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ANSI/ASAE S319.3 FEB03Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of FeedMaterials by Sieving

ANSIÕASAE S319.3 FEB03602 ASABE STANDARDS 2006

ANSI/ASAE S319.3 FEB03Approved JUL 1997; reaffirmed FEB 2003 by American National Standards Institute

Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of FeedMaterials by Sieving

Proposed initially by a subcommittee of the American FeedManufacturers Association; approved by the ASAE Electric Power andProcessing Division Technical Committee; adopted by ASAE December1968; reconfirmed December 1973, December 1978, December 1983;revised March 1985; revised by the ASAE Food and Grain Processingand Storage Committee; approved by the Food and Process EngineeringInstitute Standards Committee December 1989; revised editoriallyNovember 1990; reaffirmed December 1994, December 1995; revisedOctober 1996; approved as an American National Standard July 1997;reaffirmed December 2001, February 2003; reaffirmed by ANSI February2003. Editorially revised March 2003.

1 Purpose and scope1.1 The purpose of this Standard is to define a test procedure todetermine the fineness of feed ingredients and to define a method ofexpressing the particle size of the material. Surface area and number ofparticles per unit mass can be calculated from the determined particlesize.1.2 This Standard should be used to determine the fineness of feedingredients where the reduction process yields particles which areprimarily spherical or cubical. It is not adequate to define the particle sizeof materials such as steamed and rolled grains, which are a flakedproduct, or products such as chopped hay where a substantial fractionconsists of elongated particles.1.3 This Standard is compatible with ISO 565, ISO 2395, ISO 2591-1,ISO 3310-1, and ISO 9276-1.

2 Normative referencesThe following standards contain provisions which, through references inthis text, constitute provisions of this Standard. At the time of publication,the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision,and parties to agreements based on this Standard are encouraged toinvestigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of thestandards indicated below. Standards organizations maintain registers ofcurrently valid standards.ASTM E11-95 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing PurposesASTM D1921-89 Test Methods for Particle Size (Sieve Analysis) ofPlastic MaterialsASTM D4749-87 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of Coaland Designating Coal SizeASTM D4570-86 Test Methods for Rubber Chemicals—Determination ofParticle Size of Sulfur by Sieving (Dry)ISO 565:1990 Test sieves—Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate andelectroformed sheet—Nominal sizes of openingsISO 2395:1990 Test sieves and test sieving—VocabularyISO 2591-1:1988 Test sieving—Part 1: Methods using test sieves ofwoven wire cloth and perforated metal plateISO 3310-1:1990 Test sieves—Technical requirements and testing—Part1: Test sieves of metal wire clothISO 9276-1:1990 Representation of results of particle size analysis—Part1: Graphical representation

3 DefinitionsThe following is a list of the definitions for the terms related to thisStandard. Refer to ISO 2395 for more general terminology of test sieving.

3.1 aperture size: Dimension defining an opening.3.2 blinding: Obstruction of the apertures of a sieving medium byparticles of material being sieved.3.3 charge: A test sample, or part of a test sample, placed on a testsieve or a nest of test sieves.3.4 cumulative oversize distribution curve: A curve obtained byplotting the total percentages by mass retained on each of a set of sievesof descending aperture size against the corresponding aperture sizes.3.5 cumulative undersize distribution curve: A curve obtained byplotting the total percentages by mass passing each of a set of sieves ofdescending aperture size against the corresponding aperture sizes.3.6 dispersion agent: Non-toxic chemicals that help break upagglomerates.3.7 end-point: The point in time after which further sieving fails to passan amount sufficient to change the result significantly.3.8 frame: A rigid framework that supports the sieving medium and limitsthe spread of the material being sieved.3.9 log-normal standard deviation: The standard deviation of thelogarithm of particle diameters in a log-normal size distribution curve(refer to equation 2).3.10 median size: Particle diameter at 50% probability of a sizedistribution curve. Equivalent to geometric mean diameter (see equation1).3.11 nest of test sieves: A set of test sieves assembled together witha lid (cover) and a receiver (pan).3.12 oversize: That portion of the charge that has not passed throughthe apertures of a stated sieve.3.13 sample: A representative part taken from a quantity of material.3.14 sieving: The process of separating a mixture of particles accordingto their size by means of one or more sieves.3.15 size distribution curve: A graphical representation of the results ofa size analysis.3.16 test sieve: A sieve, intended for the particle size analysis of thematerial to be sieved, that conforms to a test sieve standardspecification.3.17 undersize: That portion of the charge that has passed through theapertures of a stated sieve.3.18 woven wire cloth: A sieving medium of wires that cross each otherto form the apertures.

