Aryan Migration into IndiaAryan Migration into India

1500-1200 BCE Aryans brought the Vedic 1500-1200 BCE Aryans brought the Vedic tradition with themtradition with them

Patriarchal tribes Patriarchal tribes Horse-drawn chariots Horse-drawn chariots A warrior classA warrior class A pantheon similar the Greek pantheonA pantheon similar the Greek pantheon

Their conquest or climatic change caused decline Their conquest or climatic change caused decline of the IVCof the IVC

The Vedic Tradition The Vedic Tradition

Aryans brought their religion and caste system: Aryans brought their religion and caste system: Priests, warriors, merchants/commoners, servantsPriests, warriors, merchants/commoners, servants

1500-5001500-500 BCE – Vedas were written down BCE – Vedas were written down Samhitas - Hymns of praise to deities (Rig Veda)Samhitas - Hymns of praise to deities (Rig Veda) Brahmanas - Ritual sacrifices to deitiesBrahmanas - Ritual sacrifices to deities Aranyakas - Teaching from spiritual mastersAranyakas - Teaching from spiritual masters Upanishads - Teaching from spiritual mastersUpanishads - Teaching from spiritual masters

The Vedic TraditionThe Vedic TraditionThe Vedic TraditionThe Vedic Tradition

Vedic Tradition Vedic Tradition probably incorporated probably incorporated ideas from the IVC ideas from the IVC (yoga, Siva)(yoga, Siva)

Priestly, sacrificial Priestly, sacrificial rites viewed as rites viewed as necessary to uphold necessary to uphold the cosmic order and the cosmic order and naturenature

UpanishadsUpanishadsUpanishadsUpanishads

Recorded between Recorded between 600-400 BCE600-400 BCE Not concerned with Vedic ritualsNot concerned with Vedic rituals Emphasis on private asceticism and self-Emphasis on private asceticism and self-

realizationrealization

Led to Buddhism and JainismLed to Buddhism and Jainism

Origins of BuddhismOrigins of BuddhismOrigins of BuddhismOrigins of Buddhism

563-486 BCE - Teachings of 563-486 BCE - Teachings of Siddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama

Siddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama Siddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama

Via Pali Canon:Via Pali Canon: Born a prince Born a prince Married at 16, had one sonMarried at 16, had one son Beheld 4 Sights (sick, old, dead, monk)Beheld 4 Sights (sick, old, dead, monk) Renounced world at 29Renounced world at 29 Left father’s palace, wife and son to search for an Left father’s palace, wife and son to search for an

answer to sufferinganswer to suffering

Buddha at Bodh GayaBuddha at Bodh GayaBuddha at Bodh GayaBuddha at Bodh Gaya

Enlightened at 35 in Bodh GayaRealized cause and cure for suffering

Taught for 45 years as itinerant monk / Died at 80

Alexander the GreatAlexander the GreatAlexander the GreatAlexander the Great Alexander heard of India’s riches and Alexander heard of India’s riches and

wanted to take it overwanted to take it over

Alexander the GreatAlexander the GreatAlexander the GreatAlexander the Great

The Mauryan DynastyThe Mauryan Dynasty324-184 BCE324-184 BCE

The Mauryan DynastyThe Mauryan Dynasty324-184 BCE324-184 BCE

Chandragupta Maurya took over all Chandragupta Maurya took over all of northern Indiaof northern India

Later renounced the throne to Later renounced the throne to become a Jain monkbecome a Jain monk

Chadragupta’s grandson, Ashoka, Chadragupta’s grandson, Ashoka, converted to and spread Buddhismconverted to and spread Buddhism

Spread of Mauryan EmpireSpread of Mauryan EmpireSpread of Mauryan EmpireSpread of Mauryan Empire

CHANDRAGUPTA c. 298 BCE

King Ashoka – Reign 272-232 King Ashoka – Reign 272-232 BCEBCE

King Ashoka – Reign 272-232 King Ashoka – Reign 272-232 BCEBCE

Stretched the borders Stretched the borders of the Mauryan empire of the Mauryan empire to its furthest extentto its furthest extent

After killing thousands After killing thousands in battle, King Ashoka in battle, King Ashoka lamented his deeds lamented his deeds and erected pillars all and erected pillars all over India expressing over India expressing remorse for having remorse for having killedkilled

