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FIELD TOURSCAHIER DE VISITES
Tuesday August 27, 2019
FIELD TOUR IN THE BAS ST-LAURENT AREA
Tour program
8:00 Bus departure from Château Laurier
9:00 Visit of Productions Résinex inc.
10:15 Departure of Productions Résinex inc.
12:00 Arrival at Saint-Modeste Nursery
12:00 Lunch at Saint-Modeste Nursery
13:00 Visit of Saint-Modeste Nursery
16:00 Departure of Saint-Modeste Nursery
18h30 Arrival at Château Laurier
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Productions Résinex inc.
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NURSERY PROFILE
Company : Productions Résinex inc.
43, rue Norbert-Morin, La Durantaye (Québec), Canada G0R 1W0 Phone : (418) 884-2664 www.production-resinex.com [email protected] [email protected]
Contacts, owners : Gilles Pelletier, Jacques St-Pierre et Gérald Couture Description and history of the company Productions Résinex inc. ranks among the best nurseries in Eastern Canada. The nursery is specialized in the sale of bare roots saplings and forest containers to the Christmas tree and thuya growers. Productions Résinex inc. has been in business since 1986 in La Durantaye. Equipped with 2 greenhouses, the company first specialized in Christmas trees starting with the production of 370 000 fir trees the first year. Today, the company owns 12 greenhouses. In 2019, Productions Résinex produced approximately 4 000 000 trees. The main cultivated species were balsam, Fraser, Canaan and hybrid firs as well as white-cedars.
Stations : A. Good nursery practices
Production cycle of potted plants
Substrate preparation (gravel, border, ...)
Containers (examples of containers on site)
Selection of plants during repotting
Development of the irrigation system (ex : water problem)
Mix of potting substrate
What is good for the nursery is not necessarily good for the grower (good soil, good planting technique)
Monitoring plant diseases and pests B. Characteristics of a good plant (examples of plants on site)
Height / Diameter ratio of the collar
Height of the 1st whorl
Buds
Root development
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C. Detection of diseases (root diseases)
Station with Dr. Philippe Tanguay (Research Scientist, Molecular Forest Pathologist at the Laurentian Forestry Center for Natural Resources Canada)
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Natural Resources Canada Molecular detection and quantification of fungal pathogens to improve management of tree diseases Contact: Dr. Philippe Tanguay
Molecular Forest Pathologist Laurentian Forestry Centre 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy Québec (QC) Canada G1V 4C7 Phone : (418) 648-7556 [email protected]
Dr. Philippe Tanguay is a molecular forest pathologist working at the Laurentian Forestry Centre (Quebec City), Natural Resources Canada. Dr. Tanguay uses genomics to better understand the tree-microbe interactions. Fungal genomic data are also translated into fast and reliable assays to detect and quantify exotic and invasive forest pathogens. In 2019, Dr. Tanguay received funding to investigate the diversity of Phytophthora species causing root rot in Quebec Christmas tree plantations, and to develop molecular detection assays for the most prevalent species. Further readings about research conducted in the lab of Dr. Tanguay Bergeron, M.-J; Feau, N.; Stewart, D.; Tanguay, P.; Hamelin, R.C. 2019. Genome-enhanced detection and identification of fungal pathogens responsible for pine and poplar rust diseases. PlosONE. Feau, N; Ojeda,D.I.; Beauseigle, S.; Bilodeau, G.J.; Brar, A.; Servantes-Arango, S.; Dale A.L.; Dhillon, B.; Hammett, C.; Herath, P.; Shamoun, S.F.; Tsui1, C.K.M.; Tanguay, P.; Hamelin, R.C. 2019. Genome-enhanced detection and identification of the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum and the Port Orford cedar root pathogen Phytophthora lateralis. Plant Pathology. Guertin, J.F.; Zitouni, M.; Tanguay, P.; Hogues, R.; Beaulieu, C. 2018. Detection of Delphinella shoot blight in plantations of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) Christmas trees in Quebec, Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. Feau, N.; Beauseigle, S.; Bergeron, M.-J.; Bilodeau, G.J.; Birol, I.; Cervantes-Arango, S.; Dhillon, B.; Dale, A.L.; Herath, P.; Jones, S.J.M.; Lamarche, J.; Ojeda, D.I.; Sakalidis, M.L.; Taylor, G.; Tsui, C.K.M.; Uzunovic, A.; Yueh, H.; Tanguay, P.; Hamelin, R.C. 2018. Genome-Enhanced Detection and Identification (GEDI) of plant pathogens. PeerJ 6:e4392. doi:10.7717/peerj.4392. Tanguay, P.; Blais, M.; Potvin, A.;Stewart, D.; Walker, D.; Nadeau‐Thibodeau, N.; DesRochers, P.; Rioux, D.;. 2018. qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments. Forest Pathology. Forest Pathol. doi:10.1111/efp.12418.
