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Pg1}{\bkmkend Pg1}\par\pard\ql \li2882\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2882\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2882\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2882\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2882\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2882\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2882\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2882\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2882\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2882\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2882\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2882\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2882\ri1943\sb25\sl-260\slmult0\tx3458 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 FITUR BAHARU DARI KOMBINASI GEOMETRI SEGITIGA DAN \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PENGEZONAN UNTUK PALEOGRAFI JAWI DIGITAL \par\pard\ql \li4921\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4921\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4921\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4921\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4921\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4921\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4921\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4921\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4921\sb59\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 MOHD SANUSI BIN AZMI \par\pard\ql \li2926\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2926\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2926\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2926\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2926\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2926\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2926\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2926\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2926\ri1989\sb198\sl-260\slmult0\tx5173 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 TESIS YANG DIKEMUKAKAN UNTUK MEMPEROLEH IJAZAH \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 DOKTOR FALSAFAH \par\pard\ql \li3682\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3682\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3682\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3682\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3682\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3682\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3682\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3682\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3682\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3682\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3682\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3682\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3682\ri2745\sb40\sl-260\slmult0\tx4160 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI DAN SAINS MAKLUMAT \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA \par\pard\ql \li5921\sb7\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 BANGI \par\pard\ql \li6082\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6082\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6082\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6082\sb16\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2013 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg2}{\bkmkend Pg2}\par\pard\ql \li10358\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10358\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 ii \par\pard\ql \li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5549\sb156\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 PENGAKUAN \par\pard\qj \li2155\sb0\sl-400\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2155\sb0\sl-400\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2155\ri1214\sb62\sl-400\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Saya akui karya ini adalah hasil kerja saya sendiri kecuali nukilan dan ringkasan yang \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 tiap-tiap satunya telah saya jelaskan sumbernya. \par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb135\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx7676 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 20 DISEMBER 2013\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 MOHD SANUSI AZMI\par\pard\ql \li8637\sb124\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 P56225 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg3}{\bkmkend Pg3}\par\pard\ql \li10293\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10293\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 iii \par\pard\ql \li5369\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5369\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5369\sb152\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 PENGHARGAAN \par\pard\qj \li2155\sb0\sl-420\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2155\ri1219\sb6\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Segala puji bagi Allah S.W.T tuhan sekalian alam. Selawat dan salam ke atas \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 junjungan besar Nabi Muhammad S.A.W. Syukur kehadratNya, dengan izinNya saya \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 dapat menyempurnakan tesis ini. \par\pard\qj \li2155\ri1214\sb406\sl-413\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Ucapan jutaan terima kasih dan penghargaan ditujukan khas kepada penyelia \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 saya Prof. Dr. Khairuddin Omar, Dr. Mohammad Faidzul Nasrudin dan Dr. Azah \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Kamilah Muda kerana banyak mencurahkan ilmu, tunjuk ajar, saranan dan bantuan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 dari awal hingga ke peringkat akhir tesis saya ini. Jutaan terima kasih juga kepada \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Allahyarham Prof. Kasmiran Jumari yang telah mengajar dan berkongsi ilmu semasa \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 hayatnya, juga kepada Prof. Dr. Shahrin Sahib, Dr. Azizi Abdullah dan Dr. Bahari \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Idrus kerana turut terlibat membantu, mencurahkan ilmu dan tunjuk ajar kepada saya. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Saya berdo\u8217?a semoga segala kebaikan-kebaikan yang tidak ternilai yang dicurahkan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 kepada saya akan memperoleh ganjaran kebaikan demi kebaikan dari Allah S.W.T \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 baik di dunia mahupun di akhirat kelak. \par\pard\qj \li2155\sb0\sl-412\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2155\ri1216\sb16\sl-412\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Buat Umi dan Ayah, anakanda begitu bertuah mendapat umi dan ayah. Buat \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 isteri saya yang tercinta Khadijah Wan Mohd Ghazali dan permata-permata hati saya \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Asma\u8217?, Aisyah dan Alfatih. Terima kasih atas pengorbanan, kesabaran, sokongan dan \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 kasih sayang yang selama ini menjadi penyeri hidup saya. Tidak lupa juga kepada \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 teman-teman perjuangan PhD dan Sarjana yang sama-sama memberikan pandangan, \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 tunjuk ajar dan berkongsi pengalaman kajian. \par\pard\li2875\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2875\sb266\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3892\tx4910\tx5792\tx7047\tx8122\tx9086\tx9962 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Akhir\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 sekali\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 saya\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ucapkan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 terima\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kasih\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 buat\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 geran\par\pard\qj \li2155\ri1213\sb8\sl-416\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ERGS/1/2011/STG/UKM/01/18 yang banyak membantu dalam penyelidikan dan \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 pembentangan kertas kerja, Kumpulan Pengecaman Corak, FTSM, UKM yang \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 memberikan kemudahan dan persekitaran kajian yang terbaik, Kementerian Pengajian \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Tinggi kerana menganugerahkan biasiswa, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 kerana menganugerahkan cuti belajar. Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat, \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ditempat ilmu ditimba dengan fasiliti yang terbaik. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg4}{\bkmkend Pg4}\par\pard\ql \li10305\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10305\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 iv \par\pard\ql \li5744\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5744\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5744\sb152\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 ABSTRAK \par\pard\qj \li2155\sb0\sl-275\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2155\sb0\sl-275\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2155\ri1217\sb135\sl-275\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Kajian paleografi memberikan tumpuan kepada ciri fizikal tulisan seperti jenis huruf, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 khat dan illuminasi bagi menentukan asal-usul manuskrip. Penentuan ciri fizikal \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 seperti jenis khat menggunakan Pengecaman Huruf Optik (PHO) dinamakan sebagai \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Paleografi Jawi Digital (PJD). Dalam paleografi digital penggunaan huruf tunggal \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 adalah penting. Namun, kajian PHO masih menggunakan fitur yang mengabaikan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 sudut huruf tunggal yang penting dalam pengecaman jenis khat. Selain itu, kajian \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 paleografi masih terkekang dengan penggunaan set data tempatan. Tujuan kajian ini \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 adalah untuk mencadangkan PJD berdasarkan penentuan jenis khat. Bagi mencapai \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 tujuan tersebut serta menyelesaikan permasalahan set data dan fitur di atas, kajian ini \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 mencadangkan empat objektif iaitu i. Mencipta kerangka kerja PJD dan set data khat \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Arab berbentuk tunggal, ii. Mencadangkan fitur dari kombinasi geometri segitiga dan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 pengezonan yang peka sudut, iii. Mencadangkan fitur vektor lanjutan