nutritional control of saturated, polyunsaturated, trans and conjugated fatty acids. Ann. Zootech. 49:181-205.

Doreau, M and Y. Chilliard.1997. Digestion and metabolism of dietary fat in farm animals. Br. J. Nutr. 78:S15-S35.

Doreau, M., and A. Ferlay. 1994. Digestion and utilisation of fatty acids by ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 45:379-396.

Grummer. 1993. Etiology of lipid-related metabolic disorders in periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3882-3896.

Harfoot, C. G., and G. P. Hazlewood. 1988. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. pp 285-322.In: Hobson, P. N. (Ed.) The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. Elsevier, New York.

Jenkins, T. C. 1993. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3851-3863.

Jenkins, T. C. 1994. Regulation of lipid metabolism in the rumen. J. Nutr. 124:1372S-1376S.

Kaneda, T. 1991. Iso- and anteiso-fatty acids in bacteria: biosynthesis, function, and taxonomic significance. Microbiol. Rev. 55:288-302.

Palmquist, D. L. 1994. The role of dietary fats in efficiency of ruminants. J. Nutr. 124:1377S-1382S.

Yurawecz, M. P. 1999. Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research. AOCS Press. Champaign, IL.

ASC 684 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition

TABLE 63. ETHER EXTRACT COMPONENTS IN FORAGE

TABLE 64. SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

ASC 684 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition FIGURE 74. UNSATURATED FA NOMENCLATURE

TABLE 65. UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

ASC 684 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition FIGURE 75. UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

FIGURE 76. cis‐ AND trans‐ UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

ASC 684 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition FIGURE 77. SATURATED AND UNSATURATED TRIGLYCERIDES


TABLE 66. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF COMMON FEEDSTUFFSa

Fatty acid Alfalfa hay Grass pasture Soybean seed Corn seed ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐total fatty acids, % ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Myristic (14:0) 0.9 1.1 ‐ ‐ Palmitic (16:0) 33.9 15.9 12.4 14.3 Palmitoleic (16:1) 1.2 2.5 ‐ 0.1 Stearic (18:0) 3.8 2.0 3.7 1.9 Oleic (18:1) 3.0 3.4 25.4 39.0 Linoleic (18:2) 24.0 13.2 50.6 43.5 Linolenic (18:3) 31.0 61.3 7.9 1.1 Total fatty acids, % of ether extract 40 57 90 65 Ether extract, % of DM 2.5 – 3.5 3.5 – 5.5 18 – 19 4 aAdapted from Palmquist and Jenkins (1980). J. Dairy Sci. 63:1.

TABLE 67. LIPID CONTENT OF COMMON FEEDSTUFFS

Class Feedstuff % EE Class Feedstuff % EE

Forages

Alfalfa 2 – 3

Oilseeds

Cottonseed (whole) 23 Bermudagrass 2 – 3 Brome grass 2 – 4 Cottonseed meal

(mechanical) 5

Clovers 2 – 4 Fescue 5 – 6 Cottonseed meal

(solvent) 2

Sorghum silage 3 Timothy 2 – 3

Soybeans (whole) 19

Grains

Barley 2 Corn 4

Soybean meal (solvent) 1 – 2 Milo 3 Oats 4

Sunflower seeds (whole) 35 – 45

Byprod

ucts

Beet pulp 1 Brewers’ grains 6 – 7

Sunflower meal (solvent) 3 Corn gluten meal 2

Distillers’ grains (corn) 8 Hominy 8

Meat meal 10 Molasses <10


TABLE 68. LIPID COMPOSITION OF COMMON FORAGE PLANTSa

Plant PCb PG PE MGDG DGDG Alfalfaa 4.6 4.2 5.4 53.5 32.3 White clovera 4.5 4.1 5.2 46.7 31.2 White clover – immatureb 16.4 11.5 13.1 45.9 13.1 White clover – matureb 3.2 4.5 2.3 67.5 22.5 Perennial ryegrassa 8.0 11.1 6.2 42.1 32.6 Paspalum spp.a 5.6 3.4 4.3 54.2 32.5 Corna 5.1 7.4 3.8 48.1 35.7 aAdapted from Harfoot and Hazlewood (1988), p. 287 In: Hobson, P. N. (Ed.) The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. Elsevier, London. bPC = phosphatidylcholine; PG = phosphatidylglycerol; PE = phosphatidylethanolamine; MGDG = monogalactosyl diglyceride; DGDG = digalactosyl diglyceride. cPercentages calculated on a weight basis. dPercentages calculated on a molar basis.

TABLE 69. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF SOME COMMON RUMINANT DIET COMPONENTSa

12:0 14:0 16:0 16:1 17:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:3 Other ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐% of total fatty acids‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Forages Mixed pasture grasses 2.9 3.3 9.4 3.0 ‐ 1.5 13.2 20‐25 30‐39 1.4 Mixed pasture grasses ‐ 1.1 15.9 2.5 ‐ 3.4 13.2 61.3 0.5 ‐ Clover pasture ‐ ‐ 8.9 7.9 ‐ 2.8 9.5 8.1 58.9 3.9 Rations Alfalfa + concentrates 0.6 2.0 24.2 4.4 0.9 2.1 9.6 33.3 18.2 4.7 Concentrates 0.1 1.1 15.0 2.9 0.5 0.4 13.2 57.6 6.2 3.0 aAdapted from Harfoot and Hazlewood (1988), p. 287 In: Hobson, P. N. (Ed.) The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. Elsevier, London.


TABLE 70. RUMINAL BACTERIA INVOLVED IN BIOHYDROGENATION

ASC 684 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition FIGURE 78. ISOMERS OF LINOLEIC ACID

cis‐9,cis‐12

cis‐9, trans‐11

trans‐10, cis‐12

ASC 684 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition FIGURE 79 DE NOVO MICROBIAL FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS


TABLE 71. BACTERIAL FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONa

aFrom Harfoot and Hazlewood (1988), p. 306 In: Hobson, P. N. (Ed.) The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. Elsevier, London.


TABLE 72. PROTOZOAL FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONa

TABLE 73. PROTOZOAL FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONa

aFrom Harfoot and Hazlewood (1988), p. 306 In: Hobson, P. N. (Ed.) The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. Elsevier, London.

ASC 684 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition FIGURE 80. SOURCES OF DUODENAL LIPIDS

FIGURE 81. COMPOSITION OF DUODENAL LIPIDS


TABLE 74. DUODENAL FLOW OF LIPIDS

ASC 684 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition FIGURE 82. LIPID INTAKE AND DUODENAL FLOW

ASC 684 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition FIGURE 83. FATTY ACID INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY

FIGURE 84. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY

ASC 684 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition FIGURE 85. EICOSANOID SYNTHESIS

pro‐inflammatorypro‐aggretatory immunosuppressive thrombotic

anti‐inflammatoryanti‐aggretatory not immunosuppressive vasodilatory

ASC 684 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition FIGURE 86. LIPID DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

ASC 684 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition FIGURE 87 RUMINAL BIOHYDROGENATION

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ASC 684- Advanced Ruminant Nutrition Selected … Handouts...ASC 684- Advanced Ruminant Nutrition Selected Lipid References ... Y. 1993. Dietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in