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ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

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Page 1: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

MÉCANISMESThere are three kinds of articles in

French:DefiniteIndefinite and thePartitive

Page 2: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

THE DEFINITE ARTICLETHE DEFINITE ARTICLE IS “LE in masculine” , “LA in feminine”, “L’ in front of a vowel or h”,” AND “LES” in plural.

Le journal La rue L’homme L’usine

Les journaux Les rues Les hommes Les usines

REMEMBER that because you don’t hear the final –s in the plural, the article is the audible indication that the noun is plural.

Page 3: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

After a preposition à and de À + le = au À + les = aux À + la = À la À + l’ = À l’ De + le = du De + les = des

au magasin Aux magasins À la maison À l’homme Du magasin Des magasins

Page 4: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

a) And except when de + the country is the equivalent of an adjective.

Les fromages de France = les fromages français.

Les vins d’Italie = les vins italiens.

And in a number of other expressions, such as:le tour de France

Page 5: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

The definite article is used much the same as in English, but it is also used in the following cases

Before the names of continents, countries, regions, and mountains. La France, la Belgique, le Luxembourg et la

Suisse sont les pays francophones de l’Europe.

Except when they are preceded by EN: En Belgique on parle aussi le flamand et

en Suisse on parle l’allemand et l’italien.

Page 6: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

b) When you talk about nouns in a general sense all those examples refer to the noun in general. When the noun denotes merely a part of that class( some wine, some coffee), the partitive is used.

Le vin est un des produits principaux de la région.

Je n’aime pas beaucoup le café

Il ne faut pas perdre l’espoir.

Ils ont combattu pour la liberté.

Wine is one of the main products of this region.

I do not care for coffee very much

We must not lose hope.

They fought for freedom.

Page 7: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

c) When talking of languages, except after EN:

Le français n’est pas plus difficile que l’anglais.

Dites-le en allemand!d) With parts of the body when they are the

object of the verb: Ouvre la bouche! Open your mouth! Je me suis coupé le doigt. I’ve cut my finger. Il m’a serré la main. He shook my hand Elle a les yeux bleu. She has blue eyes.

Page 8: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

e) When giving one measure or quantity “per” another:

130 kilomètres à l’heure.

12 francs le kilo. 75 francs la pièce.

130 kilometer per hour.

12 francs per kilo. 75 francs each.

Page 9: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

f) Before proper names when they are qualified by an adjective, and also before titles:

La pauvre Claire. Le jeune Paul. Le roi Louis XIV.

Poor Claire. Young Paul. King Louis XIV.

Page 10: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE UN UNE DES

UN HOMME UNE FEMME DES HOMMES DES FEMMES

Page 11: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

It is used much as in English, with the following exceptions:

A) It is omitted after être and devenir + profession or occupation, except after c’est:

Je suis étudiante de langue. Il est enfin devenu annonceur à la télévision.

But you must use c’est un/ une if the occupation is

qualified by an adjective. c’est une chanteuse populaire.

B) With the object of a negative verb. Un / une usually changes to DE/ D’.

Il n’y a pas DE glace. Qui n’a pas D’argent?

Page 12: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE This is DU, DE LA, DE L’, DES, and means

“some” or “any”. It gets its name because it denotes part of a class or object or concept, not all of it:

Je vais acheter du lait. As-tu de l’argent?I am going to buy some milk. Do you have some money?

Tu veux de la soupe?Would you like some soup?

As-tu des enfants?Do you have any children?

Be careful, because English often has no article, whereas the partitive article must not be left out in French.

You need money = il faut DE L’argent.

Page 13: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

DE (invariable) is usually used rather than DES before an adjective that precedes a noun:

Il y a de belles filles en France. Il y a de belles plages en France

Unless the adjective is regarded as a common part of the noun phrase or has no particular distinguishing force. il y a toujours DES belles filles avec

lui.

Page 14: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

Expressions of quantityDE (INVARIABLE) is used after the following expressions of quantity

Assez de Beaucoup de Combien de (ne…) pas de Peu de Un peu de Trop de Pas mal de Autant de Tant de Plus de Moins de

Enough, quite a lot of Much, many, a lot of How much/ many Not any Little, few, not much/ many

of A little/few of, a bit of Too much/ many Quite a few As much / many of So much / many of More of Less of

Page 15: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

AND ALL WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND CONTAINERS

Un kilo de a kilo of Une boite de a can of Une tasse de a cup of

Il n’a pas assez de participants - There is not enough participants.

