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ArthropodsArthropods
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Phylum
Arthropoda
Class
Crustacea
Class
Arachnida
Class
Insecta
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CharacteristicCharacteristics ofs ofArthropodsArthropods
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1. EXOSKELETON1. EXOSKELETON
In most arthropods the body is coveredwith chitinous cuticle that is hardened intoan exoskeleton. Once the cuticle is
hardened it ca
n
not i
ncrease i
nsize
.Someregions of the cuticle remain unhardened
to allow flexibility and movement.
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2.2.METAMERISMMETAMERISM
Body composed ofnumeroussegments, segmented condition may
be concealed
.
Inthe primitiveArthropod, the body was thought to
be a series of metameres, each,except for the first and last, with a
pair of appendages.
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3. JOINTED APPENDAGES3. JOINTED APPENDAGES
Jointed appendages give arthropodsnumerous specialized organs for
walking, graspi
ng, a
nd eati
ng
.
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4. VENTRAL NERVE COR4. VENTRAL NERVE CORDD Ventral nerve cord with ganglia at
each segment. Only the brain (most
an
terior) gan
glia is above thedigestive system.
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5.5. OPEN CIRCULATORYOPEN CIRCULATORYSYSTEMSYSTEM
A dorsal (upper) vessel directs bloodforward toward the brain.
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6.DIGESTIVE ANDEXCRETORY6.DIGESTIVE ANDEXCRETORY
SYSTEM
SSYSTEM
S
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8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
IS DIFFERENT: GILLS IN AQUATICFORMS AND TRACHEAEIN
TE
RRE
STI
AL
F
ORM
S
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7.7. SEXUALSEXUALREPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
However, some insects areparthenogenic, females produce
offspring without mating.
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Complete and incomplete
metamorphosis
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Egg
Larva
Adult
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Medical importance ofMedical importance ofArthropodsArthropods
Intermediate hosts for some humanparasites
Venomous animals Human permanent or temporary
parasites
Vectors of huma
ninfectio
ns
Cause of allergy
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Phylum
Arthropoda
Class
Crustacea
Class
Arachnida
Class
Insecta
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CLASS CRUSTACEACLASS CRUSTACEAShrimpShrimpss, lobsters, and crabs, lobsters, and crabs
(derivation: crust(derivation: crust == hard, shellhard, shell--like; 26,000 known species).like; 26,000 known species).
Two pairs of antennae
Two body regions (head and thoraxcombined into the cephalothorax)
One pair of appendages per body
segment
.Appe
ndages termi
nate i
npinchers.
Primarily an aquatic group, respiration isby gills even in terrestrial species.
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FreshFresh--water crabs arewater crabs are
intermediate hosts forintermediate hosts forParagonimus westermaniParagonimus westermani
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wat
Cyclops are intermediate hosts forCyclops are intermediate hosts forDiphylobothrium latum andDiphylobothrium latum and
Dracunculus medinensisDracunculus medinensis
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CLASS ARACHNIDA.CLASS ARACHNIDA.Spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions,Spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions,
derivation:derivation: arachne=spider;arachne=spider;57,000 known species).57,000 known species).
No antennae
Presence of chelicerae, appendages justabove/in front of the mouth.
Most with a cephalothorax and abdomen.
Some with a single body region. Most are terrestrial
Most are predacious.
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Order ScorpionsOrder Scorpions
There are about 2,000 species of
scorpions, found widely distributed
south of about 49 N, except New
Zealand and Antarctica.
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Scorpion
The body of a
scorpion is divided
into two parts: thecephalothorax
(also called the
prosoma) and the
abdomen(opisthosoma).
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Unlike the majority of arachnidspecies, scorpions are viviparous.The young are born one by one, andthe brood is carried about on itsmother's back until the young haveundergone at least one moult.
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The vThe venomenom ofof
scorpionsscorpions All known Scorpion species possess poison
or venom. Scorpions use their venom to kill
or paralyze their prey so that it can beeaten; in general it is fast-acting, allowingfor effective prey capture.
Scorpions rarely aggressively attack
humans, but will often reflexively strikewhen they are handled, stepped on in barefeet, or accidentally crushed in clothing.
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Scorpions produce two types ofvenom:
Hemolytic - i
nduces bur
ning,swelling and necrosis at the wound
site.
Neurotoxic produces intense painat the site of the sting and causeschills, excessive salivation, vomitingand sometimes respiratory paralysis
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Initial treatmentInitial treatment
Application of ice to the wound site
Tourniquet above the wound
Specific antiserum
Prevention: elimination of rubbish
piles favored hiding and breedingplaces of scorpions.
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Order AraneidaOrder Araneida
(spiders)(spiders)
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Venomous spidersVenomous spiders
Latrodectus is a genus that containsapproximately 31 recognized
species of venomous spider. The
commonname widowspiders isoften used to refer to members of
the genus. The Black Widowspiders are well known members
of the genus. The female blackwidow's venom is particularlyharmful to humans (males almost
never bite humans).
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L. tredecimguttatusL. tredecimguttatus femalefemale
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A Black Widow spider with her eggA Black Widow spider with her eggsacs. Taken inMexico.sacs. Taken inMexico.
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The black widow bite.BitesThe black widow bite.Bitesare initially painlessare initially painless
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The venom acts at nerve endings toprevent relaxation of muscles, causing
tetany co
nsta
nt, stro
ng, pai
nful musclecontractions. Thus initial pain is often
followed by severe muscle cramps.Contraction of musculature may extend
throughout the body, though cramping inthe abdomen is frequently the mostsevere.
