Arun Software

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PROJECT REPROT

ON

CCNA SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OFBACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

ININFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

BYU. P. TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

ACADEMIC YEAR 20010-11

Under Guidance of Submittedby:Miss. MALA CHATURVEDI ArunKumar(0835713011)Department of IT B.Tech. ( IT )AITM, Lucknow

Cover Page


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

One of the best parts of preparing this project is to thank those who have helped me through

their valuable participation, comments and suggestion. We wish to thanks, A.I.T.M. whose co-

operation and attitude towards encouraging a student is appreciable. We sincerely express our

gratitude to the project guideMiss. Mala Chaturvedifor her guidance in completing the project titled

CCNA. Without herguidance this project would not have been completed, her kindness and help

have been the source of encouragement for us throughout the project.

We would like to thanks our project coordinatorMiss. Mala Chaturvedifor all hissupport

and help in collecting information about CCNA, implementing the same in the project and using it

successfully. We would also like to pay our regards to the whole CS department for their support and

guidance. Above all we would like to thankMiss. Mala Chaturvedifor providing support and for his

encouragement, through which we could recognize the system clearly and finish it.

Finally a lot of thanks to our friends and family members, who helped and motivated us todevelop such a wonderful solution.

ARUN KUMAR


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INDEX

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 Introduction to Networking Definition Requirement of

Networking

5

2 Types of Network LAN 6

3 Network Models OSI Model and Functions of Network

Layers

8-11

4 IP Addressing Introduction Private IP

Masking Subnetting Example

11-14

5 Cables:Twisted Cable Coaxial Cable Fibre Optic 14-17

6 Networking Devices Network Interface Card Hub

Switch Router

17-20

7 LAN Solution Requirement Solution SpecificationSheet

20-23

8 Router Internal Components Network

Interfaces Configuring Configuring using

Console Routing Protocols RIP IGRP

Access List

23-31

9 Firewall Introduction Technologies Configuring 31

10 Intrusion Detection System (IDS) HIDS

NIDS tech

35

11 WLAN Standards Topologies

Infrastructure Network Adhoc Network.

36

12 Integrated Services Digital Network

(ISDN) Channels Interfaces Functional

40


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Group Reference Points

13Current work on CCNA

42

14Refrences

43

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING

Definition :-A network is a system that transmits any combination of voice, video and/or

data between users. A network can be defined by its geographical dimensions and by which

the users PC access it.

A network consists of a:

The network operating system (Windows NT/2000TM/Xp) on the users PC (client)

and server.


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The cables connecting all network devices (users PC, server, peripherals ,etc.).

All supporting network components (hubs, routers and switches, etc.).

Computer Network means an interconnected collection of

autonomous computer.

Requirement of Networking

Resource sharing- To make all programs, equipment, and especially dataavailable to

anyone on the network without regard to the physical location of theresource and the user.

High reliability- As all files could be replicated on two or three machines, so ifone of them

is unavailable (due to hardware failure), the other copies could beused.

Scalability-It is the ability to increase system performance gradually as the workload grows

just by adding more processors .A computer network can provide apowerful communication medium alongwidely separated employees .The use of networks

to enhance human-to-human communication will probablyprove more important than

technical goals such as improved reliability.These are the requirement with respect to

companies but computer networking is required even in the normal day to day life as we

have to access the internet to get information about what all new happening in the world, to

have communication with people staying far away using the e mail service.These are the

reasons that forced the inventerors to invent the networking

devices, models and protocols etc. And the birth of Networking took place in 1844 when for

the first time Samuel Morse send the first telegraph message.

TYPES OF NETWORKS

LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK):-

These are privately owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a

few a kilometers in size.

LANs are distinguished from other networks by three characteristics:

1)Their size.

2) Their transmission technology.3) Their topology.

LANs are restricted in size, which means that the worst-case transmission time

is bounded and known in advance.

LANs often use a transmission technology consisting of a single cable to which

all the machines are attached.

LANs run at speeds of 10 to 100 Mbps, have low delays, and make very few error


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LAN SETUPIEEE has produced several standards for LANs. These standards collectivelyknownas IEEE 802 . IEEE802.3 (Ethernet), IEEE802.4 (Token Bus),IEEE802.5 (Token Ring)

WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK):-

It is a Computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area, often acountry orcontinent. Typically a WAN consists of two or more Local Area Network.Computers connected to WAN are often connected through public networks such astelephone systems. They can also be connected through leased lines or satellites. The

largest WAN in existence is Internet.WANs run at speed of maximum 2 to 10 Mbps.


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WAN SETUP

For most WANs, the long distance bandwidth is relatively slow: on the order ofkilobits per second (kbps) as opposed to megabits per second (Mbps) for

local-area networks (LANs). For example, an Ethernet LAN has a 10 Mbps bandwidth; a

WAN using part or all of a T1 carrier has a bandwidth of 1.544 Mbps .Three types of approaches are used to connect WANs:

1) Circuit switching, which provides a fixed connection (at least for the duration of a call orsession), so that each packet takes the same path. Examples of this approach include ISDN,

Switched 56, and Switched T1.2) Packet switching, which establishes connections during the transmissionprocess so that different packets from the same transmission may take differentroutes and may arrive out of sequence at the destination. Examplesof this approach are X.25, frame relay, and ATM.3) Leased lines, which can provide a dedicated connection for private use

NETWORK MODELS

Layering Concepts and Benefits:-

Many benefits can be gained from the process of breaking up the functions or tasks of

networking into smaller chunks, called layers, and defining standard interfaces between

these layers. The layers break a large, complex set of concepts and protocols into smaller

pieces, making it easier to talk about, to implement with hardware and software, and to

troubleshoot.

The following list summarizes the benefits of layered protocol Specifications:

Humans can more easily discuss and learn about the many details of a protocol

specification.


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Standardized interfaces among layers facilitate modular engineering.

A better environment for interoperability is created. One vendor can write software that

implements higher layersfor example, a Web browserand another can write software

that implements the lower layersfor example,Microsofts built-in TCP/IP software in its

operating systems.Reduced complexity allows easier program changes and faster product

evolution.

One layer uses the services of the layer immediately below it. Therefore,remembering what

each layer does is easier. (For example, the network layerneeds to deliver data from end to

end. To do this, it uses data links to forward data to the next successive device along that

end-to-end path.)

OSI NETWORK MODEL

The OSI model describes how information makes its way from application programs througha network medium to another application program in other computer. It divides one big

problem in to seven smaller problems . Each problem is addressed by one of the seven

layers of the OSI model.

