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AS Level PsychologyAS Level PsychologyThe core studiesThe core studies
Cognitive Approach
Eye Witness Eye Witness TestimonyTestimony
Traffic accident clipsTraffic accident clips
Traffic Accident Traffic Accident QuestionsQuestions
• Clip 1: Who was responsible for the accident?• Clip 2: What was the weather like?• Clip 3: About how fast in miles per hour was the
car going when it smashed into the bus?• Clip 4: What was the colour of the car out of
control?• Clip 5: Which way did the car skid first?• Clip 6: Did the car have an amber or a green
light at the junction?• Clip 7: Which part of the red car was damaged?
Eye Witness Eye Witness TestimonyTestimony
• The study of human memory is a research area in cognitive psychology
• Eye witness testimony involves memory!
Eye witness Eye witness testimony?testimony?
• Elizabeth Loftus & John Palmer tested the reliability of eye witness testimony
• Can the memory of an event be changed by the way witnesses are questioned?
• The effect of leading questions
Loftus & PalmerLoftus & PalmerClass discussion:• What is a leading question ?
Do we agree that• Memory is not like a camera - we always
reconstruct our memories
Loftus & PalmerLoftus & Palmer
• The title of their paper was: The reconstruction of an automobile destruction
• Their research involved two experiments
Loftus & Palmer Loftus & Palmer Experiment 1Experiment 1
• The participants - 45 students• The procedure - Students watched film clips of
car accidents• After watching the films the students were asked
to do two things
Loftus & Palmer Loftus & Palmer Experiment 1 Experiment 1
1. Write an account of what they had seen
2. Answer questions about what they had seen
One question was the critical question
Loftus & Palmer Loftus & Palmer Experiment 1Experiment 1
The Critical QuestionAbout how fast were the cars going when they(*******) each other?
There were five conditions (verbs) in theexperiment (Five groups of students)
Loftus & Palmer Loftus & Palmer Experiment 1 Experiment 1
The five conditions (verbs)
Were:1. Contacted 2. Hit 3. Bumped 4. Collided5. Smashed
Loftus & Palmer Loftus & Palmer Experiment 1 Experiment 1
Expt 1: Estimated Speed for Verb Used
20
25
30
35
40
45
Contac
ted Hit
Bumpe
d
Collided
Smas
hed
Sp
eed
Loftus & Palmer Loftus & Palmer Experiment 1 Experiment 1
• What conclusion can you draw from the findings?• What was the IV?• What was the DV?
Eye Witness Eye Witness TestimonyTestimony
The second experiment by
Loftus & Palmer
Loftus & Palmer - Loftus & Palmer - Experiment 2Experiment 2
• The participants - 150 students
• The procedure - Students watched a one minute film which showed a 4 second multiple car accident
Loftus & Palmer - Loftus & Palmer - Experiment 2Experiment 2
After the film the participants were divided intothree experimental groups
Loftus & Palmer - Loftus & Palmer - Experiment 2Experiment 2
Group 1 was asked:
“How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?”
Loftus & Palmer - Loftus & Palmer - Experiment 2Experiment 2
Group 2 was asked:
“How fast were the cars going when theysmashed into each other?”
Loftus & Palmer - Loftus & Palmer - Experiment 2Experiment 2
Group 3 was asked no question about the speedof the cars
Loftus & Palmer - Loftus & Palmer - Experiment 2Experiment 2
One week later• The participants returned and were asked more
questions including the critical question
“Did you see any broken glass?”
Loftus & Palmer - Loftus & Palmer - Experiment 2Experiment 2
The findings• Which group
saw more broken glass?
Expt 2: Response to "Did you see any broken glass"
01020
304050
Smashed Hit Control
No
. o
f R
esp
on
ses
Yes
No
Loftus & Palmer - Loftus & Palmer - Experiment 2Experiment 2
• What was the DV in the second experiment?
• What conclusion can you draw from the findings?
• Complete a card sort to identify which results and conclusions link to experiment 1 and which results and conclusions link to experiment 2.
• You will be provided with cards with information on both experiments and some ‘red herrings’ too!
• In pairs you need to organise the cards logically in sequence and into the three groups;
1. Results & conclusions from experiment 1
2. Results & conclusions from experiment 2
3. Red herrings!
Verb Used Speed estimation
2 conclusions
Verb Condition
Number of participants that saw broken glass
% that saw broken glass
Plus 6 red herrings!
Results from exp 1: Results from exp 2:
Verb Used Speed estimation
2 conclusions
Smashed 40.8 Response Bias
Collided 39.3 Memory alteration caused by schema provoked by the word used
Bumped 38.1
Hit 34
Contacted 31.8
Verb Condition
Number of participants that saw broken glass
% that saw broken glass
Smashed 16 32%
Hit 7 14%
Control 6 12%
Plus 6 red herrings!
Results from exp 1: Results from exp 2:
•Confirm your card sort is correct by your teacher
•Use this information to complete the Core study worksheet-
complete the charts using this information
•Answer the questions about the conclusions that can be drawn
from the study
Loftus & Palmer Loftus & Palmer • Was this research in any way unethical?• Did this research have ecological validity?• Was this a repeated measures design
or an independent measures design?
Loftus & Palmer Loftus & Palmer • Read the study• In your general text, read up on what
psychologists say about human memory• According to Loftus & Palmer (in the 2nd
experiment) how did the leading question ‘change’ the memory ?
Eye Witness Eye Witness testimonytestimony
• Do you think that unsupported eye witness testimony should be sufficient evidence upon which to convict someone?