dari (ii) dan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 yang terakhirnya iv. Mencadangkan huruf tunggal Arab pembeza bagi PJD. Kajian \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dilaksanakan dengan memilih set data digit Arab/Farsi kerana tiada set data berbentuk \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 tunggal dalam PJD. Set data digit Arab yang dipilih adalah HODA dan IFHCDB \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 dengan setiap satunya mempunyai sepuluh kelas. Experimen ini dapat menentu \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 sahkan algoritma cadangan. Kemudian, satu set data sebanyak 69,400 imej huruf khat \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Arab dibina dari tulisan tangan sepuluh pakar khat. Fitur cadangan adalah hasil dari \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 kombinasi geometri segitiga tak sama kaki dan pengezonan dari Satah Cartisan. Fitur \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 dijana dari imej binari yang dibahagi kepada \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 4 zon. Seterusnya pengezonan \par\pard\qj \li2155\ri1217\sb5\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 dilanjutkan kepada Pengezonan Mendatar, Menegak, 25-zon, Berasaskan Sudut 45 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 darjah dan 33-zon. Setiap uji kaji menggunakan taburan asal, 10-bentangan dan 10 \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kocokan menggunakan Pembelajaran Mesin Terselia (PMT) dan Pembelajaran Mesin \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Tidak Terselia (PMTT). PMT yang digunakan adalah Pembelajaran Mesin Sokongan \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Vektor (PMSV) dan Perseptron Multi-Aras (PMA). PMTT pula adalah Jarak Terdekat \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Euclidan berserta Min Purata Ketepatan \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 (MPK). Keputusan uji kaji tertinggi \par\pard\qj \li2155\ri1216\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 menggunakan PMT iaitu PMA untuk pengezonan 33-zon iaitu 99.695 peratus. Uji kaji \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 juga dilaksanakan pada set data baharu khat Arab dengan keputusan melebihi 90 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 peratus ketepatan. Algoritma cadangan mampu memberikan keputusan yang lebih \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 baik dari penyelidik lain dan mencadangkan enam huruf khat utama pembeza bagi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 tujuan PJD. Kesimpulannya, algoritma cadangan ini boleh digunakan dalam \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 pengecaman digit mahupun pengecaman jenis khat yang berguna pada PJD. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\ql \li10372\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10372\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 v \par\pard\ql \li2172\sb0\sl-420\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2172\ri1234\sb166\sl-420\slmult0\tx4212 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 A NOVEL FEATURE FROM COMBINATIONS OF TRIANGLE GEOMETRY \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 FOR DIGITAL JAWI PALEOGRAPHY \par\pard\ql \li5669\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5669\sb243\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ABSTRACT \par\pard\qj \li2155\sb0\sl-275\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2155\sb0\sl-275\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2155\ri1213\sb135\sl-275\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 The study of paleography focuses on the physical attributes of writings such as the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 character, calligraphy, and illumination types to determine the origin of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 manuscript. Determination of physical attributes in Jawi characters like the \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 calligraphy type using optical character recognition (OCR) is part of the digital Jawi \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 paleography \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (PJD). The subjects of digital paleography in this study \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 are Jawi characters written in standalone form. However, OCR still uses the features \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 that neglect the angle of the standalone characters, an important criteria in calligraphy \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 type recognition. Moreover, the paleography study is still limited with the use of local \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 datasets. The purpose of this study is to suggest a PJD based on the calligraphy type \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 determination. To achieve this purpose as well as solving the problem of the datasets \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 and features as mentioned previously, this study suggests four objectives: i. To create \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 a PJD framework and Arabic calligraphy dataset of standalone characters, ii. To \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 suggest features from the combination of triangle geometry and zoning which are \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 sensitive to angles, iii. To suggest vector features as continuation from (ii), and lastly, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 iv. To suggest discriminant standalone Arabic characters for PJD. The study was \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 implemented by selecting digit Arabic/Farsi dataset because standalone \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 characters dataset does not exist in PJD as far as our concern. The Arabic digit dataset \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 chosen are HODA and IFHCDB with ten classes in each. Experiments that were \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 conducted successfully verified the proposed algorithm. Later, a dataset of 69.400 \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 images of Arabic calligraphy characters was built consisting of the handwriting of ten \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 calligraphy experts. The proposed features are from the combination of the geometry \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 of scalene triangles and zoning from the Cartesian plane. Features were generated \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 from binary images which are divided into four zones. Next, the zoning is extended to \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 the Horizontal, Vertical, 25-zone, 45-degree, and 33-zone zoning. Every experiment \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 uses the original distribution, 10-fold and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 10 random classifications using the \par\pard\qj \li2155\ri1217\sb5\sl-275\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 supervised machine learning (SML) and unsupervised machine learning (UML). The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 SML used are support vector machine learning (SVM) and multi-layer perceptron \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (MLP), whereas the UML used are minimum Euclidean distance and average \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 accuracy mean. The highest result for SML experiment is obtained through MLP for \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 33-zon zoning, which is 99.695 percent. Experiments were also conducted on the new \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Arabic calligraphy dataset with the result of more than 90 percent accuracy. The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 proposed algorithm is capable of outperforming other researches and proposed six \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 major discriminant calligraphy characters for the purpose of PJD. In conclusion, the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 proposed algorithm can be used in digit recognition as well as recognition type \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 determination which are useful for PJD. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg6}{\bkmkend Pg6}\par\pard\ql \li10305\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10305\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 vi \par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb163\sl-276\slmult0\fi3375 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 KANDUNGAN\par\pard\li2155\sb137\sl-276\slmult0\fi7201 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Halaman\par\pard\li2155\sb254\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9537 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PENGAKUAN\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 ii\par\pard\li2155\sb257\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9537 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 PENGHARGAAN\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 iii\par\pard\li2155\sb259\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9537 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 ABSTRAK\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 vi\par\pard\li2155\sb257\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9537 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 ABSTRACT\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 v\par\pard\li2155\sb259\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9537 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 KANDUNGAN\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 vi\par\pard\li2155\sb258\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9537 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 SENARAI JADUAL\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 xi\par\pard\li2155\sb259\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9537 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 SENARAI RAJAH\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 xvi\par\pard\li2155\sb257\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9477 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 SENARAI NAMASINGKATAN\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 xix\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb242\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 BAB 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PENGENALAN\par\pard\li2121\sb115\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 1.