Functions of Network Layers in Brief:


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APPLICATION LAYER

Used for applications specifically written to run over the networkAllows access to network services that support applications;Directly represents the services that directly support user applicationsHandles network access, flow control and error recovery

Example apps are file transfer, e-mail, Net BIOS-based applications

PRESENTATION LAYER

Translates from application to network format and vice-versaAll different formats from all sources are made into a common uniform format that the restof the OSI model can understandResponsible for protocol conversion, character conversion, data encryption / decryption,expanding graphics commands, data compressionSets standards for different systems to provide seamless communication from multipleprotocol stacksNot always implemented in a network protocol

SESSION LAYER

Establishes, maintains and ends sessions across the networkResponsible for name recognition (identification) so only the designated parties canparticipate in the sessionProvides synchronization services by planning check points in the data stream => if sessionfails, only data after the most recent checkpoint need be transmitted Manages who can transmit data at a certain time and for how long

Examples are interactive login and file transfer connections, the session would connect andre-connect if there was an interruption; recognize names in sessions and register names inhistory

TRANSPORT LAYER

Additional connection below the session layer Manages the flow control of data between parties across the network Divides streams of data into chunks or packets; the transport layer of the receivingcomputer reassembles the message from packets "Train" is a good analogy => the data is divided into identical units

Provides error-checking to guarantee error-free data delivery, with on losses orduplications Provides acknowledgment of successful transmissions; requests retransmission if somepackets dont arrive error-free Provides flow control and error-handling TCP, ARP, RARP;

NETWORK LAYER

Translates logical network address and names to their physical address(e.g. computer name ==> MAC address) Responsible for addressing and determining routes for sending


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Managing network problems such as packet switching, data congestion and routing If router cant send data frame as large as the source computer sends, the network layercompensates by breaking the data into smaller units. At the receiving end, the network layerreassembles the data Think of this layer stamping the addresses on each train carIP; ARP; RARP, ICMP; RIP;

OSFP; Summer Training Report On Computer Networking

DATA LINK LAYER

Turns packets into raw bits 100101 and at the receiving end turns bits into packets.Handles data frames between the Network and Physical layersThe receiving end packages raw data from the Physical layer into data frames fordelivery to the Network layerResponsible for error-free transfer of frames to other computer via the Physical LayerThis layer defines the methods used to transmit and receive data on the network. Itconsists of the wiring, the devices use to connect the NIC to the wiring, the signaling

involved to transmit / receive data and the ability to detect signaling errors on the networkmedia

Logical Link Control

Error correction and flow control Manages link control and defines SAPs

PHYSICAL LAYER

Transmits raw bit stream over physical cable Defines cables, cards, and physical aspects Defines NIC attachments to hardware, how cable is attached to NIC Defines techniques to transfer bit stream to cable

IP ADDRESSING

Every machine on the internet has a unique identifying number, called an IP Address. Atypical; IP address looks like this:216.27.61.45IP ADDRESS is a 32-bit number, usually written in dotted decimal form, that uniquelyidentifies an interface of some computer. This 32-bit number is divided into 4 octets each

separated by a decimal. Out so many values certain values are restricted for use as typicalIP address. For example, the IP address 0.0.0.0is reserved for the default network and theaddress 255.255.255.255is used for broadcast.Each IP address is split into 2 sections:1) Network address2) Host address

Individual IP address in same network all have a different value in the host part of address,

but they have identical value in network part, just as in town there are different street

address but same ZIP code.

There are five IP classes:


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Class A This class is for very large networks, such as a major internationalcompany. IP

addresses with a first octet from 1 to 126 are part of this class. The other three octets are

each used to identify each host.

Net Host or Node

54 24.54.43

Loopback- The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used as the loopback address. Thismeans that it is

used by the host computer to send a message back to itself. It is commonly used for

troubleshooting and network testing

Class B- Class B is used for medium-sized networks. A good example is a large

college campus. IP addresses with a first octet from 128 to191 are part of this class. Class B

addresses also include the second octet as part of the Net identifier. The other two octets

are used to identify each host.

Net Host or Node

145.24 53.198

Class C- Class C addresses are commonly used for small to mid-size business. IP

addresses with a first octet from192 to 223 are part of this class. Class C addresses also

include the second and third octets as part of Net identifier. The last octet is used to identify

each host.

Net Host or Node

196.54.34 86

Class D- It is used for multicast. It has first bit value of 1, second bit value of 1,third bit

value of 1 and fourth bit value of 0. The other 28 bits are used to identify the group of

computers the multicast messages is intended for

Net Host or Node

224 24.54.145

Class E- It is used for experimental purpose only

Net Host or Node

240 23.45.105

Private IP

It is not necessary that every time we make a network we are connected to some ISP

(Internet Service Provider). So in that case we require some private IP also which can be

used in indigenous networks .In each class a range of IP addresses have been defined for

this purpose

CLASS A10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.244

CLASS B172.16.0.1 to 172.34.255.254

CLASS C 192.168.0.0/16


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MASKING

Computers use a mask to define size of network and host part of an address.Mask is a 32-

bit number written in dotted decimal form. It provides us the network address when we

perform a Boolean AND of mask with the IP address. It also define number of host bits in an

address

SUBNETTING

Basically it is a process of subdividing networks into smaller sub nets.In case we have 2 3small networks but we cant buy IP address for each and every network. So here we use the

basic concept of SUBNETTING i.e using one public IP address we will give them IP address

and make them independent networks. For this we take some bits of host address and use

them for network address so we have different independent networks

Address Format when Subnetting Is Used (class A,B,C resp.):

And due to this mask changes to subnet mask and now the network address also includes

subnet address

Example

If subnet mask is 255.255.240.0And an IP address for a computer is given as 142.16.52.4142.16.0.0 is network address

0.0.48.0 is the subnet address0.0.4.4 is the host address of the computer10001110.00010000.00110100.00000100 is ANDed with11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000

and output is 10001110.00010000.00110000.00000000

here first two octets represents Network address and third octet represents

subnet address.

It can be compared with a postal address as there is only one ZIP code (Network address),

different streets (Subnet address), and different house number (Host address).


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Some terminologies those are used with Networking models

Collision Domain- It is the group of PCs in which collision will occurwhen two PC will

transmit data simultaneously.

Broadcast Domain- It is the group of PCs those will receive samebroadcast message.