4 Test equipment4.1 A set of woven wire-cloth sieves having a frame diameter of either200 mm (ISO 565) or 203 mm (8 in.) (ASTM Standard E11) are used.With the most common shaking equipment, sieves having a height of 25mm (1 in.) or half-height sieves are most suitable to avoid the necessityof resieving the finer fraction. These sieves should consist of the aperturesizes shown in table 1.4.2 A sieve shaker, such as a Tyler Ro-Tap1) or equivalent unit, isrequired.4.3 A balance that can weigh to an accuracy better than 0.1% of thecharge mass should be used.

1)Registered trade name

4.4 Sieve agitators such as plastic or leather rings, or small rubber ballsmay be required to break up agglomerates on finer sieves, usually thosesmaller than 300 mm in opening (ISO 3310-1) or US sieve No. 50.4.5 A dispersion agent2) should be used to facilitate sieving of high-fat orsimilar materials.4.6 Sieve openings must be kept free of feed particles so that normalsieving can be accomplished. A stiff bristle sieve cleaning brush, orcompressed air, is useful for cleaning sieves clogged due to blinding.Sieves must be cleaned periodically to remove oil. Oil can be removed bywashing with water containing a detergent. Sieves must be dried beforeuse.

5 Method of sieving5.1 A charge of 100 g should be used, although larger or smallercharges may be used if necessary. Extra care shall be taken to recoverall material from the sieves when smaller charges are used.5.2 Place the charge on one sieve or the top sieve of the nest of testsieves and shake until the mass of material on any one sieve reachesend-point. End-point is decided by determining the mass on each sieveat 1-min intervals after an initial sieving time of 10 min. If the mass on thesmallest sieve containing any material changes by 0.1% or less of thecharge mass during a 1-min period, the sieving is considered complete.For industrial applications, the end-point determination process can beomitted, and the end-point is set to be the sieving time of 15 min.5.3 For hand-sieving, take the test sieve or nest of test sieves in onehand, or cradle it in the crook of the arm if too heavy. Incline the sieve(or the nest) at an angle of about 20° with the point at which the sieveis held in the lower position, and tap the sieve (or nest) approximately120 times a minute with the other hand. After tappings, return the testsieve to a horizontal position, turn 90° and give a hard tap by handagainst the sieve frame. From time to time the sieve may also be shakenvertically.5.4 Mass of material on all sieves should be determined and recorded.5.5 If a dispersing agent is required, it should be added at a level of0.5% relative to total charge mass, and its effect on particle size need notbe considered.

2)Dispersion agents include Cab-O-Sil MS available from the Cabot Corp., Boston;Ziolex 23A and Zeofree 80 available from the J. M. Huber Corp., New York; andFlo-Gard available from the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., St. Louis.

Table 1 – Aperture sizes for test sieves

ISO 3310-1supplementary

sizes R40/3 US sieve no. US sieve opening Tyler designation

(mm) (mm) (in.)4.75 4 4.76 0.187 43.35 6 3.36 0.132 62.36 8 2.38 0.0937 81.70 12 1.68 0.0661 101.18 16 1.19 0.0469 14

(µm) (µm)850 20 841 0.0331 20600 30 595 0.0234 28425 40 420 0.0165 35300 50 297 0.0117 48212 70 210 0.0083 65150 100 149 0.0059 100106 140 105 0.0041 15075 200 74 0.0029 20053 270 53 0.0021 270

Pan

ANSIÕASAE S3ASABE STANDARDS 2006

5.6 If 20% or more of the material by mass passes the smallest sieve,the fine material should be subjected to a non-sieving particle sizeanalysis, such as microscopic measurement or sedimentation testing,and such analysis should be reported separately.