King Ashoka’s PillarsKing Ashoka’s PillarsKing Ashoka’s PillarsKing Ashoka’s Pillars

Solid, polished sandstoneSolid, polished sandstone Best examples of Mauryan Best examples of Mauryan

ArtArt 10 remain standing10 remain standing

Erected in places Erected in places associated with events in associated with events in Buddha’s lifeBuddha’s life

Best preserved pillar in Best preserved pillar in Bihar state close to Bihar state close to Nepalese borderNepalese border Topped by seated lionTopped by seated lion

As lion is king of the jungle, so As lion is king of the jungle, so Buddha king of spiritual teachersBuddha king of spiritual teachers

32 feet high32 feet high Weighs around 40-50 tonsWeighs around 40-50 tons

Most famous pillar at Most famous pillar at SarnathSarnath

Most famous pillar at Most famous pillar at SarnathSarnath Buddha’s first sermon in Buddha’s first sermon in

deer parkdeer park Four royal animals Four royal animals

symbolize the four symbolize the four corners of the worldcorners of the world

Elephant (east)Elephant (east) Horse (south)Horse (south) Bull (west)Bull (west) Lion (north)Lion (north)

Four wheels Four wheels wheel of the law/dharmawheel of the law/dharma

Four lions on topFour lions on top 7 feet high7 feet high

Indian Flag TodayIndian Flag TodayIndian Flag TodayIndian Flag Today

Great Stupa at SanchiGreat Stupa at SanchiGreat Stupa at SanchiGreat Stupa at Sanchi

Built by AshokaBuilt by Ashoka 3-tiered umbrella: Buddha, Law, Sangha 3-tiered umbrella: Buddha, Law, Sangha

(3 Jewels)(3 Jewels) Umbrella within square enclosure:Umbrella within square enclosure:

Ancient practice of enclosing sacred treesAncient practice of enclosing sacred trees Four stone gates: 34 feet highFour stone gates: 34 feet high

From Stupa to PagodaFrom Stupa to PagodaFrom Stupa to PagodaFrom Stupa to Pagoda

From Stupa to PagodaFrom Stupa to PagodaFrom Stupa to PagodaFrom Stupa to Pagoda

Stupa became Stupa became pagoda in China pagoda in China and Japanand Japan

AjantaAjantaAjantaAjanta

Rock Chambers in AjantaFor religious ceremonies and rooms to house monks

Chambers are rectangular with pillars, altar, vaulted ceiling / Like Roman basilicas in the West

Map of the Silk RoadMap of the Silk RoadMap of the Silk RoadMap of the Silk Road

Map of the Silk RoadMap of the Silk RoadMap of the Silk RoadMap of the Silk Road

KushansKushansKushansKushans After fall of Mauryans in 183 After fall of Mauryans in 183

BCE, Kushans rose to power in BCE, Kushans rose to power in 1st century CE1st century CE

Indo-EuropeansIndo-Europeans Controlled trade route between Controlled trade route between

China and RomeChina and Rome From Kushan, goods were shipped From Kushan, goods were shipped

to Rome via Persian Gulf or Red to Rome via Persian Gulf or Red SeaSea

Ended 3rd century CE Ended 3rd century CE (uncertain conditions)(uncertain conditions)

Buddhism traveled along Silk Road Buddhism traveled along Silk Road from India to China during 2nd from India to China during 2nd century BCEcentury BCE

Indians and Chinese exchanged ideas Indians and Chinese exchanged ideas and technological advances as well: and technological advances as well: astronomy, mathematics, linguistics, astronomy, mathematics, linguistics, healthcarehealthcare

Gupta DynastyGupta DynastyGupta DynastyGupta Dynasty Pataliputra was the capital Pataliputra was the capital Buddhists allowed to practice, but Buddhists allowed to practice, but

Hinduism was the Gupta Hinduism was the Gupta sponsored religion sponsored religion

Hinduism was used to sanction Hinduism was used to sanction their rule and to establish the their rule and to establish the order of caste societyorder of caste society

Ruled indirectly. Left indigenous Ruled indirectly. Left indigenous system intact and demanded only system intact and demanded only tribute (taxes)tribute (taxes)