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection)- In thisprotocol when a

PC wants to transmit any packet it sense the carrier i.e the path ,if no other PC is using the

carrier then only it sends. If two PCs starts sending data simultaneously collision will occur.

Both PCs will wait for some random time and then initiate the same process.

MAC(Media Access Control) . The IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and802.5(Token Ring) are the

MAC sub layers of these two LAN data-link protocols.

Burned-in address: The 6-byte address assigned by thevendor makingthe card. It is

usually burned in to a ROM or EEPROM on the LAN card and begins with a 3-byte

organizationally unique identifier (OUI) assigned bythe IEEE.

Locally administered address: Through configuration, anaddress that is used instead of

the burned-in address.

Unicast address: Fancy term for a MAC that represents asingle LANinterface.

PASSIVE COMPONENTS

Passive components are those devices which are used to provide connectivity between

different networking devices.

It includes

Cables

Patch Panel

Patch Cord

I/O box

Racks

RJ-45 Connectors

CABLES

There are different Cabling options depending on the access method :

Twisted pair

The wires are twisted around each other to minimize interference from other twisted pairs in

the cable. Twisted pair cables are available unshielded (UTP) or shielded (STP). UTP is the

most common type and uses a RJ-45 Connector. Typical lengths are up to 100m. twisted

pair network uses a star topology.

Coaxial


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Coaxial cable uses BNC connectors. The maximum cable lengths are around 500m. Coaxial

networks use a single bus topology

Fiber Optic

UTP and Co-axial cables are not capable for driving the data signals for long distance i.e.

UTP is capable of transmitting up to a distance 100 meters only By using the Fiber cables it

is possible to send the data about 10 kilometers. Fiber optic cable uses SC, ST, LC

connectors (most common in use is SC connector) In fiber cables the data is converted to

light signals and the signal is made to propagate through the fiber cable. There are two

types of Fibre optic cable available.

1. Single mode: In this mode typical length is up to 12km and data rate is1000Mbps. Thecore diameter is about 9.25 nm cable is known as 1000 base LX cable.

2. Multi mode: This mode is further categorised in two:

1)SX: Typical length is up to 500m and data rate is 1000Mbps.

2)FX: Typical length is up to 220m and data rate is 100Mbps.


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OPATCH PANEL

A patch panel provides a convenient place to terminate (connect) all of the cable

coming from different locations into the wiring closet. We connect the cables

coming from various locations willing to connect to switch through the patch

panel.

NEED OF PATCH PANEL

We can label the patch panel so we know that which wire belongs to which

location. Without a patch panel, it is chaotic. If we want to disconnect a station

from the switch, it's a lot easier if there's a label.

Most cabling is wired "straight-through" from end to end. But sometimes we need

to cross-wire some of the pairs between switch and station, like with a cablemodem, or cross-wire to connect two switches. With a patch panel, all of this

cross-wiring is done in the patch cable. If you have to make any changes, like

moving a station or switch, you just move the patch cable with it, instead of

having to reterminate the cable run.

PATCH CORD


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RACK

We have to mount the patch panel somehow. The best way is to buy a rack.Basically, a rack

is a pair of vertical rails with holes drilled in them so that we can mount patch panels, hubs,

and other network equipment. This made it easy to access the back of the patch panel and

other networking components.

Cabling Guidelines

The RJ-45 ports on the switch support automatic MDI/MDI-X operation, so wecan

use standard straight-through twisted-pair cables to connect to any other network

device (PCs, servers, switches, routers, or hubs).

We use only twisted-pair cables with RJ-45 connectors that conform to FCC

standards. Connecting to PCs, Servers, Hubs and Switches

1.Attach one end of a twisted-pair cable segment to the devices RJ-45 connector. Making

Twisted-Pair Connections

2.The port where we are connecting the RJ-45 is a network card, attach the

other end of the cable segment to a modular wall outlet that is connected to the wiring closet

. Otherwise, attach the other end to an available port on the switch. Make sure each twisted

pair cable does not exceed 100 meters (328 ft) in length.

Wiring Closet Connections

Today, the punch-down block is an integral part of many of the newer equipmentracks. It is

actually part of the patch panel. Instructions for making connections inthe wiring closet with

this type of equipment follow.

1.Attach one end of a patch cable to an available port on the switch, and the other end to the

patch panel.

2.If not already in place, attach one end of a cable segment to the back of the patch panel

where the punch-down block is located, and the other end to a modular wall outlet.

3.Label the cables to simplify future troubleshooting


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NETWORKING DEVICES

Networking devices do various kind of jobs like transferring the data to signals,providing

connectivity to different network devices, transferring the data in form of packets or frames

form one device to other. These are the central connections for all the network equipments

and handles a data type known as frame or packet. Actually frames/ packet contain data andthe destination address of where it is going. When a frame is received, it is amplified and

then transmitted on to port of destination PC. But different networking components do this

job in diff form at diff layers.

NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a circuit board that plugs into both clients and servers and

controls the exchange of data between them (A specific softwaredriver must be installed

depending on the make of the NIC. A physical transmission medium, such as twisted pair or

coaxial cable interconnects all network interface cards to network hubs or switches. Ethernetand Token Ringare common network interface cards. Todays cards supports 10baseT

and100baseT with automatic recognition.

HUB

When the need for interconnecting more then 2 devices together then a device known as

hub comes to picture. Basically hub is a layer one device. i.e. it operates on the physical

layer of the OSI model. It is designed to do broadcasting i.e when it gets any frame it

broadcasts it to every port irrespective that whether it is destined for that port or not. Hub

has no way of distinguishing which port a frame should be sent. Broadcasting results in lot oftraffic on the network which lead to poor network response. If two PC simultaneously

transmit here data packets and both are connected to a HUB, then collision will occur, so we

can say, it creates a single collision domain. On the other hand all PCs connected to a hub

will get a same message so a single broadcast domain will be created.

A 100/1000 Mbps hub must share its bandwidth with each and every one of its ports. So

when only one PC is broadcasting, it will have access to the max available bandwidth. If,

however, multiple PCs are broadcasting, then that bandwidth will need to be divided

between all of these systems, which will degrade the performance. They are usually Half-

Duplex in nature

SWITCH

Hubs are capable of joining more than two PC but having some demerits like if two PC

would want to communicate at a time then there would be a collision and the both PC would

have to send the data once again. This shortcoming of Hub is overcame by Switches.