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Lamarche, J.; Potvin, A.; Stewart, D.; Blais,M.; Pelletier, G; Shamoun, S. F.; Hamelin, R.C.; Tanguay, P. 2016. Real-time PCR assays for the detection of Heterobasidion irregulare, H. occidentale, H. annosum sensu stricto and the Heterobasidion annosum complex. For. Pathol. Munck, I.A.; Tanguay, P.; Weimer, J.; Villani, S.M.; Cox, K.D. 2015. Impact of white pine blister rust on resistant cultivated Ribes and neighboring eastern white pine in New Hampshire. Plant Dis. 99:1374-1382. doi:10.1094/PDIS-12-14-1338-RE. Foster, A.J.; Pelletier, G.; Tanguay, P.; Séguin, A. 2015. Transcriptome analysis of poplar during leaf spot infection with Sphaerulina spp. PLoS ONE 10:e0138162. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138162. Lamarche, J.; Potvin, A.; Pelletier, G.; Stewart, D.; Feau, N.; Alayon, D.I.O.; Dale, A.L.; Coelho, A.; Uzunovic, A.; Bilodeau, G.J.; Brière, S.C.; Hamelin, R.C.; Tanguay, P. 2015. Molecular detection of 10 of the most unwanted alien forest pathogens in Canada using real-time PCR. PLoS ONE 10:e0134265. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134265. Dhillon, B.; Feau, N.; Aerts, A.L.; Beauseigle, S.; Bernier, L.; Copeland, A.; Foster, A.; Gill, N.; Henrissat, B.; Herath, P.; LaButti, K.M.; Levasseur, A.; Lindquist, E.A.; Majoor, E.; Ohm, R.A.; Pangilinan, J.L.; Pribowo, A.; Saddler, J.N.; Sakalidis, M.L.; de Vries, R.P.; Grigoriev,I.V.; Goodwin, S.B.; Tanguay, P.; Hamelin, R.C. 2015. Horizontal gene transfer and gene dosage drives adaptation to wood colonization in a tree pathogen. PNAS 112(11): 3451-3456. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1424293112.
Laurentian Forestry Centre The Laurentian Forestry Centre (LFC) is one of five research centres within the Canadian Forest Service. Our research strengths lie in the following four areas:
1- Forest pests
Developing and improving control and mitigation methods for insects and diseases that threaten Canada’s forests, in order to mitigate their impacts. Understanding these forest pests allows for an integrated and more effective approach to pest management, and optimizes forest value. At the LFC, priority species under research include the spruce budworm, emerald ash borer, mountain pine beetle and hemlock looper, while the diseases of greatest interest under research include white pine blister rust, butternut canker, sudden oak death, annosus root rot and butt rot.
2- Ecosystem dynamics
Advancing our understanding of forest ecosystem dynamics in order to develop forest management practices that take natural disturbances into account. This knowledge will help to advance Canada's role as an environmental leader. Priority areas of focus include the effects of climate change on the frequency and severity of forest fires, biodiversity and carbon cycling, and the adaptation of trees to changing environmental conditions. Integrating these data into forest management practices contributes to the development of risk mitigation strategies.
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3- Forest productivity
Gaining a better understanding of forest productivity and the dynamics of forest regeneration in order to support sustainable forest management policies and contribute to the transformation of the forest sector. For example, LFC researchers support innovation by looking at the bioenergy value chain and determining the amount of biomass that can be harvested without hindering the long-term productivity of forest ecosystems, thus helping to lay the foundations for a bioeconomy.
4- Ecogenomics
Increasing our understanding of the genetics of forest pests and the genetic diversity of commercial tree species in order to maintain the health of our forests and support the Canadian forest sector in terms of climate change and Canada's competitiveness in the global market. LFC researchers are working to find ways to readily detect 1) diseases that affect trees with desirable wood traits; 2) the level of tree resistance to pests or environmental stressors; 3) the presence of native or exotic pests, in order to minimize their impacts; and 4) tree species that are better adapted to climate change. These activities support optimization of the entire forest value chain.
NOTES
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Feedback to give to the nursery visited We would greatly appreciate your feedback on the following questions :
Productions Résinex inc.
What is your impression?
What did you appreciate the most? What surprised you the most?
Did you learn something? If yes, what is it?
Any comments that may help the nursery?