Laws of Manu established as Laws of Manu established as source of authority in Hindu source of authority in Hindu orthodoxyorthodoxy

Guptas continuedGuptas continuedGuptas continuedGuptas continued

Huns invaded around 460 CEHuns invaded around 460 CE Disrupted international trade and reduced Disrupted international trade and reduced

Gupta wealthGupta wealth Hun armies eventually gained control of Hun armies eventually gained control of

northern and central Indianorthern and central India After the fall of the Guptas, weak, After the fall of the Guptas, weak,

decentralized rule characterized India decentralized rule characterized India though there was always great cultural though there was always great cultural cohesioncohesion

Dunhuang CavesDunhuang CavesDunhuang CavesDunhuang Caves

Buddhist DemographicsBuddhist DemographicsBuddhist DemographicsBuddhist Demographics

1900: 30% of the world’s population was 1900: 30% of the world’s population was BuddhistBuddhist Loss of China, North and South Korea (Xty), Loss of China, North and South Korea (Xty),

Mongolia, Tibet to CommunismMongolia, Tibet to Communism

1998: 6% of the world’s population is 1998: 6% of the world’s population is BuddhistBuddhist South Asia and East AsiaSouth Asia and East Asia

Latin America, Europe, North America, former USSRLatin America, Europe, North America, former USSR

.5% of the US population (ARIS, 2001).5% of the US population (ARIS, 2001)

Greek presence and influence in Greek presence and influence in IndiaIndia

Greek presence and influence in Greek presence and influence in IndiaIndia

Pillar - Greek Late Pillar - Greek Late Archaic StyleArchaic Style

Located in Patna Located in Patna (Pataliputra)(Pataliputra)

Erected 3rd Erected 3rd century BCEcentury BCE

In Patna Museum In Patna Museum todaytoday

Greco-Bactrian KingdomGreco-Bactrian KingdomGreco-Bactrian KingdomGreco-Bactrian Kingdom

250-125 BCE250-125 BCE

Greek presence and Greek presence and influence in Indiainfluence in India

Greek presence and Greek presence and influence in Indiainfluence in India

Bilingual edict in Bilingual edict in Greek and Aramaic Greek and Aramaic by King Ashoka by King Ashoka Located in Located in

KandhaharKandhahar Located in the Located in the

Kabul Museum Kabul Museum todaytoday

The Indo-Greek KingdomThe Indo-Greek KingdomThe Indo-Greek KingdomThe Indo-Greek Kingdom

Founder of the Indo-Founder of the Indo-Greek KingdomGreek Kingdom

Demetriuis I “the Demetriuis I “the invincible”invincible”

Ruled from 205-171 Ruled from 205-171 BCEBCE

Wearing a scalp of Wearing a scalp of an elephant, symbol an elephant, symbol of his conquests of of his conquests of IndiaIndia

Indo-Greek KingdomIndo-Greek KingdomIndo-Greek KingdomIndo-Greek Kingdom

180-10 BCE180-10 BCE Founded when Founded when

Greco-Bactrian Greco-Bactrian King, Demetrius, King, Demetrius, invaded India in invaded India in 180 BCE, 180 BCE, separating from separating from the Greco-Bactrian the Greco-Bactrian KingdomKingdom

The First Noble TruthThe First Noble TruthThe First Noble TruthThe First Noble Truth

(1) Life is “dukkha” / suffering(1) Life is “dukkha” / suffering Life can typically be unfulfilling and filled Life can typically be unfulfilling and filled

with insecuritywith insecurity Even pleasure is gilded painEven pleasure is gilded pain Buddha identified 6 moments especially:Buddha identified 6 moments especially:

birth, sickness, decrepitude, phobia of birth, sickness, decrepitude, phobia of death, to be tied to what one dislikes, to death, to be tied to what one dislikes, to be separated from what one lovesbe separated from what one loves

The Second Noble TruthThe Second Noble TruthThe Second Noble TruthThe Second Noble Truth

Life’s dislocation is caused by Life’s dislocation is caused by “tanha”“tanha”

““Desire” is not an accurate translation Desire” is not an accurate translation because Buddha advocated certain desires because Buddha advocated certain desires such as that for liberation and for the end of such as that for liberation and for the end of suffering of otherssuffering of others