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengenalan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pernyataan Masalah\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Objektif Kajian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 9\par\pard\li2121\sb121\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kerangka Teori\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 9\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kepentingan Kajian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 11\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Skop Kajian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 13\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1.7\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Struktur Organisasi Tesis\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 14\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb244\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 BAB II\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 KAJIAN LITERATUR\par\pard\li2121\sb116\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 2.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengenalan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 16\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perkembangan Tulisan Tangan Jawi Luar Talian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 16\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Analisa Perkembangan Kajian Pengecaman Tulisan Jawi\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 21\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Luar Talian Berasaskan Kerangka Pengecaman Corak\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4428\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.3.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pra-pemprosesan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 21\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4428\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.3.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Penemberengan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 26\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4428\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.3.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengekstrakan fitur\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 28\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4428\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.3.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengelasan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 36\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4428\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.3.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pasca-pemprosesan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 38\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Permasalahan Kajian dalam Kajian Terdahulu\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 39\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4397\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.4.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Paleografi digital\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 39\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg7}{\bkmkend Pg7}\par\pard\ql \li10237\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10237\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 vii \par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb156\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4397\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.4.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengecaman digit\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 41\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kesimpulan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 42\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb245\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 BAB III\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 METODOLOGI KAJIAN\par\pard\li2121\sb115\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 3.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengenalan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 45\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Metodologi Kajian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 45\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4361\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.2.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kerangka kajian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 45\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kerangka Kerja Kajian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 49\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Reka Bentuk Uji Kaji\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 51\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.4.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Uji kaji i\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 51\par\pard\li2121\sb1\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.4.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Uji kaji ii\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 52\par\pard\li2121\sb1\sl-274\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.4.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Uji kaji iii\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 53\par\pard\li2121\sb2\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.4.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Uji kaji iv\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 53\par\pard\li2121\sb119\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengelasan Pembelajaran Mesin Terselia(PMT) dan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 54\par\pard\li2121\sb1\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pembelajaran Mesin Tidak Terselia (PMTT)\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.5.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengelasan Pembelajaran Mesin Terselia (PMT)\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 54\par\pard\li2121\sb1\sl-274\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.5.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengelasan Pembelajaran Mesin Tidak Terselia\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 57\par\pard\li2121\sb2\sl-276\slmult0\fi2235 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (PMTT)\par\pard\li2121\sb119\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Alatan Kajian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 60\par\pard\li2121\sb121\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.7\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kesimpulan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 61\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb245\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 BAB IV\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PENGUMPULAN DATA DAN PRA-PEMPROSESAN\par\pard\li2121\sb115\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 4.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengenalan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 62\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengumpulan Set Data\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 62\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.2.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Set data HODA digit Farsi/Arab\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 64\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.2.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Set data digit MNIST\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 66\par\pard\li2121\sb1\sl-273\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.2.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Set data aksara Farsi/Arab IFHCDB\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 69\par\pard\li2121\sb1\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.2.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Set data digit BANGLA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 71\par\pard\li2121\sb1\sl-274\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.2.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perbandingan set data piawai\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 73\par\pard\li2121\sb121\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pra-Pemprosesan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 74\par\pard\li2121\sb121\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.3.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Penukaran imej-imej kepada imej binari set data\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 75\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi2235 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 piawai\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kesimpulan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 76\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb245\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 BAB V\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PEMBINAAN FITUR DARI KOMBINASI\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 GEOMETRI SEGITIGA DAN PENGEZONAN PEKA\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 SUDUT\par\pard\li2121\sb115\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 5.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengenalan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 77\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg8}{\bkmkend Pg8}\par\pard\ql \li10173\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10173\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 viii \par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb156\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jenis-jenis Segitiga\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 79\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Penentuan Koordinat Bucu-bucu Segitiga\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 85\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Fitur Vektor dari Eksploitasi Geometri Segitiga\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 87\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kod Pseudo Pembinaan Fitur dari Kombinasi Geometri\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 89\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Segitiga dan Pengezonan Peka Sudut\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kesimpulan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 91\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb245\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 BAB VI\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 FITUR VEKTOR LANJUTAN BERASASKAN\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 KOMBINASI GEOMETRI SEGITIGA DAN\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PENGEZONAN\par\pard\li2121\sb116\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 6.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengenalan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 92\par\pard\li2121\sb119\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6.1.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan mendatar\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 93\par\pard\li2121\sb1\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6.1.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan menegak\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 94\par\pard\li2121\sb1\sl-274\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6.1.