Thank you !
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The Saint-Modeste Forest Tree Nursery
Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs
Governement of Quebec Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs Mission The mission of the Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs is to promote knowledge acquisition and to ensure the development and optimal use of forestry, wildlife and parks in Québec from a sustainable development perspective, for the benefit of the entire population.
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NURSERY PROFILE
Organization : The Saint-Modeste Forest Tree Nursery Direction Générale de la Production de Semences et de Plants Forestiers Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs 410, rue Principale, Saint-Modeste (Québec) Canada G0L 3W0 Phone : (418) 862-5511 website : mffp.gouv.qc.ca [email protected] [email protected]
Contact : Julie Gravel Grenier, ing. F., M.Sc . Description and history :
The Saint-Modeste Forest Tree Nursery is part of a network of 6 public and 13 private forest nurseries, overseen by the Direction Générale de la Production de Semences et de Plants Forestiers of the Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, which annually produces 150 million plants. The Saint-Modeste Nursery was founded in 1961, the cutting propagation centre in 1989, and the embryogenesis laboratory in 2013. The main productions are container-grown seedlings, white spruce cuttings and somatic embryogenesis propagation. In order to achieve its production objectives, the nursery has an annual budget of 4 million dollars, a team of 10 regular employees and a seasonal staff of about 100 workers. However, at the height of the season, up to 275-300 workers are employed. Layout The area under cultivation is divided into 200 sectors accessible by a 20 km long (12.43 miles) network of forest roads. To create a micro-climate suitable for growing seedlings, windbreaks have been established mainly with eastern white cedars. Container-grown seedlings are produced in unheated greenhouses, named tunnels, or in unsheltered areas. Finally, a water supply system has been settled both under and aboveground for irrigation purposes. The system is supplied by an artificial pond.
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Key productions In the beginning, in 1961, seedlings were exclusively produced in the fields, as bare-root seedlings. In 2017, a decision was made to cease the bare-root seedlings production and produce only container-grown seedlings. The decision was made due to the high cost and the handling care of the bare-root seedlings production. Container-grown seedlings production began in the mid 1980s and continues to this day. Annually, the Saint-Modeste Nursery produces up to 10 million plants,
depending on sizes required, crop density, and reforestation needs. Container-grown seedling production includes more than 2 million plants grown from genetically improved cuttings. Spruce seedlings make up for 90% of the production while the remaining 10% includes larch, pine, fir, white cedar, and poplar seedlings. About 75% of the production consists of large-sized seedlings that are at least 40 cm high. Whatever the species produced, the cultivation method used requires numerous operations: mechanical sowing in containers, transport to the tunnel or unsheltered area, thinning, seedling fertilization, mechanical or manual weeding, irrigation, pest and disease control, and winter protection. Container seedling production Sowing Containers used to grow these types of seedlings have cavities varying from 50 cm3 to 310 cm3. They are filled mechanically with a mixture of peat moss, vermiculite, perlite and/or compost. The seeds are placed on the surface and covered with a thin layer of silica to stabilize them and to maintain the humidity level required for germination. Seedling maintenance After sowing, the containers are placed in tunnels. These structures extend the growing season and protect seedlings against extreme temperature variations. A few weeks following their germination, the seedlings are then thinned, leaving only one plant per cavity. They are weeded both chemically and manually, and then they are watered and fertilized mechanically. In spring of the second year, seedlings are placed in unsheltered areas where they are kept until they reach the size required for reforestation. The 51 tunnels of the Saint-Modeste Nursery cover an area taller than 5 hectares (12.35 acres).
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Double-wall enclusure
Genetically improved steckling production from cuttings and somatic embryogenesis parent plants Infrastructures Saint-Modeste can now deliver more than 2.5 million stecklings per year. The vegetative reproduction system developed at the nursery is unique to Quebec and throughout the world. Many species have been produced by vegetative reproduction, such as black and white Spruce, Norway spruce, and hybrid larch. Since 2015, only white spruce originating from somatic embryogenesis is produced by this method. Production of cuttings Parent plants are produced in laboratory. The selection of the best clones, around 50 annually, is a combination of field test measurements and genomic prediction. While more than 1500 clones are followed and measured, more than 3000 others are kept in cryogenic conservation, therefore they could be available at any time in the future if needed. Annual production of somatic embryogenesis parent plants is 200 000 plants. They are produced in greenhouses and tunnels for the first production year. The cuttings, 5 cm long branches, are taken from these plants during their second year, are planted in multiple-cavity containers and placed in double-wall enclosure for 8 to 12 weeks. Their environment is closely monitored by computers that follow the temperature and control atmospheric humidity and vapor pressure deficit.