Switches are intelligent devices which work on theLayer2 of the OSI model. Basically a

switch keeps a record of MAC addresses of all the devices connected to it. Using this

information, it builds a MAC add resstable. So when a frame is received, it knows exactly


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which port to send it to,which increases the network response time.Basic Working Principle

of Switch.

1. At the time of initializing the switch the MAC address table is yet to be built up. When

a frame is send by some of the PC, it recognises the source MAC address and update

the MAC address table.2. If the destination is available in the MAC table then forward to the

corresponding PC.

3. If the destination MAC address is not present in the table then forwards in all the port

available expect the incoming one. The designated PC will respond for the data and it

will send the acknowledge for the data received. This acknowledged data will be

examined by the switch and the MAC address table would be up dated accordingly.

If two PC simultaneously transmit there data packets and both are connected toa SWITCH,

then collision will not occur, so we can say, it creates a multiple collision domain. The switch

supports broadcast. Hence we can call switches create single broadcast domain and

multiple collision domains. A 100/1000Mbps switch will allocate a full 100/1000 Mbps toeach of its ports. So regardless of the no of PCs transmitting user will always have access

to max amt of bandwidth. They are usually Full-Duplex in nature.

Switches are of two types

1) Managed

2) Unmanaged

Managed switch supports SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

Different switching Principles1.Store-and-forward:- The switch fully receives all bits in the frame (store)before forwarding

the frame (forward). This allows the switch to check the FCS before forwarding the frame.

(FCS is in the Ethernet trailer.)

2.Cut-through:- The switch performs the address table lookup as soon as the destination

address field in the header is received. The first bits in the frame can be sent out the

outbound port before the final bits in the incoming frame are received. This does not allow

the switch to discard frames that fail the FCS check. (FCS is in the Ethernet trailer.)

3. Fragment Free:- This performs like cut-through switching, but the switch waits for 64

bytes to be received before forwarding the first bytes of the outgoing rame. According to

Ethernet specifications, collisions should be detected during the first 64 bytes of the frame;frames in error because of a collision will not be forwarded. The FCS still cannot be

checked.

Bridge is another device like switch which also operates basing on the MAC address. But

the Basic difference between the bridge and the switch is that bridge works on software

bases, but the switch works on hardware basic. The Switch works on ASICs ( Application

Specific Integrated Circuits)

ROUTER

Switch and the Hub can only interconnect devices in a single LAN. Forinterconnecting two

LAN or two or more different networks anther device knownas router is used. Its main job is


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to route ( sends ) packets to other networks andto do the routing ( establishing paths

between networks ) it uses the IP address.A router is typically connected to at least two

networks, commonly two LANs orWANs or a LAN and its ISPs network. Routers are

located at gateways, theplaces where two or more networks connect. Routers to determine

the best pathfor forwarding the packet are using forwarding tables.

It is a layer 3 device i.e it operates at network layer of OSI model. The workingprinciple of

the router is totally different from a switch. Router makes a tableknown as routing

table, which contains all the IP address in the network, theinformation for IP address router

obtains directly ( all configured IP address on it )or indirectly ( from neighbour routers ).

When a packet is received it comparesthe destination IP address of the packet with the

available IP addresses in itsRouting table. If the IP address is not available in the routing

table then it simplydiscard the packet instead of flooding in all the ports like a switch.

(DetailedInformation about router in chap)

LAN SOLUTION CUSTOMER REQUIREMENT

There is a company, which has 2 offices. And the offices are 200 meters apart.The

connectivity between these two offices is the main requirement to be fulfilled.In each office


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there are three different departments each department at different floor. In building 1st At

each floor there are 20 users and also at 3rd floor there are 2 Servers.

In building 2nd At floor 1st and 2nd there are 20 users each. And at 3rd floor there are 40

users. The bandwidth requirement of each user is 100 Mbps while the bandwidth

requirement for the server is 1 Gbps. All floors must be connected to a central switch to beplaced at IInd floor in office 2nd. And connectivity should be via optical fiber. Everywhere

there should be structured cabling. Every switch should be provide with one GBIC slot for

future connectivity of server. Every where smart and managed switch should be used

SOLUTION

By looking at the requirement it is clear that we require a switch that has got 20ports and

also 2 GBIC slots (one for optical fiber connectivity and one free slot is demanded for future

use). Keeping this point into consideration we can use HCL 24 Port ManagedStackableSwitch as this switch has got 24 ports and 2 GBIC slots and this switchis managed switch

also. And with this 24 port switch we will use 24 port HCL made Patch Panel And for

connectivity of patch panel with switch we require 3 ft Patch Cord. Asstructured cabling is

must so we require UTP cable and I/O box and to connectPCs with I/O box we require 7ft

Patch Cord. Here we will use Cat5e UTP cable because bandwidth requirement is 100

MbpsThis trend of connecting the users to the switch will be followed at each andevery floor

but at floor 3rd of building IInd there are 40 user so here instead of 1switch we require 2

switches. At 3rd floor of building 1st 2 servers are also present whose bandwidthrequirement

is 1Gbps. So now we have two options either to connect with UTPcable or Fiber optic cable.

But here we will use fiber optic as we are alreadyusing it so thee is no need to waste moneyon UTP Cat 6 Cable. So here we willsimply use the fiber optic patch cord to connect the

server to switch. Now only one thing is left i.e. connection of switches to a central switch

placed at 2nd floor of IInd building. As the connection requirement is via optical fiber so we

at central location werequire a switch having all its ports as GBIC slots and no of ports

should not bemore than 8 as there are only7 24 port switches in use (one optical cable

linefrom each switch)

Now here as the distance between the two offices is only 200 meters so here wewill use

multimode optical fiber and that too FX type and as the cable is to be laidin open so outdoor

armored cable will be use.