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan 25-Zon\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 95\par\pard\li2121\sb2\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6.1.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan berasaskan sudut 45 darjah\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 97\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6.1.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan 33-Zon\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 98\par\pard\li2121\sb119\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kod Pseudo Fitur Vektor Lanjutan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 99\par\pard\li2121\sb121\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kesimpulan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 100\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb244\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 BAB VII PERSEDIAAN KEPADA PALEOGRAFI JAWI\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 DIGITAL\par\pard\li2121\sb116\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 7.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengenalan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 101\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pembangunan Set Data Setempat Khat Arab\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 101\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7.2.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Mengenal pasti dan mengkategorikan huruf khat\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 102\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi2235 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 arab kepada sama bentuk\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7.2.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Melantik juru tulis khat Arab dan kriteria\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 104\par\pard\li2121\sb1\sl-273\slmult0\fi2235 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 penulisan\par\pard\li2121\sb1\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7.2.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Imbasan, penemberengan dan penamaan imej\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 106\par\pard\li2121\sb119\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pra-pemprosesan dan Pengekstrakan Fitur Khat Arab\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 108\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perancangan Perlaksanaan Ujian Set Data Khat Arab\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 110\par\pard\li2121\sb121\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Hasil Yang Dijangka\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 111\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kesimpulan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 111\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb245\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx4357 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 BAB VIII\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 STRATEGI PENGUJIAN\par\pard\li2121\sb115\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 8.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengenalan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 112\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 8.1.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perancangan perlaksanaan PMT pengelas PMSV\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 112\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 8.1.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perancangan perlaksanaan PMT pengelas PMA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 114\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 8.1.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perancangan perlaksanaan Set data PMTT\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 115\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg9}{\bkmkend Pg9}\par\pard\ql \li10305\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10305\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 ix \par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb156\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 8.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kesimpulan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 116\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb245\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx4357 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 BAB IX\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 KEPUTUSAN UJI KAJI\par\pard\li2121\sb115\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 9.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengenalan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 117\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 9.1.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan uji kaji I\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 117\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 9.1.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan uji kaji II\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 123\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 9.1.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan uji kaji III\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 146\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 9.l.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan uji kaji V\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 149\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx4357\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 9.1.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Prestasi algoritma cadangan berasaskan masa dan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 156\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi2235 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ruang ingatan\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 9.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kesimpulan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 158\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb245\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 BAB X\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 KESIMPULAN DAN KAJIAN HADAPAN\par\pard\li2121\sb115\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 10.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengenalan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 160\par\pard\li2121\sb121\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Dapatan Kajian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 160\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10.2.1 Mencadangkan rangka kerja bagi pengecaman\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 160\par\pard\qj \li4357\ri2706\sb13\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 digit dan khat Arab dan membangunkan set data \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 khat Arab \par\pard\ql \li3540\sb7\sl-276\slmult0\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 10.2.2 Mencadangkan fitur dari\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 dari kombinasi geometri \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 161 \par\pard\ql \li4357\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 segitiga dan pengezonan yang peka sudut \par\pard\li2121\sb9\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10.2.3 Mencadangkan fitur vektor lanjutan dari\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 161\par\pard\li2121\sb1\sl-274\slmult0\fi2235 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan Mendatar, Menegak, 25-zon,\par\pard\li2121\sb2\sl-276\slmult0\fi2235 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 berasaskan Sudut 45 darjah dan 33-zon\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1418\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10.2.4 Mencadangkan kategori huruf khat Arab pembeza\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 162\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi2235 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 bagi Paleografi Jawi Digital\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Sumbangan Kajian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 162\par\pard\li2121\sb118\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Penerbitan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 163\par\pard\li2121\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Cadangan Perluasan Kajian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 163\par\pard\li2121\sb119\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3540\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rumusan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 163\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb135\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 RUJUKAN\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 164\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9494 \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 LAMPIRAN A\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 170\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb241\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 LAMPIRAN B\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 173\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb239\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 LAMPIRAN C\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 183\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg10}{\bkmkend Pg10}\par\pard\ql \li10372\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10372\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 x \par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb5\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 LAMPIRAN D\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 186\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 LAMPIRAN E\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 205\par\pard\li2121\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2121\sb257\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9494 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 LAMPIRAN F\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 231\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg11}{\bkmkend Pg11}\par\pard\ql \li10305\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10305\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 xi \par\pard\ql \li5266\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5266\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5266\sb152\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 SENARAI JADUAL \par\pard\li2155\sb143\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9577 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 No. Jadual\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Halaman\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9950 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 1.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Contoh-contoh huruf khat Arab\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 2.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pra-pemprosesan pengecaman corak untuk tulisan Jawi\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 21\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 2.