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Eight to twelve weeks later, the root system has begun to develop and the stecklings are transplanted into larger containers. From then on, the plants are cultivated for two more years and shipped for reforestation. This production method is much more efficient than conventional ones and it requires considerably less space. In fact, the system developed at the Saint-Modeste Nursery saves not only space, but time and energy as well. Let’s keep in mind that, depending on the species, it usually takes from 10 to 30 years before it is possible to harvest the seeds of a genetically improved tree. This technique is well adapted to the requirements of several species. The system developed at the Saint-Modeste Nursery Cutting Propagation Center allows for mass production of genetically superior trees. It could be used successfully elsewhere in Quebec and throughout the world. Other productions In 1993 a group of poplar parent plants was established, identifying the best performing poplar for the BSL. Every year since 1996, poplar cuttings have been taken from that orchard to produce hybrid poplar plants. Every year since 1996, the Saint-Modeste Nursery has produced hybrid poplar plants from cuttings. In 1993, a group of parent plants were created from the origin of these poplars, which has allowed for finding the best performing clones for the Bas St-Laurent. The nursery also manages seven first- or second-generation seed orchards, hybrid larch clones collection, 10 clonal tests, and other different tests covering an area of more than 100 hectares (247.1 acres).
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Clonal tests • 10 years of clonal tests: 1517 clones from
71 different crosses.• Two sites: Saint-Modeste and Grandes-Piles nurseries• Height measured after 5 and 8 years.
Somatic embryogenesis: a cutting-edge technique to propagate and deploy white spruce
Laurence Tremblay1*, Julie Gingras2, Sylvie Carles1, Sébastien Bérubé2, Claude Gagné1
1 Direction de l’expertise et de la coordination (DEC), Direction générale de la production de semences et de plants forestiers (DGPSPF), Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP). 2 Pépinière forestière de Saint-Modeste, DGPSPF, MFFP.* [email protected]
Somatic embryogenesis (SE), through the propagation in large quantities of the most productive clones, allows the deployment of white spruce somatic plants that yield considerable gains. Work at the Pépinière forestière de Saint-Modeste has led to major advances toward scaling up this technique. Somatic plants represent an elite product under development. Ongoing work aims to identify the clones that perform best under laboratory conditions and in the field, in order to constitute multiclonal varieties with the desired characteristics.
Definition and advantages of SE• SE is an in vitro technique that enables the production of a large number of somatic embryos from a single seed. These somatic embryos will grow into emblings
that are genetically identical to the original seed. No genetic manipulation is involved.• Only SE allows the long-term conservation of the selected genetic material (or of the material under selection) through cryopreservation.
SE in the nurseryThe Pépinière forestière de Saint-Modeste is part of a network of 6 public and 13 private forest nurseries, overseen by the Direction générale de la production de semences et de plants forestiers of the ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, which annually produces 150 million plants.
Mai
n st
eps
of S
E
Induction
Elite seeds Steps in the laboratory Cutting propagation of emblings
Cryopreservation
Maintenance Maturation Germination Acclimatization and transfer to soil
Somatic plants obtained after cutting propagation of emblings.
Operational deployment in 2018In 2018, almost 1 million white spruce somatic plants were delivered to be planted in public forests of the Bas-Saint-Laurent and Gaspésie regions.
Plantation traceability is essential for: • Characterizing the behavior of somatic plants;• Rigorous monitoring of these plants with superior growth potential;• Integrating the superior productivity of somatic plants into allowable cut calculations, for a maximum
return on investment.
Take-home messages
Cloning exists in nature (layering, root suckering, cutting propagation).
Somatic embryogenesis does not involve genetic transformation.
Somatic plants are an elite product under development.
There is no intention of establishing single-clone plantations.
There is no intention of establishing all plantations with somatic plants.
Our challenges • To optimize laboratory and cutting propagation techniques in order to reduce production costs;• To maximize the genetic potential and productivity of clones thanks to, in particular, genomic selection
(i.e., the selection of the best individuals on the basis of their genetic code);• To integrate additional selection criteria such as fiber quality, wood density or insect and
disease resistance.
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NOTES
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Feedback to give to the nursery visited We would greatly appreciate your feedback on the following questions :
The Saint-Modeste Forest Tree Nursery
What is your impression?
What did you appreciate the most? What surprised you the most?
Did you learn something? If yes, what is it?
Any comments that may help the nursery?
Thank you !