Sensory pleasure, fame/fortune, Sensory pleasure, fame/fortune, attachment to ideas, things to stay attachment to ideas, things to stay as is or be differentas is or be different

The Third Noble TruthThe Third Noble TruthThe Third Noble TruthThe Third Noble Truth

There is a way out of this sufferingThere is a way out of this suffering

The Fourth Noble TruthThe Fourth Noble TruthThe Fourth Noble TruthThe Fourth Noble Truth

The way to overcome suffering is to The way to overcome suffering is to follow the 8-fold pathfollow the 8-fold path

8-Fold Path / Wisdom8-Fold Path / Wisdom8-Fold Path / Wisdom8-Fold Path / Wisdom Right KnowledgeRight Knowledge

Knowledge of the 4 Noble Truths & PathKnowledge of the 4 Noble Truths & Path Impermanence (anicca in Pali)Impermanence (anicca in Pali) No self (anatta in Pali) (anata in Japanese)No self (anatta in Pali) (anata in Japanese) Train the mind to end sufferingTrain the mind to end suffering

Right MotivationRight Motivation Focused on being freed from self-Focused on being freed from self-

centerednesscenteredness

8-Fold Path / Morality8-Fold Path / Morality8-Fold Path / Morality8-Fold Path / Morality

Right SpeechRight Speech Honesty in words / motives behind wordsHonesty in words / motives behind words

Right BehaviorRight Behavior Be selfless and charitableBe selfless and charitable 5 Precepts: do not kill, steal, lie, be unchaste, 5 Precepts: do not kill, steal, lie, be unchaste,

drink intoxicantsdrink intoxicants Right LivelihoodRight Livelihood

Monasticism or jobs that promote life and Monasticism or jobs that promote life and abide by 5 Preceptsabide by 5 Precepts

8-Fold Path / Meditation8-Fold Path / Meditation8-Fold Path / Meditation8-Fold Path / Meditation Right EffortRight Effort

Persistent striving, long-term effortPersistent striving, long-term effort Right MindfulnessRight Mindfulness

Keep the mind in control of senses and Keep the mind in control of senses and impulsesimpulses

Non-carelessness, non-distractionNon-carelessness, non-distraction Right MeditationRight Meditation

Mental Discipline to quiet the mindMental Discipline to quiet the mind Mind reposing in its true conditionMind reposing in its true condition

Two Schools of ThoughtTwo Schools of ThoughtTwo Schools of ThoughtTwo Schools of Thought

Theravada (Hinayana) and MahayanaTheravada (Hinayana) and Mahayana

Theravada: Buddha as enlightened humanTheravada: Buddha as enlightened human

Mahayana: Buddha as an incarnation of an Mahayana: Buddha as an incarnation of an universal principleuniversal principle

TheravadaTheravadaTheravadaTheravada Sri Lanka, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Thailand,

Cambodia, Myanmar, LaosCambodia, Myanmar, Laos

Buddha as person in historyBuddha as person in history

Distinction between Distinction between samsara/nirvanasamsara/nirvana

One can be like the Buddha One can be like the Buddha through dedication and through dedication and practicepractice No supernatural help for No supernatural help for

enlightenmentenlightenment

Theravadan MonksTheravadan MonksTheravadan MonksTheravadan Monks

About 500,000 monks About 500,000 monks in Southeast Asiain Southeast Asia

Shave headsShave heads Dress in simple robesDress in simple robes Practice celibacyPractice celibacy Monastic lifestyle is Monastic lifestyle is

necessary for nirvananecessary for nirvana Five additional precepts: Five additional precepts:

no eating after noon, no no eating after noon, no secular amusements, no secular amusements, no accepting money, no accepting money, no sleeping in luxurious beds, sleeping in luxurious beds, no using perfume, etc.no using perfume, etc.