6 Data analysis6.1 Particle size data can be presented in histograms, densitydistributions and cumulative distributions. The procedures andnomenclature specified in ISO 9276-1 apply to this Standard.6.2 Calculation of particle size, surface area, and number of particles bymass calculations is based on the assumption that particle sizes of allground feeds and feed ingredients are logarithmic-normally distributed.6.2.1 The size of particles can be reported in terms of geometric meandiameter (or median size) and geometric standard deviation by mass.6.2.2 Calculation formulas, based on the derivations by Pfost andHeadley (1976) and Sokhansanj and Yang (1996), are as follows:

dgw� log�1��i�1

n

�Wi log di�

�i�1

n

Wi� (1)

S log���i�1

n

Wi� log di� log dgw�2

�i�1

n

Wi� 1/2

�S ln

2.3(2)

Sgw

�1

2dgw� log�1S log−(log�1S log)

−1] (3)

where:

di is nominal sieve aperture size of the i th sieve, mmdi�1 is nominal sieve aperture size in next larger than ithsieve

(just above in a set), mmdgw is geometric mean diameter or median size of particles

by mass, mm, oris geometric mean diameter or median size of particles

on ith sieve, mm, oris (di�di�1)1/2

S log is geometric standard deviation of log-normal distributionby mass in ten-based logarithm, dimensionless

S ln is geometric standard deviation of log-normal distributionby mass in natural logarithm, dimensionless

Sgw is geometric standard deviation of particle diameter by mass,mm

Wi is mass on ith sieve, gn is number of sieves +1 (pan)

S log can, in addition to equation 2, also be determined by graphicalmethod as:

S log� log� d84

d50�� log� d50

d16� (4)

Sgw�1

2�d84�d16� (5)

where:

d84 is particle diameter at 84% probability

d50 is particle diameter at 50% probability

d16 is particle diameter at 16% probability

19.3 FEB03 603

6.2.3 Material passing a 53-µm sieve (ISO 3310-1) or US sieve No. 270should be considered to have a mean diameter of 0.045 or 0.044 mm,respectively, and di is equal to 0.045 mm or 0.044 mm, respectively. Thegeometric mean diameter (or median size) of particles larger than theaperture size of 4.75 mm (ISO 3310-1) or US sieve No. 4 is determinedby using the 6.70 mm sieve (ISO 3310-1) or US sieve No. 3 with a sieveaperture size of 6.73 mm (4.76 � &) as the i th � 1 sieve.6.2.4 The equation for estimating the total surface area of particles in acharge is:

Ast��sWt

�v�exp�4.5� ln

2−ln gw� (6)

where:

Ast is estimated total surface area of a charge, cm2

�s is shape factor for calculating surface area of particles. Cubical,�s � 6; Spherical, �s �

�v is shape factor for calculating volume of particles. Cubical,�v � 1; Spherical, �v � /6

� is particle density of the material, g /cm3

� ln is log-normal geometric standard deviation of parent populationby mass in natural logarithm, use S ln as an estimate

gw is geometric mean particle diameter of parent population bymass, cm, use dgw as an estimate

(Note: gw is expressed in cm and dgw in mm)

Wt is mass of a charge, g

6.2.5 Similarly the number of particles in a charge is calculated as:

Nt�Wt

�v�exp�4.5� ln

2−3 ln gw� (7)

where:

Nt is the number of particles in a charge

ANSIÕASAE S3604

6.2.6 Table 1 shows a typical data sheet used for tabulation of sievingdata and calculation of log-normal particle size distribution parameters bymass where sieves of 203-mm frame diameter (ASTM Standard E11) areused.6.2.7 Sample calculations.Using equations 1 through 3, the following can be obtained:

dgw� log�1���Wi log di�

�Wi�� log�1��21.986

96.3 ��0.591 mm

S log�� �Wi� log di� log dgw�2

�Wi

� 1/2

�� 11.256

96.3 � 1/2

�0.341

Sgw�1

2dgw� log�1S ln�� log�1S ln�

�1��0.591�2.19�2.19�1�

2

�0.512 mm

The geometric mean diameter (or median size) (dgw) and log-normalgeometric standard deviation (S log) may also be obtained graphically byplotting the summed percentages in table 2 (�Pi , %<) on logarithmicprobability paper in relation to particle diameter (figure 1). From figure 1,

dgw�d50�0.59 mm

S log� log� d84

d50�� log� 1.3

0.59 �� log� d50

d16�� log� 0.59

0.26 ��0.34

Sgw�1

2�d84�d16��

1.3�0.26

2�0.52

Assuming that a ground corn particle is spherical and has 1.4 g/cm3

average particle density,

Ast� • 96.3

� /6 � • 1.4exp�0.5 � �2.3 � 0.341 �2� ln�0.0591 ��

�9498.1 cm2

lculation of log-normal particle size distribution parameters by mass

6 Material: Ground corn

�Pi(%<) log di Wi log di

( log di−logdgw)

Wi( log di−logdgw)2

0.751100.00 0.602

95.86 0.451 1.806 0.680 1.84890.56 0.301 1.535 0.529 1.42980.59 0.150 1.444 0.379 1.37766.57 −0.000 −0.001 0.228 0.70347.05 −0.152 −2.866 0.076 0.10833.55 −0.303 −3.938 −0.075 0.07221.50 −0.452 −5.243 −0.224 0.58011.01 −0.603 −6.085 −0.374 1.414

4.16 −0.752 −4.965 −0.524 1.8120.42 −0.903 −3.250 −0.675 1.6380.00 −1.055 −0.422 −0.826 0.273

−1.203 0.000−1.356 0.000

−21.986 11.256

mass.

19.3 FEB03 ASABE STANDARDS 2006

Table 2 – Typical data sheet used for tabulation of sieving data and ca

Test No: ASAE-11 Date: 5-1

ISO 3310-1Size R40/3(mm)

USSieveNo.

USSieve

Size (di)(mm)

Wi(g)

Pi*1)

(%)

6.70 3 6.734.75 4 4.763.35 6 3.362.36 8 2.28 4.0 4.151.70 12 1.68 5.1 5.301.18 16 1.19 9.6 9.970.850 20 0.841 13.5 14.020.600 30 0.595 18.8 19.520.425 40 0.420 13.0 13.500.300 50 0.297 11.6 12.050.212 70 0.210 10.1 10.490.150 100 0.149 6.6 6.850.106 140 0.105 3.6 3.740.075 200 0.074 0.4 0.420.053 270 0.0530.045 pan 0.044

Summation 96.3 100.01

1)Pi is equal to the mass of the particles on the i th sieve divided by the total charge

Annex A(informative)Bibliography

The following documents are cited as reference sources used indevelopment of this Standard.

Pfost, H. and V. Headley. Methods of determining and expressingparticle size, in: Feed Manufacturing Technology. American FeedIndustry Council, Arlington, VA, pp. 512-517;1976.

Sokhansanj, S., and W. Yang. Revision of ASAE standard: ASAES319.2. Method of determining and expressing fineness of feed materialsby sieving. ASAE Paper No. 966002, St Joseph, MI 49085-9659; 1996.

Figure 1 – Cumulative undersize distribution by massfor a ground corn sample.

ANSIÕASAE S3ASABE STANDARDS 2006

Nt�96.3

� /6 � • 1.4exp�4.5 • �2.3 • 0.341 �2�3 ln�0.0591 ��

�10136648

19.3 FEB03 605