Artificial Intelligence – An Insight

8/8/2019 Artificial Intelligence An Insight

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Artificial Intelligence An Insight


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Introduction

y Artificial Intelligence or A.I. is the study of how tomake computers do things at which, at the moment,people are better.

y John McCarthy the Father of A.I. defines it as thescience and engineering of making intelligentmachines.

y

Systems that think like humansy Systems that think rationally

y Systems that act like humans

y Systems that act rationally


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Introduction (Contd.)

y A.I. is a combination of:

Computer Engineering

Physiology

Philosophy Mathematics

Logic

Neuroscience

Cybernetics Linguistics

Electronics


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What is considered as Intelligent?

y Behaviour is considered Intelligentunderfollowing instances: Learning from experienceApplying knowledge acquired from experience Handling complex situations Solving problems when important information is missing Determining what is important Reacting quickly and correctly to a new situation

Understanding visual images Processing and manipulate symbols Being creative and imaginative Using heuristics


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A.I. History

1943: McColluch & Pitts:Boolean circuit model of brain

1950: Turings ComputingMachinery and Intelligence

1950s: Early AI programs,including Samuels checkers

program, Newell & Simons LogicTheorist, Gelernters Geometric

Engine

1956: Dartmouth meeting:Artificial Intelligence adopted

1965: Robinsons completealgorithm for logical reasoning

1966-1974: AI discoverscomputational complexity, Neural

network research almostdisappears

1969-1979 Earlydevelopment of

knowledge-based systems

1980-1988: Expertsystems boom

1985-1995:Neural networksreturn to popularity

1988-1993: Expertsystems bust


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Problems in A.I.

y Deduction, reasoning, problem solving: unlike humans AI cannot solveproblems by using fast, intuitive judgements.

y Knowledge representation: Many of the problems machines are expected tosolve will require extensive knowledge about the world.

y Planning: Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.

y Learning: Unsupervised learning is the ability to find patterns in a stream ofinput. Supervised learning includes both classification and numerical regression.

y Natural language processing: Machines should have the ability to read andunderstand the languages that humans speak.

y Motion and manipulation: Intelligence is required for robots to be able to

handle such tasks as object manipulation.y Perception: Should have the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras,

microphones, sonar etc.) to deduce aspects of the world.

y Social intelligence: Emotion and social skillsplay two roles for an intelligentagent. First, it must be able to predict the actions of others, by understandingtheir motives and emotional states.


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Approaches to Artificial intelligence

y Cybernetics and brain simulation: Researchers explored theconnection between neurology, information theory, and cybernetics.

y Symbolic: When access to digital computers became possible inthe middle 1950s, AI research began to explore the possibilitythat human intelligence could be reduced to symbolmanipulation. Cognitive Simulation Logic Based Anti-Logic or Scruffy Knowledge Based Top Down Bottom Up

y Statistical: In the 1990s, AI researchers developed sophisticatedmathematical tools to solve specific sub-problems.


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Major Branches of A.I.

y PerceptiveSystem:A system that approximates the way a human sees,hears and feels objects.

y Vision System: Capture, store and manipulate visual images and pictures

y Robotics: mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks

with high precisiony Expert Systems: Stores knowledge and makes inferences

y LearningSystem: System changes how it functions or reacts tosituations based on feedback.

y NaturalLanguageProcessing (NLP): Understanding and reacting to

statements and commands made in a natural language such as english.y Neural network: computer systems that can act like or stimulate the

functioning of the human brain

y Game Playing: programming computers to play games such as chess andcheckers


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Artificialintelligence


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When to use AI?

y Capture and preserve irreplaceable human expertisey Provide expertise needed at a number of locations at

the same time or in a hostile environment that isdangerous to human health

y Provide expertise that is expensive or rare

y Provide a high potential payoff or significantlyreduced downside risk

y Develop a solution faster than human experts can

y Provide expertise needed for training anddevelopment to share the wisdom of human experts

with a large number of people


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Applications of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence has successfully been usedin a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific discovery, video games,

toys, and Web search engines


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Limitations of A.I.

y Not widely used or tested

y Limited to relatively narrow problems

y Cannot readily deal with mixed knowledge

y Possibility of error is high

y Cannot refine own knowledge base

y Difficult to maintain

y May have high development costsy Raise legal and ethical concerns


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Limitations of A.I. (contd.)

y In robotics, computers are now widely used inassembly plants, but they are capable only of verylimited tasks. They have great difficulty identifyingobjects based on appearance or feel, and they stillmove and handle objects clumsily.

y In NLP, programming computers to understandnatural languages has proved to be more difficultthan originally thought. Voice recognition systemsthat can convert spoken sounds into written wordshave been developed, but they do not understand

what they are writing;


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Intelligent & Expert Systems

y Intelligent Systems: An intelligent agent is a systemthat perceives its environment and takes actions

which maximizes its chances of success. The simplestintelligent agents are programs that solve specificproblems. The most complicated intelligent agentsare rational, thinking humans

y Expert Systems: Expert Systems are interactivecomputer programs that use knowledge and

inference procedures to solve problems, in a specificdomain, that are sufficiently complex as to requiresignificant human expertise for their solution


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Its Ultimate Goals

y The design of intelligent artifacts;

y Understanding of human intelligence;

Abstract understanding of intelligence (possiblysuperhuman) - continues to have practical consequencesin the form of new industries, enhanced functionality forexisting systems, increased productivity in general, andimprovements in the quality of life.

The ultimate promises of AI are still decades away,and the necessary advances in knowledge and technology

will require a sustained fundamental research effort.


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Where can it reach?

y Implementation of A.I. can take us to the level ofdevelopment of Cyborgs like those seen in hollywoodmovies like I Robot & Terminator

y Computer controlled houses came out of fiction intoreality, implementing A.I. in the real world

y Assembly lines will be able to operate with almostzero human involvement. Robotics arms are already

in use on a large scale


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Just in Case...

Something as revolutionary as A.I. is sure to have manykinks to work out. There is always that fear that if AI is learning

based, will machines learn that being rich and successful is agood thing, then wage war against economic powers and famouspeople? There are so many things that can go wrong with a newsystem so we must be as prepared as we can be for this newtechnology.

However, even though the fear of the machines are there,their capabilities are infinite. Whatever we teach AI, they willsuggest in the future if a positive outcome arrives from it.

A.I., like children will need to be taught to be kind, well

mannered, and intelligent. If they are to make importantdecisions, they should be wise. We as future users of thistechnology need to make sure AI programmers are keepingthings on the level. We should be sure they are doing the jobcorrectly, so that no future accidents occur.


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Research in A.I. can and will exceed whatwe have seen and read in the works

conceived by us inScience Fiction!

Thank You.

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Artificial Intelligence – An Insight