The connectivity diagram, the bill of material and the specification sheet for thesolution is given in the following pages

SPECIFICATION SHEET

HCL-24TMS-2S-W

HCL 24 Port Managed Stackable Switch

STANDARDS- IEEE802.3 (Ethernet) , IEEE802.3a (Fast Ethernet),IEEE802.2ab (Gigabit

Ethernet), IEEE802.3z (1000Base SX/LX)


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PORTS- 24 port auto negotiation 10 base T/100 base TX2optional modular expansion ports

(1000 base-T, 1000 baseLX/SX/FX)

MAC Addresses- 4K

BANDWIDTH-12Gbps

SWITCHING RATE-6.6Mbps

SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol)- Yes, and supports

RFC1157

WEB MANAGEABLE-Ye s

PC-C305-E

CAT 5 e CABLE

Enhanced CAT 5 350 MHz UTP Bulk Cable 4 Pairs Solid Grey

Length: 305 Meters

PC-JP24-E

PATCH PANEL:-

Unshielded 24 Port RJ-45 jackfor performance @ rated 100 Mbps Fully Complied to e CAT

5 T568A/B standards

1.6mm metallic Patch Panel 19'' Rack Mount frame 1U Fully powder coated

Black

PC-MC3-GE

3 ft. patch cord3 ft. Enhance CAT.5 350 MHz

Grey Patch Cord

UTP twisted pair with Black Snagless Flange Boot

PC-MC7-GE

7 ft. patch cord

7 ft. Enhance CAT.5 350 MHz

Grey Patch Cord

UTP twisted pair with Black Snagless Flange Boot.

PF-CM6-A-OM2

outdoor armoured Fiber optic cable - Multimode

Construction: Corrugated steel tape armoured cable construction

Multimode 62.5/125m cable

No of Cores 6fibre core cables.

Length- 1 meter


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PF-PMSC-SC-3D-50

SC-SC Duplex Patch cord Multimode

Patch Cords cable 50/125m Multi modePatch Cords connectors SC/ST ConnectorsMM patch cords

OFC Patch cord is duplex type of 3mtrs length

PF-COSC-M

SC Connector Multi mode

Easy connection & disconnection Pull -- Push type

PF-CPSC-M

SC Coupler mm (Included in the Fiber Patch Panel)

Low Insertion loss

Type SC - SC type

PF-LIU-12U

12 Core LIU ( Line Insertion Unit )

Wall mount 12 way Fibre Jack Panel

Base Unit + 12 MM SC couplers with panel

PF-LIU-6U

6 Core LIU (Line Insertion Unit)

Wall mount 6 way Fibre Jack Panel

Base Unit + 6 MM SC couplers with panel.

ROUTER:-ROUTER INTERNAL COMPONENTS

Like a computer, a router has a CPU that varies in performance and capabilities

depending upon router platform. It has typically 4 types of memory in it.:

ROM- It is used to store the routers bootstrap startup program, operating system

software, and power-on diagnostic tests programs. We can also upgrade our

ROM

FLASH MEMORY- It holds operating systems image(s). Flash memory is


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erasable, reprogrammable ROM. Our IOS software is present in this memory andwe can

upgrade it also. Flash content is retained even when we switch off or restart the router.

RAM- It is used to store operational information such as routing tables, routers

running configuration file. RAM also provides caching and packet buffering capabilities. Its

content is lostwhen we switch off or restart the router. When we configure the router at thattime actually we are writing in RAM.

NVRAM- It is used to store the routers startup configuration file. It does not lose

data when power is switched off. So the contents of startup configuration files are

maintained even when we switch off or restart the router.

ROUTERS NETWORK INTERFACES

Ethernet or Token Ring interface are configured to allow connection to a

LAN.Synchronous serial interfaces are configured to allow connections to WANs.ISDN

BRI interfaces are configured to allow connection to an ISDN WAN.All cisco routers have

a console port that provides an EIA/TIA-232asynchronous serial connection. Console port

can be connected to computers serial connection to gain terminal access to router.Most

routers also have an auxiliary port that is very similar to console port but,is typically used

for modem connection for remote router management.

CONFIGURING THE ROUTER

There are three methods for configuring the router:


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1)Through console port:- The console port is used for configuring a router locally with the

help of a PC or a Laptop. The console port of the router is connected to the serial i.e COM

port of the router. The detailed configuration is given in the section.

2)Through the AUX port:- The aux ( auxiliary ) port is accessed from a modem located

faraway from a router through the PSTN ( Public Switched Telephone Network ) and the

configuration is done.

3) Through Telnet:- Line vty ( virtual terminal ) 0 to 4 are used for the configuring the router

by telnet

Configuring Router through Console port

We use HyperTerminal Program to open a console session and log into the router locally.

This console connection allows to connect to and to communicate with router without having

to connect to the network to which it belongs. Now, the PC becomes the console that allows

to enter commands and communicate directly with the router.To set up a console session,

we use the workstations Windows HyperTerminal (terminal emulation) program.Now first ofall we configure the COM port settings, then log into the router to interact with the IOS

command line interface (CLI).These are the com port settings:

9600

8

N

1

On/off

After pressing enter or OK to accept these settings, we came across a blank window.This is

a session window.

The Following steps are adopted to access a router through the console port with a

Windows based PC.

Access Hyper terminal:- Start Menu Programs Accessories

Communication Hyperterminal


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Connect to the device of the PC


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COM 1 Setting


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Hyper terminal Screen

After connecting the router that will boot and after booting the following

procedures will be adopted.

Router> enable

Now automatically prompt asking for password will appear on the screen like this:

Password:

Now write password over here. This is done to secure access to router. After this


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Router#

will appear on the screen this shows that we are in privileged mode and now we

try to enter in configuration mode.

Router# configure terminal

This is done to enter configuration mode.

Now starts the configuration of router

Now we will assign IP address to each and very interface connected to router.

Subnet mask should be given with a proper care. Following steps are to be

followed:For configuring ethernet interface:

Router# config terminal

Router (config)# interface ethernet

Router (config-if)# ip address 223.8.151.1 255.255.255.0

Router (config-if)# no shutdown

Router (config-if)#exit

For configuring serial interface:

Router (config)# interface serial 0

Router (config-if)# ip address 204.204.7.1 255.255.255.0

Router (config-if)# no shutdown

Router (config-if)#exit

Router (config)# interface serial 1

Router (config-if)# ip address 199.6.13.2 255.255.255.0Router (config-if)# no shutdown

Router(config-if)#exitROUTING PROTOCOLS

ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL (RIP)

RIP is a dynamic, distance vector routing protocol. RIP uses UDP port 520 for route updates.

RIP calculates the best route based on hop count. This makes RIP very fast to converge RIP

sends full table updates at regular intervals specified by the route-update timer (30 seconds

is the default). This means that a RIP router summarizes all routes it knows along class ful

boundaries and sends the summary information to all other RIP routing devices. RIPupdates can contain up to 25 messages.

RIP TIMERS

TIMER DEFAULT CONTROLS

Update 30 sec. Interval between route update advertisements

Time out 180 sec. Interval a route should stay 'live' in the routing

Flush 240 sec. How long to wait from the time the route was

received to delete a route (60 seconds after timeout).