MahayanaMahayanaMahayanaMahayana

Mahayana Buddhism emerges in the 1Mahayana Buddhism emerges in the 1stst century CEcentury CE

India, Tibet, Nepal, China, Korea, Japan, India, Tibet, Nepal, China, Korea, Japan, Singapore, VietnamSingapore, Vietnam

Arhat ideal replaced by Bodhisattva idealArhat ideal replaced by Bodhisattva ideal Doctrine of the “Three Bodies” (Trikaya)Doctrine of the “Three Bodies” (Trikaya) Mayahanists can pray to Buddhas and Mayahanists can pray to Buddhas and

BodhisattvasBodhisattvas

Bodhisattva of CompassionBodhisattva of CompassionBodhisattva of CompassionBodhisattva of Compassion

Bodhisattva of Wisdom, Bodhisattva of Wisdom, Intelligence, PowerIntelligence, Power

Bodhisattva of Wisdom, Bodhisattva of Wisdom, Intelligence, PowerIntelligence, Power

MaitreyaMaitreyaMaitreyaMaitreya

Mahayana TrikayaMahayana TrikayaMahayana TrikayaMahayana Trikaya Body of TransformationBody of Transformation (nirmanakaya) (nirmanakaya)

The Buddha living on Earth as Siddhartha The Buddha living on Earth as Siddhartha GautamaGautama

Body of BlissBody of Bliss (sambhogakaya) (sambhogakaya) Realm of Buddhas and celestial BodhisattvasRealm of Buddhas and celestial Bodhisattvas The heavenly Buddha concerned with our The heavenly Buddha concerned with our

world: Amitabha / Amidaworld: Amitabha / Amida Body of EssenceBody of Essence (dharmakaya) (dharmakaya)

Buddha Principle as eternal, cosmic reality / Buddha Principle as eternal, cosmic reality / pervades universepervades universe

Mahayana ScripturesMahayana ScripturesMahayana ScripturesMahayana Scriptures GARLAND SUTRA (Avatamsaka-Sutra / 2GARLAND SUTRA (Avatamsaka-Sutra / 2ndnd century century

C.E.)C.E.) Interrelatedness of phenomena and interpenetration Interrelatedness of phenomena and interpenetration

of absolute with phenomenaof absolute with phenomena Asserts that benevolence or compassion is the Asserts that benevolence or compassion is the

fundamental principle of Mahayanafundamental principle of Mahayana Incorporated the 4Incorporated the 4thth century C.E. sutra called century C.E. sutra called

DasabhumikaDasabhumika Describes 10 stages of BodhisattvahoodDescribes 10 stages of Bodhisattvahood After the 6After the 6thth station, one became a celestial Bodhisattva who station, one became a celestial Bodhisattva who

leads others to salvationleads others to salvation

Incorporated the 2Incorporated the 2ndnd century C.E. sutra called century C.E. sutra called Gandavyuha Gandavyuha Focuses on Bodhisattva Manjusri and attainment of Focuses on Bodhisattva Manjusri and attainment of

Buddhahood by SudhanaBuddhahood by Sudhana

Mahayana ScripturesMahayana ScripturesMahayana ScripturesMahayana Scriptures Array of the Happy Land (Sukhavativyuha-Array of the Happy Land (Sukhavativyuha-

Sutra / 1Sutra / 1stst century C.E.) century C.E.) Celebrates Amitabha Buddha who created a Celebrates Amitabha Buddha who created a

pure land where those with faith will be rebornpure land where those with faith will be reborn From confidence in Buddha’s teaching to faith and From confidence in Buddha’s teaching to faith and

devotiondevotion One becomes the recipient of karmic grace of One becomes the recipient of karmic grace of

Amida BuddhaAmida Buddha Gives up relying on one’s own efforts and relies on Gives up relying on one’s own efforts and relies on

grace of the Buddhagrace of the Buddha Repeat Amida’s name (early)Repeat Amida’s name (early) Shinran: Saying Amida’s name only once is enough (later)Shinran: Saying Amida’s name only once is enough (later) Faith with an acoustic interpretation: sound of “Amida” by Faith with an acoustic interpretation: sound of “Amida” by

itself is enough to achieve salvationitself is enough to achieve salvation

Mahayana ScripturesMahayana ScripturesMahayana ScripturesMahayana Scriptures

Lotus of the True Law Lotus of the True Law (Saddharmapundarika / 2(Saddharmapundarika / 2ndnd century C.E.) century C.E.) Merges Hinayana and Mahayana teachingsMerges Hinayana and Mahayana teachings Reduces the many bodhisattvas and buddas Reduces the many bodhisattvas and buddas

to just one eternal Buddhato just one eternal Buddha Buddha appeared on earth to guide people Buddha appeared on earth to guide people

to salvationto salvation Most popular Buddhist scripture in China and Most popular Buddhist scripture in China and