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pra-pemprosesan pengecaman corak untuk paleografi digital\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 23\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 2.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pra-pemprosesan pengecaman corak untuk set data piawai\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 25\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb60\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 2.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kaedah penemberengan oleh penyelidik\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 27\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 2.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Penyelidik-penyelidik Jawi dalam sumbangan fitur\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 29\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 2.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Ringkasan teknik dalam paleografi digital\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 32\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 2.7\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Penyelidik-penyelidik pengecaman digit\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 33\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 2.8\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jenis dan nama pengelas digunakan oleh penyelidik tulisan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 37\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 jawi, paleografi digital dan pengecaman digit\par\pard\li2155\sb199\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 2.9\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Taburan data latihan : ujian dalam paleografi digital\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 40\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 2.10\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Taburan set data digit\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 40\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 3.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Bahasa pengaturcaraan dan alatan yang digunakan dalam\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 61\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kajian\par\pard\li2155\sb200\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 4.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Deskripsi set data HODA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 64\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 4.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Penamaan nama fail set data HODA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 65\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 4.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perincian set data MNIST\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 67\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb60\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 4.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengkelasan imej latihan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 68\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 4.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengkelasan imej pengujian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 68\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 4.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perincian set data IFHCDB\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 70\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 4.7\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perbandingan set data piawai\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 73\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 4.8\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perbandingan perincian set data pilihan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 74\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg12}{\bkmkend Pg12}\par\pard\ql \li10237\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10237\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 xii \par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb158\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 5.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Segitiga tidak sama kaki\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 81\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 5.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Fitur dari eksploitasi geometri segitiga\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 81\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb60\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 5.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Magnitud titik pilihan, sisi terhubung dan sudut\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 82\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 5.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Posisi koordinat\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 y\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 bucu C\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 84\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 5.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perincian zon pertama empat zon\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 88\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 6.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Ringkasan jumlah fitur berasaskan kedalaman pengezonan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 94\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 mendatar\par\pard\li2155\sb200\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 6.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Ringkasan jumlah fitur berasaskan kedalaman pengezonan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 95\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 menegak\par\pard\li2155\sb199\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 6.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rumusan bilangan fitur\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 97\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 7.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kategori huruf khat Arab mengikut struktur bentuk\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 102\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 7.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Juru tulis khat dan pengalaman\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 105\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 7.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Bilangan huruf khat oleh juru tulis khat\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 107\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 7.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Deskripsi set data khat Arab\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 107\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan uji kaji satah cartisan menggunakan PMSV\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 118\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb1\sl-267\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 taburan data asal \par\pard\li2155\sb209\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan uji kaji satah cartisan menggunakan PMA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 119\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 taburan data asal \par\pard\li2155\sb222\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan uji kaji satah cartisan menggunakan PMSV\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 119\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb1\sl-263\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 taburan data 10-bentangan \par\pard\li2155\sb214\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan uji kaji satah cartisan menggunakan PMA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 119\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb0\sl-273\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 taburan data 10-bentangan \par\pard\li2155\sb204\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan uji kaji menggunakan PMSV taburan data 10\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 120\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb1\sl-257\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kocokan untuk set data HODA dan IFHCDB \par\pard\li2155\sb218\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Uji kaji menggunakan menggunakan PMSV taburan data 10\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 120\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb1\sl-268\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kocokan untuk set data MNIST dan BANGLA \par\pard\li2155\sb207\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.7\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Uji kaji menggunakan Perseptron Multi-Aras (PMA) 10\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 121\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb1\sl-255\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kocokan \par\pard\li2155\sb223\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.8\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perbandingan hasil uji kaji taburan asal, 10-bentangan dan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 121\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb1\sl-262\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 10 kocokan menggunakan PMSV \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg13}{\bkmkend Pg13}\par\pard\ql \li10173\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10173\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 xiii \par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb158\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.9\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perbandingan hasil uji kaji taburan asal, 10-bentangan dan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 122\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb0\sl-274\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10 kocokan menggunakan PMA \par\pard\li2155\sb202\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.10\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perbandingan hasil uji kaji dengan kajian literatur untuk set\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 123\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb1\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 data HODA \par\pard\li2155\sb216\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.11\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perbandingan hasil uji kaji dengan kajian literatur untuk set\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 123\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb0\sl-271\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 data IFHCDB \par\pard\li2155\sb207\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.12\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan uji kaji pengezonan mendatar menggunakan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 