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The routing-update timer controls the time between routing updates. Default is usually 30

seconds, plus a small random delay to prevent all RIP routers from sending updates

simultaneously.

The route-timeout timer controls when a route is no longer available. The default is usually

180 seconds. If a router has not seen the route in an update during this specified interval, it

is dropped from the router's announcements. The route is maintained long enough for the

router to advertise the route as down (hop count of 16).

The route-flush timer controls how long before a route is completely flushed from

the routing table. The default setting is usually 120 seconds

BASIC RIP CONFIGURATION

According to the recollection of InetDaemon, configuring a Cisco router for a

basic RIP configuration would look something like this:

router> enablePassword:

router# conf t

router(config)#interface ethernet 0

router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.42.1

router(config-if)# interface ethernet 1

router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.43.1

router(config-if)# exit

router(config)# router rip

router(config-router)# network 192.168.42.0

router(config-router)# network 192.168.43.0router(config-router)# exit

router(config-router)# ^z

router#

The example above assumes that the interfaces that will be running RIP have IPaddresses

on them that fall within the 192.168.42.0, and 192.168.43.0 class Cranges.

IGRP

IGRP is a distance-vector routing protocol that considers a composite metric which, by

default, uses bandwidth and delay as parameters instead of hop count.IGRP is not limited tothe 15-hop limit of RIP. IGRP has a maximum hop limit of100, by default, and can be

configured to support a network diameter of 255. With IGRP, routers usually select paths

with a larger minimum-link bandwidth over paths with a smaller hop count. Links do not have

a hop count. They are exactly one hop. IGRP is available only on Cisco routers IGRP will

load-balance traffic if there are several paths with equal cost to the destination IGRP sends

its routing table to its neighbors every 90 seconds. IGRP's default update period of 90

seconds is a benefit compared to RIP, which can consume excessive bandwidth when

sending updates every 30 seconds. IGRP uses an invalid timer to mark a route as invalid

after 270 seconds (three times the up date timer). As with RIP, IGRP uses a flush timer to

remove a route from the routing table; the default flush timer is set to 630 seconds (seven


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times the update period and more than 10 minutes). If a network goes down or the metric for

the network increases, the route is placed in hold down. The router accepts no new changes

for the route until the hold down timer expires. This setup prevents routing loops in the

network. The default hold down timer is 280 seconds (three times the update timer plus

10seconds).

IP ACCESS LIST

IP access lists cause a router to discard some packets based on criteria defined by the

network engineer. The goal of these filters is to prevent unwanted traffic in the network

whether to prevent hackers from penetrating the network, or just to prevent employees from

using systems

that they should not be using.

Key features of access lists:

Packets can be filtered as they enter an interface, before the routing decision.

Packets can be filtered before they exit an interface, after the routing decision.

Deny is the term used in Cisco IOS software to imply that the packet will be

filtered.

Permit is the term used in Cisco IOS software to imply that the packet will not

be filtered.

The filtering logic is configured in the access list.

At the end of every access list is an implied deny all traffic statement.Therefore, if a

packet does not match any of your access list statements, it is blocked.

Access lists have two major steps in their logic: matching and action. Matching

logic examines each packet and determines whether it matches theaccess-list statement. As soon as an access-list statement is matched, there

are two actions to choose from: deny and permit. Deny means to discard the

packet, and permit implies that the packet should continue on its

FIREWALL

As the limits of networking is increasing unfolded so the danger of information leaking in andleaking out increases. So a mechanism is required to keep good bits in and bad bits out.And for this we use FIREWALL.


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A firewall is a device of some kind that separates and protects our network - inmost cases,from the Internet. It restricts traffic to only what is acceptable, and monitors that what ishappening. Every firewall has at least two network interfaces, one for the network it isintended to protect, and one for the network it is exposed to. A firewall sits at the junctionpoint or gateway between the two networks, usually a private network and a public network

such as the Internet. It may be a hardware device or a software program running on asecure host computer. Hardware device means a physical devise connected at the gatewaywhich checks every incoming or outgoing packet. Software program means that software isloaded in computer that determines as what to allow and what to reject. A firewall examinesall traffic routed between the two networks to see if it meets certain criteria. A firewall filtersboth inbound and outbound traffic.

Technologies

There are three different types of firewall technologies:

1) Packet Filtering

2) Proxy

3) Stateful Inspection

Packet Filtering

A packet filtering firewall simply inspects incoming traffic at the transport layer of the OSI

model. The packet filtering firewall analyzes TCP or UDP packets and compare them to a

set of established rules called as Access Control List (ACL).Packet filtering inspects packet

nly for following elementsSource IP addressSource Port

Destination IP addressDestination PortProtocol

Proxy

When a firewall is installed then no PC makes direct connection to the outside world. In that

case they use proxy i.e each PC first of all sends request to proxy which then forwards the

request to the internet or outside world for connection or data transfer.

Stateful Inspection

It is a combination of Packet filtering and proxy services. This is the most secure technology

and provides the most functionality because connections are not only applied to ACL, but

are logged into a static table. After a connection is established, all session data is compared

to the static table. If the session data does not match the state table information for that

connection, then connection is dropped.

CONFIGURING THE FIREWALL

Five basic commands are used to do a basic configuring of the firewall.


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interfacenameifip-addressnatglobal

Interface Command

The interface command identifies the interface hardware card, sets the speed ofthe interface and enables the interface all in one command.SYNTAX:interface hardware_id hardware_speed [shutdown]hardware_idindicates interfaces physical location on the firewall.Hardware_speed indicates connection speed. There are various options providedto us by the firewall regarding speed.1000sxfullSets full-duplex Gigabit Ethernet.1000basesxSets half-duplex Gigabit Ethernet

1000autoAutomatically detects ands negotiates full/half duplex10fullSets 10Mbps full-duplex Ethernet100fullSets 100Mbps full-duplex Ethernet.Shutdown This parameter administratively shuts down the interface.

nameif command

It is used to name an interface and assign security level from 1 to 99.

The outside and inside interfaces are named by default and have default security values of 0

and 100, respectively. By default, the interfaces have their hardware ID. Ethernet 0 isthe outside interface, and Ethernet 1 is the inside interface

SYNTAX: nameif hardware_id if_name security_level

hardware_id Indicates the interfaces physical location on the Firewall.

if_name The name by which werefer to this interface.

security_level A numerical value from 1 to 99 indicating the security level.