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Thursday August 29, 2019
FIELD TOUR in the ESTRIE AREA
Tour program
21:15 Arrival at the Château Laurier
8:00 Bus departure from Château Laurier
11:15 Arrival at Hatley
11:20 Historic of Downey Nursery
11:30 Lunch at Downey Nursery (lunch boxes)
12:30 Visit of Downey Nursery
16:30 Refreshments
17:00 Dinner at Downey Nursery (buffet)
18:00 Departure of Hatley
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Downey tree farm & nursery
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NURSERY PROFILE
Company : Downey tree farm & nursery 6196, North Road, Hatley (Québec), Canada J0B 4B0 Phone : (819) 566-0319 https://www.downeytreefarm.com/ [email protected]
Contacts, owners : Larry Downey, Jimmy Downey, Marlène Provencher Description and history of the company A second-generation tree grower with over 33 years of experience, Larry Downey operates with his wife Marlene, his son Jimmy and his daughter-in-law Stephanie, a 40-acres nursery (16.2 ha) and 295-acres tree farm (119.4 ha). Established for over 25 years, Downey Nursery is unique because of its research and development for new and exotic species through cross-breeding. Test plots for the progression of various species are planted on the tree farms to better analyze the final product. Presently, over six species and hybrids are grown using five different improved stock seed orchards. Being a grower and producer, Mr. Downey can better understand the clients’ needs and problems. Mr. Downey works with various provincial and national Christmas tree associations and is the past president of the Exotic Conifer Association and presently the president of the Canadian Christmas Tree Association. Downey Nursery grows only bare root transplants (no plugs) and harvest only in spring. The nursery currently sells 3+2 and 2+2 transplants. The first number means the number of years in the seedling beds while the second is equivalent to the number of years after being transplanted into the transplant bed. Station 1
A- Christmas tree production on raised beds
Benefits and disadvantages
Survival rate and quality of the trees
Equipment adaptations and spacing
Adapting to local precipitations which are increasing
B- Regional pests and diseases, scouting program:
(François Gendron, biologist for CAE)
C- Newly established seed orchard : Blue balsam fir
Pollination methods (grouped and individual)
Selection criterias and characterization
Growth vigor, bud quantity, density, branch angle,
and color
New needle retention test
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Method and results
Needle retention test
1. Branch harvested twice (mid-October and mid-November)
2. Stored in household conditions for 5-7 weeks
3. Needle loss counted on three dates and accumulated during storage
4. total needle lost repeated over many years
Station 2 - Korean fir seed orchard
o Potential of Abies koreana and difficulties
Excellent disease and pest resistance
Late budding and desirable fragrance
Slow growth rate in the first years
Special trimming technique (terminal dominance)
o Terminal leaders and Growth regulators (Bonzi©[paclobutrazol])
o Future of exotics and hybrids
Station 3 - Side by side tryouts of different fir species and seed sources
- Selection of cultivars adapted to the area
Station 4 - Discussion on hybridization and its effect on field genetic variability
o Genetic variability in the first hybrid cross compared to the second generation
(KRXBL versus KRXBLXBL)
Station 5 A- Nursery (3+2) visit
o Different species and industry demand
o Soil texture and fertilization program
Sandy loam
Low calcium, bore and magnesium levels
o New method of creating transplant beds versus conventional method
Survivability in well-structured soils
Time efficiency
o Harvest in spring conditions
B- Green manure crop
o Species
Winter rye, Ladino clover, hairy vetch, ray grass
Subsoiling combined with intensive root system grasses
o Benefits
Soil conservation
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Soil biodiversity
Soil structure and organic matter
o Crop rotation (4 years)
1 ½ year of green manure crop
½ year of pea
2 years of transplants
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Station 6
A- 4010 pea crop
o Potential of nitrogen fixation 100-200 kg of nitrogen/ha
o Organic nitrogen versus other source of nitrogen
B- Nursery (3+1)
o New method of companion crops sowed during transplantation
Usage of winter rye
Potential use of winter wheat, triticale and micro clover
o Reduction in soil erosion, stable soil temperature and moisture
Station 7
- Machinery tour
o Subsoiler
o Bed creators
o Mower sprayer
o Three-point hitch sprayer
o Five-row transplanter
o Underbrushing machinery
o Rotocultivator
o Seeder
o Fertilizer spreaders
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NOTES
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Feedback to give to the nursery visited We would greatly appreciate your feedback on the following questions :
Downey tree farm & nursery
What is your first impression?
What did you appreciate the most? What surprised you the most?
Did you learn something? If yes, what is it?
Any comments that may help the nursery?
Thank you !
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WE ARE THANKFUL FOR THE SUPPORT
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© P
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