124\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMSV taburan asal data\par\pard\li2155\sb199\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.13\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan uji kaji pengezonan mendatar menggunakan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 125\par\pard\li2155\sb1\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMA taburan asal data\par\pard\li2155\sb199\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.14\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan mendatar menggunakan PMSV 10-bentangan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 125\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.15\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan mendatar menggunakan PMA 10-bentangan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 125\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.16\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan mendatar set data HODA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 126\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb1\sl-263\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dan MNIST menggunakan PMSV 10 kocokan \par\pard\li2155\sb212\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.17\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan mendatar set data MNIST\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 126\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dan BANGLA menggunakan PMSV 10 kocokan\par\pard\li2155\sb202\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.18\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan mendatar set data\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 127\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 menggunakan PMA 10 kocokan\par\pard\li2155\sb199\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.19\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan menegak menggunakan PMSV taburan asal\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 127\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.20\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan menegak menggunakan PMA taburan asal\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 128\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.21\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan menegak menggunakan PMSV 10-bentangan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 128\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb60\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.22\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan menegak menggunakan PMA 10-bentangan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 128\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.23\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan menegak set data HODA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 129\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb0\sl-274\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dan IFHCDB menggunakan PMSV 10 kocokan \par\pard\li2155\sb202\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.24\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan menegak set data MNIST\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 129\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dan BANGLA menggunakan PMSV 10 kocokan\par\pard\li2155\sb202\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.25\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan menegak menggunakan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 130\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMA 10 kocokan\par\pard\li2155\sb199\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.26\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan 25-zon menggunakan PMSV taburan asal\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 130\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.27\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan 25-zon menggunakan PMA Taburan Asal\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 131\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg14}{\bkmkend Pg14}\par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10185\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 xiv \par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb158\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.28\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan 25-zon menggunakan PMSV 10-bentangan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 131\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.29\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan 25-zon menggunakan PMA 10-bentangan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 131\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb60\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.30\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan 25-zon menggunakan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 132\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMSV\par\pard\li2155\sb201\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.31\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan 25-zon menggunakan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 132\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMSV\par\pard\li2155\sb199\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3477\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.32\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan 25-zon menggunakan PMA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 133\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.33\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan berasaskan sudut 45 darjah menggunakan untuk\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 133\par\pard\li2155\sb1\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMSV taburan asal\par\pard\li2155\sb199\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.34\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan berasaskan sudut 45 darjah menggunakan PMA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 134\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 taburan asal \par\pard\li2155\sb199\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.35\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan berasaskan sudut 45 darjah menggunakan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 134\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMSV 10-bentangan\par\pard\li2155\sb202\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.36\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan berasaskan sudut 45 darjah menggunakan PMA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 134\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10-bentangan\par\pard\li2155\sb199\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.37\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan berasaskan sudut 45\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 135\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 menggunakan PMSV 10 kocokan \par\pard\li2155\sb219\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.38\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan berasaskan sudut 45\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 135\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 menggunakan PMSV 10 kocokan\par\pard\li2155\sb202\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.39\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan berasaskan sudut 45 darjah\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 136\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 menggunakan PMA 10 kocokan\par\pard\li2155\sb199\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.40\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan 33-zon menggunakan PMSV taburan asal\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 136\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.41\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan 33-zon menggunakan PMA taburan asal\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 137\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.42\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan 33-zon menggunakan PMSV 10-bentangan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 137\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb60\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.43\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan 33-zon menggunakan PMA 10-bentangan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 138\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.44\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan 33-zon menggunakan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 138\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb1\sl-266\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMSV 10 kocokan \par\pard\li2155\sb211\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.45\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan 33-zon menggunakan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 139\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMSV 10 kocokan\par\pard\li2155\sb200\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.46\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan kocokan pengezonan 33-zon menggunakan PMA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 139\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10 kocokan\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg15}{\bkmkend Pg15}\par\pard\ql \li10252\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10252\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 xv \par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb158\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.47\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perbandingan hasil uji kaji dengan kajian literatur untuk set\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 140\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb0\sl-274\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 data HODA \par\pard\li2155\sb202\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.48\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perbandingan hasil uji kaji dengan kajian literatur untuk set\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 144\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb1\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 data IFHCDB \par\pard\li2155\sb216\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.49\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Uji kaji PMTT menggunakan Kaedah Jarak Euclidan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 147\par\pard\qj \li3470\ri2507\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dengan Min Purata Ketepatan berasaskan pengezonan satah \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 cartisan \par\pard\li2155\sb194\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.50\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Uji kaji PMTT menggunakan Kaedah Jarak Euclidan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 147\par\pard\qj \li3470\ri2680\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dengan Min Purata Ketepatan berasaskan pengezonan 25-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 