Il y a peu de monde à cette époque de l’année. There are few / not many people at this time of the

year. Combien de tasses de café?

How many cups of coffee? Comment? Pas de vin?

What? No wine?

Page 16: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

This rule does not apply after BIEN DES (many), ENCORE DES (more) and LA PLUPART DE:

Bien des règles ont des exceptions! Lots of rules have exceptions!

Tu veux prendre encore du café? Do you want some more coffee?

Page 17: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

Les articles

For words used in a general or abstract sense

Le chien aboie – les chiens aboient Le chat miaule – les chats miaulent Pourquoi préférerait-il les

mathématiques à la chimie? L’argent ne fait pas le bonheur

Page 18: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

With names of languages ( except after « parler », «  en », and after an adjective phrase with « de»)

Étudieront-ils le portugais ou l’espagnol?

Will they study Portuguese or Spanish?

BUT Ne parle-t-on pas

français dans cette classe?

Don’t they speak French in this class?

Elle a traduit le poème en russe?

She translated the poem into Russian.

Page 19: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

L’article

With names of parts of the body, and often articles of clothing, when the possessor is clearly indicated

Il m’a serré la main. He shook my hand.

Elle avait le chapeau sur la tête.

She had her hat on her head.

When the possessor must be clarified, the possessive adjective is used.

Ses dents brillent comme des perles.

His teeth gleam like pearls.

Page 20: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

L’article

With titles and rank or profession followed by a name, except in direct address:

Le cardinal Richelieu

Le colonel Chabert La reine Marie

BUT

Bonsoir, docteur Mollet.

Good evening, Doctor Mollet.

Page 21: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

With proper nouns that are modified

La pauvre Louise. Poor Louise.

Le Paris du Moyen–Age. Paris of the Middle-Age.

Page 22: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

With places names, except names of cities:

Le Japon et l’Inde sont des pays de l’Asie.

Le Rhône prend sa source dans les Alpes et se jette dans la Méditerranée près de Marseille.

Page 23: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

In the singular, with days of the week to show regularly repeated action:Ils jouaient au golf le mardi et le jeudi.

The article is omitted if the day mentioned is one specific day.

Vous partez vendredi pour la France

Page 24: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

1 - With names of seasons and colors:l’hiver est la plus froide des saisons.le bleu ne vous va pas bien.

2 - With nouns of weight and measure to express a (an) or per:

On vend ces prunes deux francs le kilo.

Ce vin rouge coûte sept francs la bouteille

3 - With expressions indicating frequency of time, par is generally used without the article.

Je vais en France deux fois par an.

Page 25: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

L’article

To express in with parts of the day:

L’après-midi elle donne des leçons particulières

In a number of fixed expressions, such as:

A l’école A l’église A la maison Au crayon A l’encre Le mois dernier La semaine passée L’année prochaine

Page 26: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

Use of the indefinite articlethen article is omitted in the following cases:

before an unmodified noun of nationality, occupation, or profession:

Elle est Américaine. George voudrait

devenir acteur.

If the noun is modified, the article must be used:

C’est un acteur célèbre.

Page 27: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

• After the exclamatory adjective quel (quelle)

Quel perroquet extraordinaire!

What an unusual parrot!

Before nouns in apposition which serve merely to explain:

Marie-Antoinette, femme de Louis XIV.

Mr Dulac, professeur de français.

In numerical titles of monarchs:

François Ier Napoleon III

Page 28: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

Before the numbers CENT and MILLE:cent foismille papillons

In numerous fixed expressions combining a verb and noun, or a preposition and noun:

Avoir peur Avec soin Perdre de vue D’après nature Faire plaisir Par terre Prendre garde A voix basse

In condensed phrases, such as headings, advertisements, titles of books and stories, proverbs, and enumerations:

Acte premier, Scène II Lettres de mon moulin

(par A. Daudet) Hommes, femmes,

enfants, vieillards, tous voulaient voir le héros.

Maison à louer Contentement passe la

richesse.

Page 29: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

The partitive construction

The idea of some and any before a noun is regularly expressed in French by “DE” plus the definite article.

Du miel/ some honey De la paille/ any straw Des volets / some

shutters

NOTE: The plural of the indefinite article is the partitive DES.

Une armoire / a closet

Des armoires/ some closets

Page 30: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE This is DU, DE LA, DE L’, DES, and

means “some” or “any”. It gets its name because it denotes part of a class or object or concept, not all of it:

Je vais acheter du lait. As-tu de l’argent?I am going to buy some milk. Do you have some money?