JapanJapan Japanese Buddhists of Nichiren sect make it their Japanese Buddhists of Nichiren sect make it their

sole canonical textsole canonical text

Mahayana ScripturesMahayana ScripturesMahayana ScripturesMahayana Scriptures

Perfection of Wisdom Scriptures Perfection of Wisdom Scriptures (Prajnaparamita Sutra 2(Prajnaparamita Sutra 2ndnd century C.E.) century C.E.) Explains and glorifies the 10 perfections of Explains and glorifies the 10 perfections of

the bodhisattvathe bodhisattva Expounds doctrine of Emptiness in various Expounds doctrine of Emptiness in various

sutras of 100,000; 25,000 and 18,000 sutras of 100,000; 25,000 and 18,000 versesverses

Diamond Sutra (condensed version)Diamond Sutra (condensed version) Heart Sutra (condensed version)Heart Sutra (condensed version)

All activities are like a “dream…or flash of lightning”All activities are like a “dream…or flash of lightning”

ZenZenZenZen Founded by Bodhidharma, Chinese monk Founded by Bodhidharma, Chinese monk

during 5during 5thth century CE (1 century CE (1stst Patriarch) Patriarch) Mind is main obstacle to realizationMind is main obstacle to realization

Undermine rationality through specific Undermine rationality through specific trainingtraining

Watching breathWatching breath Calm, natural mind revealed in its original Calm, natural mind revealed in its original

puritypurity Dismisses scriptures, Buddhas and Dismisses scriptures, Buddhas and

bodhisattvas in favor of training for direct bodhisattvas in favor of training for direct insight into true nature of one’s own mindinsight into true nature of one’s own mind

Enlightenment can be instantaneousEnlightenment can be instantaneous

The ArtsThe ArtsThe ArtsThe Arts

Foundation for fine artsFoundation for fine arts Not solely utilitarian, aesthetic or Not solely utilitarian, aesthetic or

entertainingentertaining Train the mind to have contact with ultimate Train the mind to have contact with ultimate

realityreality Art of self-forgetfulnessArt of self-forgetfulness

Flower arrangementFlower arrangement DancingDancing Tea Ceremony (page 160)Tea Ceremony (page 160) SwordsmanshipSwordsmanship CalligraphyCalligraphy ArcheryArchery

Zen ScripturesZen ScripturesZen ScripturesZen Scriptures

Platform SutraPlatform Sutra Sixth Chinese Patriarch Hui-neng (638-713) Sixth Chinese Patriarch Hui-neng (638-713)

became enlightened listening to the became enlightened listening to the Diamond SutraDiamond Sutra

Wu-men-kuan (The Gateless Gate) Wu-men-kuan (The Gateless Gate) A collection of koansA collection of koans

Shobogenzo (Treasury of the Right Shobogenzo (Treasury of the Right Dharma Eye) by DogenDharma Eye) by Dogen

Orategama (Embossed Teakettle) by Orategama (Embossed Teakettle) by HakuinHakuin

Buddha, Arhat, BodhisattvaBuddha, Arhat, BodhisattvaBuddha, Arhat, BodhisattvaBuddha, Arhat, Bodhisattva

A Buddha achieves enlightenment on his or her own by his A Buddha achieves enlightenment on his or her own by his or her own efforts, unaidedor her own efforts, unaided Aeons ago, Gautama Buddha took the vow to become a Aeons ago, Gautama Buddha took the vow to become a

Buddha Buddha

THERAVADA IDEAL: THERAVADA IDEAL: ArhatArhat becomes enlightened by becomes enlightened by following Gautama Buddha’s example for one’s own sakefollowing Gautama Buddha’s example for one’s own sake An Arhat can help others achieve nirvana in his or her An Arhat can help others achieve nirvana in his or her

postnirvanic ministry, but will not be rebornpostnirvanic ministry, but will not be reborn