zon \par\pard\li2155\sb192\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.51\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Perbandingan antara PMTT dan PMT ke atas set data\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 148\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb0\sl-275\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 HODA \par\pard\li2155\sb202\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.52\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Uji kaji set data khat Arab menggunakan PMSV 10-\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 150\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 bentangan menggunakan Kos \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 (K)\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 = 32\par\pard\li2155\sb202\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.53\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Uji kaji set data khat Arab menggunakan PMA 10-\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 151\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1315 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 bentangan menggunakan \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 KP\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 =0.2\par\pard\li2155\sb199\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.54\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Peratusan kejayaan atas 95 peratus\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 152\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.55\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Peratus kejayaan antara 90- 94.9 peratus\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 153\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.56\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Peratus kejayaan antara 85- 89.9 peratus\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 154\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb60\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.57\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Peratus kejayaan antara 80-84.9 peratus\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 154\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.58\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Spesifikasi komputer\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 156\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.59\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Spesifikasi perisian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 157\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.60\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengukuran prestasi berasaskan masa\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 157\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jadual 9.61\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengukuran prestasi berasaskan ruang ingatan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 158\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg16}{\bkmkend Pg16}\par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10185\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 xvi \par\pard\ql \li5338\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5338\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5338\sb152\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 SENARAI RAJAH \par\pard\li2191\sb143\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9577 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 No. Jadual\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Halaman\par\pard\li2191\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2191\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi52\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 1.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kerangka teori pengecaman khat dan digit\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10\par\pard\li2191\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2191\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi52\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 1.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kerangka holistik paleografi jawi digital\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 12\par\pard\li2191\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2191\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi52\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 2.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kajian tulisan tangan jawi dalam sains komputer\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 17\par\pard\li2191\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2191\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi52\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 2.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kronologi dan bidang penyelidikan-penyelidikan tulisan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 20\par\pard\li2191\sb1\sl-272\slmult0\fi1279 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tangan jawi, paleografi dan pembangunan set data digit\par\pard\li2191\sb1\sl-274\slmult0\fi1279 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dalam sains komputer\par\pard\li2191\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2191\sb4\sl-276\slmult0\fi52\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 2.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 System for Paleography Inspectors\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 (SPI)\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 30\par\pard\li2191\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2191\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi52\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 2.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pemerolehan nilai tangen (SPI)\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 30\par\pard\li2191\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2191\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi52\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 2.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Contoh KKT\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 31\par\pard\li2191\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2191\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi52\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 2.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengiraan fitur ciri LOCI\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 33\par\pard\li2191\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2191\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi52\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 2.7\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Penyilangan menegak dan mendatar fitur TLMBP\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 34\par\pard\li2184\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2184\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi60\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 2.8\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengekstrakan fitur oleh (Rajabi et al. 2012), i) Pengezonan,\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 35\par\pard\li2184\sb1\sl-273\slmult0\fi1286 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ii) Profil Luar dan iii) Bilangan silangan Menegak dan\par\pard\li2184\sb1\sl-276\slmult0\fi1286 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Mendatar.\par\pard\li2184\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2184\sb2\sl-276\slmult0\fi31\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 2. 9\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Lapan cara pemetaan dalam pengekodan imej fraktal\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 35\par\pard\li2184\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2184\sb60\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 2.10\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kod rantai arah\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 36\par\pard\li2184\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2184\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi60\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 3.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kerangka kerja kajian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 46\par\pard\li2184\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2184\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi60\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 3.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kerangka kerja kajian cadangan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 50\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 3.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengelasan kurang tepat dan pengelasan baik pada data\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 55\par\pard\li2244\sb1\sl-273\slmult0\fi1226 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 latihan/ujian, menggunakan i. Pengelasan kurang tepat dan\par\pard\li2244\sb2\sl-276\slmult0\fi1226 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ii. Pengelasan yang baik\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb2\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 3.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMA dengan lapisan terlindung\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 57\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 3.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Senario keputusan algoritma jarak Euclidan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 58\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb59\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 3.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengiraan ketepatan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 59\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg17}{\bkmkend Pg17}\par\pard\ql \li10117\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10117\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 xvii \par\pard\li2215\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2215\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2215\sb158\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 3. 7\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Proses pengiraan PK\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 60\par\pard\li2215\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2215\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi28\tx3470\tx9890 \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 4.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Imej set data Hoda i) Imej Asal ii) Imej selepas penerbalikan\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 66\par\pard\li2215\sb1\sl-272\slmult0\fi1255 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 format binari\par\pard\li2215\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2215\sb4\sl-276\slmult0\fi28\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 4.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengekstrakan imej latihan dan ujian set data MNIST\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 67\par\pard\li2215\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2215\sb60\sl-276\slmult0\fi28\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 4.