Examples:

nameif ethernet0 outside security

nameif ethernet1 inside security100

nameif ethernet2 dmz security20

We can see the configuration by using show nameif command.

ip address Command

All the interfaces must be configured with an IP address. The ip address


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command is used to configure IP addresses on the interfaces. The ip address commandbinds a logical address (IP address) to the hardware ID.SYNTAX: ip address if_name ip_address [netmask]if_name The interface name that was configured using thena me if command.ip_address The interfaces IP address.

netmask The appropriate network mask. If the mask value is not entered, thefirewall assigns a classful network mask.Example: ip address inside 10.10.10.14 255.255.255.0We can see the configuration by using show ip command.

nat Command

The nat (Network Address Translation) command translates a set of IPaddresses to another set of IP addresses.SYNTAX: nat ( if_name) nat_id local_ip [netmask](if_name) The internal network interface name.nat_id The ID number to match with the global address pool.

local_ip The IP address that is translated. This is usually the inside network

IP address.

netmask Network mask for the local IP address.

There are two types of NATing:

1)Static: For ex. There is a google server and we dont want to make its IP

address public so we change its IP address using nat command in firewall and now user will

logon to this new IP . This results in more security as every time it has to pass throughfirewall.

2)Dynamic: If there are lots of PCs in a network and all want to access the internet , it is noteasy that every PC is being provided with independent public IP so at firewall level wechange every PCs pvt Ip with public IP.

Examples:

nat (inside) 1 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0

nat (inside) 1 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0

global Command

The global command is used to define the address or range of addresses that the addressesdefined by the nat command are translated into. It is important that the nat_id be identical tothe nat_id used in thenat command. The nat_idpairs the IP address defined by the globaland nat commands so that network translation can take place.SYNTAX: global ( if_name) nat_id global_ip | global_ip-global_ip [netmask](if_name) The external network where you use these global addresses.nat_id Identifies the global address and matches it with thenat command itis pairing with.

global_ip A single IP address. When a single IP address is specified, the firewall


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automatically performs Port Address Translation (PAT).global_ip-global_ip Defines a range of global IP addresses to be used by thefirewall to NAT.netmask The network mask for the global IP address(es).

INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM (IDS)An IDS is a security counter measure. It monitors network traffic and monitors for suspicious

activity and alerts the system or network administrator. In some cases the IDS may also

respond to anomalous or malicious traffic by taking action such as blocking the user or

source IP address from accessing the network

A firewall simply blocks openings into your network/system, but cannot distinguish between

good/bad activity. Therefore, if you need to allow an opening to a system (like a web-server),

then a firewall cannot protect against intrusion attempts against this opening. In contrast,

intrusion detection systems can monitor for hostile activity on these openings.

HIDS

Host Intrusion Detection Systems run on individual hosts or devices on the network. A HIDS

monitors the inbound and outbound packets from the device only and will alert the user or

administrator of suspicious activity if detected

NIDS

Network Intrusion Detection Systems are placed at a strategic point or points within the

network to monitor traffic to and from all devices on the network .Ideally you would scan all

inbound and outbound traffic, however doing so might create a bottleneck that would impairthe overall speed of the network.

When an unauthorized user logs in successfully, or attempts to log in, they are best tracked

with host-based IDS. However, detecting the unauthorized user before their log on attempt is

best accomplished with network-based IDS.There are four basic techniques used to detect intruders:1) Anomaly detection2)misuse detection (signature detection)3) target monitoringSummer Training Report On Computer Networking

Anomaly DetectionDesigned to uncover abnormal patterns of behavior the IDS establishes a baseline of normal

usage patterns, and anything that widely deviates from it gets flagged as a possible

intrusion.

An example of this would be if a user logs on and off of a machine 20 times a day instead of

the normal 1 or 2. Also, if a computer is used at 2:00 AM when normally no one outside of

business hours should have access, this should raise some suspicions. At another level,

anomaly detection can investigate user patterns, such as profiling the programs executed

daily. If a user in the graphics department suddenly starts accessing accounting programs or

compiling code,the system can properly alert its administrators.


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Misuse Detection or Signature Detection

this method uses specifically known patterns of unauthorized behavior to predict and detect

subsequent similar attempts. These specific patterns are called signatures. For host-based

intrusion detection, one example of a signature is "three failed logins."

Target Monitoring

These systems do not actively search for anomalies or misuse, but instead look for the

modification of specified files. This is more of a corrective control ,designed to uncover an

unauthorized action after it occurs in order to reverse it. One way to check for the covert

editing of files is by computing a cryptographic hash beforehand and comparing this to new

hashes of the file at regular intervals. This type of system is the easiest to implement,

because it does not require constant monitoring by the administrator. Integrity checksum

hashes can be computed at whatever intervals you wish, and on either all files or just the

mission/system critical files

Passive IDS

A passive IDS simply detects and alerts. When suspicious or malicious traffic is detected an

alert is generated and sent to the administrator or user and it is up to them to take action to

block the activity or respond in some way.

Reactive IDS

A reactive IDS will not only detect suspicious or malicious traffic and alert the administrator,

but will take pre-defined proactive actions to respond to the threat .Typically this meansblocking any further network traffic from the source IP address or user.

IDS is required to be properly configured to recognize what is normal traffic on your network

vs. what might be malicious traffic and you, or the administrators responsible for responding

to IDS alerts, need to understand what the alerts mean and how to effectively respond.

WAN SOLUTION

REQUIREMENT

There is one CBC (Central Billing Center) which is required to be connected with28 BGC

(Bill Generation Center). As with each BGC location further locations are connected so it is

required to use a router at each location.CBC Router must have these specifications:4 numbers of10/100 fast Ethernet interfaces.20 number of V.35 interface to receive the data from coming BGC Via optical fiber/ Leaseline2 numbers of ISDN BRI ports.Four numbers of synchronous serial interfaces for 64 kbps lease line connectivity.BGCRouter must have these specifications:2 port 10/100 Mbps Ethernet Interface.

Sufficient port Serial WAN Interfaces.


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Al the BGC locations are to be connected to the central location having a point topoint

connectivity. The BGC location are having a leased line connectivity of 128Kbps which can

be up gradable to 2 Mbps. The leased Line connectivity is to be provided BY a ISP.