MAHAYANA IDEAL: Bodhisattva is one who has vowed to MAHAYANA IDEAL: Bodhisattva is one who has vowed to become a Buddha but has not yet achieved the goalbecome a Buddha but has not yet achieved the goal 6 Stages of Enlightenment (6 virtues called paramitas)6 Stages of Enlightenment (6 virtues called paramitas)

Charity, edifying conduct, patience, vigor, concentration, insightCharity, edifying conduct, patience, vigor, concentration, insight 10 Stages of Enlightenment (at 610 Stages of Enlightenment (at 6thth becomes celestial being in becomes celestial being in

universe)universe)

BodhisattvasBodhisattvasBodhisattvasBodhisattvas

Bodhisattva achieves enlightenment Bodhisattva achieves enlightenment and then guides others to itand then guides others to it

Bodhisattva achieves enlightenment Bodhisattva achieves enlightenment with all others / followers with all others / followers simultaneouslysimultaneously

Bodhisattva makes sure others achieve Bodhisattva makes sure others achieve enlightenment first and then achieves enlightenment first and then achieves it for oneselfit for oneself

Basic Tenants (Cont)Basic Tenants (Cont)Basic Tenants (Cont)Basic Tenants (Cont)

Rejects Caste SystemRejects Caste System Forbids Animal SacrificeForbids Animal Sacrifice Karma / RebirthKarma / Rebirth Absence of an anthropomorphic Absence of an anthropomorphic

conception of a creator-god conception of a creator-god

Buddhism: Basic TenantsBuddhism: Basic TenantsBuddhism: Basic TenantsBuddhism: Basic Tenants

Impermanence / EmptinessImpermanence / Emptiness 3 Refuges3 Refuges NirvanaNirvana 4 Noble Truths4 Noble Truths 8 Fold Path8 Fold Path 5 Aggregates of Being5 Aggregates of Being

5 Aggregates of Being5 Aggregates of Being5 Aggregates of Being5 Aggregates of Being

Body / Material RealityBody / Material Reality Feelings / SensationsFeelings / Sensations PerceptionsPerceptions Mental formations, predispositions, Mental formations, predispositions,

volitional activitiesvolitional activities Consciousness – being aware of any of the Consciousness – being aware of any of the

aboveabove All 5 can be objects of attachmentAll 5 can be objects of attachment All 5 together give the impression of an “I” All 5 together give the impression of an “I”

Impermanence / EmptinessImpermanence / EmptinessImpermanence / EmptinessImpermanence / Emptiness

No-Self (anatta) (Japanese anata)No-Self (anatta) (Japanese anata)

Impermanence / Emptiness (Sunyata) Impermanence / Emptiness (Sunyata) No permanent essence or permanent soulNo permanent essence or permanent soul No inherent reality of individual, but universe No inherent reality of individual, but universe

consists of a number of elements (Theravada) consists of a number of elements (Theravada) No inherent reality in samsara or in nirvana No inherent reality in samsara or in nirvana

(Mahayana)(Mahayana) Doctrine of emptiness is subject to emptinessDoctrine of emptiness is subject to emptiness

The Three Refuges or JewelsThe Three Refuges or JewelsThe Three Refuges or JewelsThe Three Refuges or Jewels

The Buddhist “profession of faith”The Buddhist “profession of faith”

BuddhaBuddha

DharmaDharma The teachings of the BuddhaThe teachings of the Buddha

SanghaSangha 11stst major religious tradition to institutionalize major religious tradition to institutionalize

monasticismmonasticism Buddhism designed to function with a monastic orderBuddhism designed to function with a monastic order King of Thailand still appoints head of the order King of Thailand still appoints head of the order

(Sangharaja)(Sangharaja)

NirvanaNirvanaNirvanaNirvana

When asked to describe nirvana, the When asked to describe nirvana, the Buddha answered with silence because it Buddha answered with silence because it was beyond descriptionwas beyond description

When asked questions about the size and When asked questions about the size and origin of the universe, Buddha did not origin of the universe, Buddha did not answer on the grounds that they didn’t answer on the grounds that they didn’t lead to nirvanalead to nirvana

Samadhi (Hinduism)Samadhi (Hinduism) – Human self has – Human self has a true essencea true essence

Nirvana (“other shore”Nirvana (“other shore” )–boundaries )–boundaries of the finite self are extinguished / of the finite self are extinguished / indescribable, blissful indescribable, blissful