Tu veux de la soupe?Would you like some soup?

As-tu des enfants?Do you have any children?

Page 31: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE Be careful, because English often has

no article, whereas the partitive article must not be left out in French.

You need money = il faut DE L’argent.

Page 32: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

DE (invariable) is usually used rather than DES before an adjective that precedes a noun:

Il y a de belles filles en France. Il y a de belles plages en France

Unless the adjective is regarded as a common part of the noun phrase or has no particular distinguishing force. il y a toujours DES belles filles avec

lui.

Page 33: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

Expressions of quantityDE (INVARIABLE) is used after the following expressions of quantity

Assez de Beaucoup de Combien de (ne…) pas de Peu de Un peu de Trop de Pas mal de Autant de Tant de Plus de Moins de

Enough, quite a lot of Much, many, a lot of How much/ many Not any Little, few, not much/ many

of A little/few of, a bit of Too much/ many Quite a few As much / many of So much / many of More of Less of

Page 34: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

AND ALL WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND CONTAINERS

Un kilo de a kilo of Une boite de a can of Une tasse de a cup of

Il n’a pas assez de participants - There is not enough participants.

Il y a peu de monde à cette époque de l’année. There are few / not many people at this time of

the year. Combien de tasses de café?

How many cups of coffee? Comment? Pas de vin?

What? No wine?

Page 35: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

This rule does not apply after BIEN DES (many), ENCORE DES (more) and LA PLUPART DE:

Bien des règles ont des exceptions! Lots of rules have exceptions!

Tu veux prendre encore du café? Do you want some more coffee?

Page 36: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

ExerciceMettez les articles suivants: le/la/l’/les; un/une/des ; de/de l’; au

Poires Belle-Hélène Ingrédients pour quatre personnes. 8 demi-poires au sirop; 150 g

…..chocolat à croquer; 2 cuillérées à soupe …. Crème fraîche; ½ litre ….glace à la vanille; ….. cuillérées à soupe ….. Grand-Marnier.

Page 37: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

ExerciceMettez les articles suivants: le/la/l’/les; un/une/des ; de/de l’; au

Recette

Cassez ….chocolat en petits morceaux; mettez le chocolat dans …. Casserole; ajoutez …. Grand-Marnier; faites fondre ….chocolat à feu très doux. Égouttez …demi-poires. Ajoutez …..crème fraîche ….chocolat fondu; remuez et laissez chauffer à feu doux. Répartissez …glace à ….vanille …..fond de quatre coupes individuelles. Dans chaque coupe posez deux demi-poires collées … une à …autre debout, sur ….glace à la vanille; nappez de sauce …chocolat et servez immédiatement.

Page 38: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

ExerciceMettez les articles suivants: le/la/l’/les; un/une/des ; de/de l’; au

Poires Belle-Hélène Conseils: Vous pouvez saupoudrer …

coupes …amandes. Mettez …coupes vides au

frigidaire avant …préparation. ….glace fondra moins vite.

Page 39: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

CORRECTION DE L’EXERCICE Mettez les articles suivants: le/la/l’/les; un/une/des ; de/de l’; au

Poires Belle-HélèneIngrédients pour quatre

personnes.8 demi-poires au sirop; 150 g DE chocolat à croquer; 2 cuillérées à soupe DE Crème fraîche; ½ litre DE glace à la vanille; UNE cuillérées à soupe DE Grand-Marnier.

Page 40: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

RecetteCassez LE chocolat en petits morceaux; mettez le chocolat dans LA Casserole; ajoutez LE Grand-Marnier; faites fondre LE chocolat à feu très doux. Égouttez LES demi-poires. Ajoutez LA crème fraîche. LE chocolat fondu; remuez et laissez chauffer à feu doux. Répartissez LA glace à LA vanille AU fond de quatre coupes individuelles. Dans chaque coupe posez deux demi-poires collées L’une à L’autre debout, sur LA glace à la vanille; nappez de sauce AU chocolat et servez immédiatement.

Page 41: ARTICLES AND EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MÉCANISMES There are three kinds of articles in French: Definite Indefinite and the Partitive

Conseils:

1. Vous pouvez saupoudrer LES coupes D’amandes.

2. Mettez LES coupes vides au frigidaire avant LA préparation. LA glace fondra moins vite.