Standardtreatments usuallyinvolvesymptomatic therapywithpainmedication,musclerelaxants,andantivenom.
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WhilenofatalitieshavebeenattributedtoWhilenofatalitieshavebeenattributedtotarantulatarantula bites,sometimesspiderbitesarebites,sometimesspiderbitesare
regardedastheprobablesourceofinfectionsregardedastheprobablesourceofinfections..
Tarantula
Gallery
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Order AcarinaOrder Acarina
(ticks and mites)(ticks and mites)
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Acarina or Acari are aAcarina or Acari are an ordern order ofofarachnids that containsarachnids that contains mites and ticksmites and ticks..
The diversity of the Acari is extraordinaryThe diversity of the Acari is extraordinary..Most acarines are minute to small (e.g. 0.08Most acarines are minute to small (e.g. 0.08
1.01.0 mm), but the largest Acari (some ticksmm), but the largest Acari (some ticksand red velvet mites) may reach lengths ofand red velvet mites) may reach lengths of
10102020 mm.mm.
It is estimated that over 50,000 species haveIt is estimated that over 50,000 species havebeen described and that a million or morebeen described and that a million or more
species are currently living.species are currently living.
Life-cycle:egglarvanymph adult.Larvahas sixlegs,nymphandmature
tick haveeightlegs
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Ticks are ectoparasites, living by
hematophagy on the blood ofmammals, birds, and
occasionally reptiles and
amphibians. Ticks are importantvectors of a number of diseases,including Lyme disease and Tick-
borne meningoencephalitis.
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Hard ticksHard ticks possess apossess a
scutumscutum -- tough leathertough leather--like integument, thatlike integument, thatcovers most of theircovers most of their
body.body.
Family Ixodidae
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She and he
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A tick (female) sucks bloodA tick (female) sucks blood
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After that she becomes 200After that she becomes 200times largertimes larger
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Some examples ofIxodidaeSome examples ofIxodidaefamilyfamily
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Lonestarticks(Amblyommaamericanum) have been linked to
tran
smission
of ehrlichiosis,tularemia, and southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI). Thesaliva of these ticks is irritating, and
can cause an allergic reaction at thesite of the bite
l kl d ( d ) i k
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Blacklegged (ordeer)ticks(Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes
pacificus) can
tran
smit several tick-borne diseases includinganaplasmosis, babesiosis and Lymedisease. An adult tick is pictured at
left, though it is the smaller nymphalstage ticks which most commonlybite humans.
i d i k (
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Americandogtick (Dermacentorvariabilis) as well as the RockyM
oun
tain
wood tick (D
ermacentorandersoni) can transmit manydiseases including Rocky Mountainspotted fever and tularemia.
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Softticks. FamilySoftticks. FamilyArgasidaeArgasidae
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Fami y Argasi ae Ornit o orusFami y Argasi ae Ornit o orus
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Fami y Argasi ae. Ornit o orusFami y Argasi ae. Ornit o orusspp.spp.
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FamilytrombiculidaeFamilytrombiculidae
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Diseases transmitted by ArachnidsDiseases transmitted by Arachnids(some examples)(some examples)
Arachnida(vector)
Disease
Ixodes Viral encephalitis, Lyme disease,
Japanese spotted fever
Dermacentor Tularemia, Q-fever, RockyMountain spotted fever,
Colorado tick feverOrnithodorus Relapsing fever
Trombiculidae Tsutsugamushi disease
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Prevention against ticksPrevention against ticks
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MitesMites intracutaneousintracutaneousparasitesparasites
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Sarcoptes scabieiis a mite whichburrows into human skin and causesscabies.
The disease produces intense, itchyskin rashes when the impregnatedfemale tunnels into the stratumcorneum of the skin and depositseggs in the burrow. The larvae,which hatch in 310 days, moult intoa nymphs, and then mature intoadult mites. They live 34 weeks.
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0.5 mm
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In the skinIn the skin
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An itch mites passageAn itch mites passage
Demodex folliculorumDemodex folliculorum
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Demodex folliculorumDemodex folliculorumThe Follicle (or Eyelash) MiteThe Follicle (or Eyelash) Mite
Demodex folliculorum is host-
specific obligate ectoparasite living
respectively in the niche
environments of hair follicles andsebaceous glands around the face
and head. Generally their presence
goes totally unnoticed but in some
cases heavy infestations arebelieved to be the cause of certain
forms of hair loss and such skin
complaints as 'acne rosacea'.
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Demodex folliculorumDemodex folliculorum
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D d iD d i
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DemodecosisDemodecosis
Tiny invisible acariTiny invisible acari dustdust
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Tiny invisible acariTiny invisible acari dustdustmitesmites can cause allergycan cause allergy
D t it b d h tD t it b d h t
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Dust mites on a bedsheetDust mites on a bedsheet
WHO DID YOU SLEEPWITH LAST NIGHT??
MEDICAL IMPORTANCE OFMEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF
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MEDICALIMPORTANCE OFMEDICALIMPORTANCE OFARACHNIDS:ARACHNIDS:
Venomous animals (spiders andscorpions)
Intracutaneous parasites (Sarcoptesscabiei and Demodex folliculorum)
Ectoparasites and vectors fordiseases (blood-sucking ticks)
Cause of allergy (dust mites)
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CLASS INSECTACLASS INSECTAInsectsInsects
(derivation: in=into, sect=cut;(derivation: in=into, sect=cut;750,000 known species)750,000 known species) Single pair of antenna
Three body regions (head, thorax, and
abdomen) Three pairs of legs (adult insect), one on
each segment of thorax
Most adult insects with wings
roleofinsectswillbethesubjectofournextlecture
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The endThe end