SOLUTIONAs per the requirement the proposed solution is to have point to pointconnectivity between the central location and the 28 BGC locations. There is aCisco 1841 Router at each of the BGC location. They are connected to a 2 MbpsLeased Line Modem Pair., HCL-Gateway 2M-2W, through the serial port. Themodem at the customer end is connected to a modem at the ISP side. Like thisway the central location having a Cisco 3845 Router is connected to 28 nos of 2Mbps Leased Line modem pair. The connectivity diagram and the bill of material required forthe solution is given in the following pages.

WLAN (WIRELESS LAN)

In a traditional LAN each computer physically connects to the network via wires and a

network port. A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a network that provides the same

services but without the need for physical connections between the computers and the

network. Wireless LANs offer many advantages over traditional wired networks, such as

mobility, flexibility, scalability and speed ,simplicity and reduced cost of installation. A WLAN

typically uses radio waves ,which allow network PC cards plugged into a PC/laptop to

connect to a traditional Ethernet LAN.IEEE developed the 802.11 standards to provide wireless networking technologylike the wired Ethernet.

STANDARDS

IEEE developed the 802.11 standards to provide wireless networking technology.With time-

to-time development in the field of technology three standards has been finalized. 802.11(a),

802.11(b), 802.11(g)

IEEE 802.11a standard is the most widely adopted one because it operates atlicensed5

GHZ band while other are unlicensed and also it provides max. not channels and max. bit

rate than any other standards.


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TOPOLOGIES

There are two topologies on which WLAN works:

1) Infrastructure Network

2)Ad hoc Network

INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK

It is useful for providing wireless coverage of building or campus areas. This is a topology

used when there are many access points in a single location .By deploying multiple Access

Points (APs) with overlapping coverage areas ,organizations can achieve broad network

coverage. . A laptop or other mobile device may move from AP to AP while maintaining

access to the resources of the LAN. Each client is equipped with wireless network interface

card (NIC)that consists of the radio transceiver and the logic to interact with the client

machine and software. While the AP is essentially a radio transceiver on one side and the

wired backbone on the other.


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ADHOC NETWORKThis topology is used when we have to interconnect mobile devices that are in the samearea (e.g., in the same room). In this architecture, client stations are grouped into a singlegeographic area and can be Internet-worked without access to the wired LAN (infrastructurenetwork). The ad hoc configuration is similar to a peer-to-peer office network in which no

node is required to function as a server. In ad hoc there is no need of any AP as all devicesare wirelessly connected to each other.


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Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

ISDNs primary goal is the integration of voice and non voice services.

ISDN is actually a set of communication protocols proposed by telephone companies that

allows them to carry a group of digital services that imultaneously convey data, text, voice,music, graphics, and video to end users,and it was designed to achieve this over the

telephone systems already in place.There are two types of channels:1) B channel2) D channelB channel

Bearer channels (B channels) are used to transport data. B channels are called bearer

channels because they bear the burden of transporting the data. B channels operate at

speeds of up to 64 kbps.D channel


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D channels are used for signaling. They are used to establish the session beforethe data is actually transfer.

ISDN INTERFACES

Types of ISDN interfaces:-1) Basic Rate Interface (BRI)2) Primary Rate Interface (PRI).Both BRI and PRI provide multiple digital bearer channels over which temporaryconnections can be made and data can be sent.

BRI: ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI, also known as 2B+1D) service provides

two B channels and one D channel. The BRI B-channel service operates at64Kbps and

carries data, while the BRI D-channel service operates at 16Kbpsand usually carries control

and signaling information.

PRI: According to American standards , the ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI,also known as 23B+D1) service delivers 23 64Kbps B channels and one 64KbpsD channel for a total bit rate of up to 1.544Mbps.And according to European standards, ISDN provides 30 64Kbps B channelsand one 64Kbps D channel for a total bit rate of up to 2.048Mbps.

ISDN Function Groups and Reference Points

Function groupA set of functions implemented by a device and software Reference pointThe interface between two function groups, including cablingDetails


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Router A is ordered with an ISDN BRI U reference point, referring to the I.430reference pointdefining the interface between the customer premises and the ISP.

Router B is bought with an ISDN BRI S/T interface, implying that it must be cabled to afunction group NT1 device. An NT1 function group device must be connected to the

ISP line through a U reference point; the S/T interface defines the connection to RouterB. Router B is called a TE1 (Terminal Equipment 1)function group device.

Non-ISDN equipment is called a TE2 (Terminal Equipment 2) device and is attached usingthe R reference point to a terminal adapter (TA) function group device.

Alternatively, a TE1 can connect using an S reference point to an NT2 function group,

Function Groups:

1) TE1 (Terminal Equipment 1)ISDN-capable four-wire cable. Understands

signaling and 2B+D. Uses an S reference point.

2) TE2 (Terminal Equipment 2): Equipment that does not understand ISDN protocols and

specifications (no ISDN awareness). Uses an R reference point,typically an RS-232 or V.35

cable, to connect to a TA.

3) TA (Terminal adapter): Equipment that uses R and S reference points. Can be thought

of as the TE1 function group on behalf of a TE2.

4) NT1 (Network Termination): Connects with a U reference point (two-wire) to the ISP.

Connects with T or S reference points to other customer premises equipment.

Curren work on ccna

Todays Most Common Types of Ethernet

Common Name Speed Alternative Name Name of IEEEStandard

Cable Type, MaximumLength

Ethernet 10 Mbps 10BASE-T IEEE 802.3 Copper, 100 m

Fast Ethernet 100Mbps

100BASE-TX IEEE 802.3u Copper, 100 m

Gigabit Ethernet 1000Mbps

1000BASE-LX,1000BASE-SX

IEEE 802.3z Fiber, 550 m (SX) 5 km(LX)

Gigabit Ethernet 1000Mbps

1000BASE-T IEEE 802.3ab Copper, 100 m

10GigE (GigabitEthernet)

10 Gbps 10GBASE-SR,10GBASE-LR

IEEE 802.3ae Fiber, up to 300 m (SR),up to 25 km (LR)

10GigE (GigabitEthernet)

10 Gbps 10GBASE-T IEEE 802.3an Copper, 100 m


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Refrences

Forth edition Data Communication and Networking(BEHROUZ A FOROUZAN)

http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le3/le2/le0/le9/learning_certification_type_home.html.

http://www.google.co.in/#sclient=psy&hl=en&site=&source=hp&q=CURRENT+WORK+ON+ccna

&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&fp=e4176f5fc03bf380.

http://www.techexams.net/forums/ccna-ccent/63945-ccna-640-802-icnd1-icnd2.html.


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