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Set data MNIST\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 69\par\pard\li2215\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2215\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi28\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 4.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Set data IFHCDB, i. Latihan dan ii. Pengujian\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 70\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 4.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Proses pengkategorian, pengelasan imej-imej dalam set data\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 71\par\pard\li2244\sb1\sl-272\slmult0\fi1226 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 IFHCDB\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb4\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 4.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Imej Bangla, i. Sebelum dan ii. Selepas penamaan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 72\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 4.7\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Penukaran skala warna ke binari dan pelabelan set data\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 75\par\pard\li2244\sb1\sl-273\slmult0\fi1226 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 piawai\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb3\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 5.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Idea segitiga pada huruf Jawi\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 78\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 5.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Contoh-contoh Segitiga, i. Segitiga sama, ii. Segitiga sama\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 79\par\pard\li2244\sb1\sl-273\slmult0\fi1226 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kaki, iii. Segitiga tidak sama kaki, iv. Segitiga tidak\par\pard\li2244\sb1\sl-276\slmult0\fi1226 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 bersudut tepat, v. Segitiga bersudut cakah dam vi. Segitiga\par\pard\li2244\sb1\sl-274\slmult0\fi1226 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 bersudut tirus\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb4\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 5.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keputusan pemilihan segitiga\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 80\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb60\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 5.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Posisi bucu A, B dan C\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 82\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 5.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Lokasi koordinat\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 y\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 , i. Lokasi 1, ii. Lokasi 2, iii. Lokasi 3, iv.\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 85\par\pard\li2244\sb1\sl-272\slmult0\fi1226 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Lokasi 4, v. Lokasi 5 dan vi. Lokasi 6\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb4\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 5.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Koordinat bucu C\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 86\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 5.7\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Imej binari mendapatkan bucu \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u8220?A\u8221? \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 dan \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u8220?B\u8221?\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 86\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 5.8\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan satah cartisan\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 87\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 5.9\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Zon kanan atas\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 89\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb59\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 6.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan mendatar\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 93\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3470\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rajah 6.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengezonan menegak\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 94\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg18}{\bkmkend Pg18}\par\pard\ql \li10053\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10053\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 xviii \par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb158\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Rajah 6.3 Pengezonan menegak direkayasa\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 96\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Rajah 6.4 Pengezonan berasaskan sudut 45 darjah\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 98\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb60\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9890 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Rajah 6.5 Pengezonan 33-zon\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 99\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Rajah 7.1 Contoh huruf khat\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 106\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Rajah 7.2 Penamaan set data khat\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 108\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Rajah 7.3 Pra-pemprosesan imej set data khat\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 109\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Rajah 7.4 Perancangan ujikaji set data khat Arab menggunakan PMSV\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 110\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb60\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Rajah 7.5 Perancangan ujikaji set data khat Arab menggunakan PMA\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 110\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Rajah 8.1 Proses mendapatkan nilai kos \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 (K)\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 dan gamma \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 (G)\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 113\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Rajah 8.2 Perlaksanaan set data PMSV, set data i. 10-bentangan dan ii.\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 113\par\pard\li2244\sb1\sl-272\slmult0\fi1226 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ujian : latihan\par\pard\li2244\sb66\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Rajah 8.3 Proses mendapatkan nilai kadar pembelajaran (\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 KP\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 114\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Rajah 8.4 Proses kocokan set data\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 115\par\pard\li2244\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2244\sb63\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9830 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Rajah 8.5 Proses klasifikasi PMTT\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 115\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg19}{\bkmkend Pg19}\par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10185\sb175\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 xix \par\pard\ql \li4623\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4623\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4623\sb152\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 SENARAI NAMA SINGKATAN \par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2155\sb141\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3596 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 AKU\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Analisa Komponen Utama\par\pard\li2155\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3596 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 HOC\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Histogram Orientasi Kecerunan\par\pard\li2155\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3596 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 KP\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kadar Pembelajaran\par\pard\li2155\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3596 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 K\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kos\par\pard\li2155\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3596 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PJD\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Paleografi Jawi Digital\par\pard\li2155\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3596 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PK\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Purata Ketepatan\par\pard\li2155\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3596 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengelasan Multi-Aras\par\pard\li2155\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3596 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMSV\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengelasan Mesin Sokongan Vektor\par\pard\li2155\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3596 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMT\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pembelajaran Mesin Terselian\par\pard\li2155\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3596 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PMTT\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pembelajaran Mesin Tak Terselia\par\pard\li2155\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3596 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PTOJ\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pengecaman Teks Optikal Jawi\par\pard\li2155\sb240\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3596 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 TLMBP\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Tatasusunan Lawang Medan Boleh Program\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg20}{\bkmkend Pg20}\par\pard\ql \li5999\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5999\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5999\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5999\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5999\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5999\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5999\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5999\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5999\sb263\sl-276\slm