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ARTERIAL SYSTEM
MUDr. Hisham El Falougy, [email protected]
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Functions of the circulatory system
• Transportation
– Respiratory
– Nutritive
– Excretory
• Regulation
• Protection
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Components of the circulatory system
• Cardiovascular system
– Heart
– Blood vessels
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins
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Components of the circulatory system
• Lymphatic system
– Lymph vessels
– Lymph nodes
– Spleen
– Thymus
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THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM
• Carry blood away from the heart
• Three layers of the arterial wall:
– Tunica intima (endothelium)
• Inner elastic lamina
– Tunica media (smooth muscle, collagen fibrils)
• Outer elastic lamina
– Tunica adventitia(connective tissue layer) links
the vessel to the sorrounding tissues
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Differences between arteries and veins
• Arteries have more muscle for their diameters than comparably
sized veins
• Arteries appear rounder than veins in cross section
• Veins are partially collapsed
• Veins are not usually filled to their capacity
• Veins function as reservoirs or capacitance vessels
• Many veins have valves
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Types of arteries
• Large elastic arteries (eg. Aorta)
– Prominent inner elastic layer
– Elastic lamellae in tunic media
– Vasa vasorum confined to tunic adventitia
– Expand when the pressure of the blood arise
– Recoil when the blood pressure falls
– Produce smoother blood flow through smaller
arteries
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Types of arteries
• Muscular arteries (brachial artery)
– Large range of size
– Predominance of muscles in tunica media
– Thin inner elastic lamina
– Same diameter as BP rises and falls
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Types of arteries
• Arterioles(eg. Afferent glomerular arteriole)
– Endothelial cells are smaller
– Inner elasic lamina is absent
– One cell thick layer in tunic media
– Precapillary arteriole (sphincter)
– Arteriovenous anastmoses
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Types of arteries
• Capillaries
– Endothelium and basal lamina
– Vessels closest to the tissue
– 5-8 μm in diameter
– Fenestrated capillaries (bone marrow, liver,
spleen)
– Sinusoids (liver, spleen, adrenal medulla)
– Continuous capillaries (brain, striated and
smooth muscles, lungs)
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Principal arteries of the body
• Aorta (oxygenated blood)
• Ascending aorta
– Left coronary artery
– Right coronary artery
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Principal arteries of the body
• Arch of aorta
– Brachiocephalic artery
• Right common carotid artery
• Right subclavian artery
– Left common carotid artery
– left subclavian artery
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Principal arteries of the body
• Arteries of the neck and head
– Internal carotid artery
– External carotid artery
– Carotid sinus
– Carotid body
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Principal arteries of the body
• Blood supply to the brain
– Internal carotid artery
• Anterior cerebral artery
• Middle cerebral artery
• Anterior communicating artery
– Vertebral arteries
– Basilar artery
• Posterior cerebral artery
• Posterior communicating artery
– Circulus arteriosus cerebri (of Willis)
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Principal arteries of the body
• External carotid artery
– Superior thyroid artery
– Ascending pharyngeal artery
– Lingual artery
– Facial artery
– Occipital artery
– Posterior auricular artery
– Maxillary artery
– Superficial temporal artery
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Principal arteries of the body
• Arteries of the upper extremity
– Subclavian artery
– Axillary artery
– Brachial artery
• Radial artery
• Ulnar artery
• Deep palmar arch
• Superficial palmar arch
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Principal arteries of the body
• Thoracic aorta
– Pericardial arteries
– Bronchial arteries
– Esophageal arteries
– Posterior intercostal arteries
– Phrenic arteries
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Principal arteries of the body
• Abdominal aorta
– Celiac artery (truncus coeliacus)
– Superior mesenteric artery
– Inferior mesenteric artery
– Renal arteries
– Middle suprarenal arteries
– Testicular arteries
– Ovarian arteries
– Lumbar arteries
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Principal arteries of the body
• Abdominal aorta
– Common iliac arteries
• External iliac artery
• Internal iliac artery
– Middle sacral artery
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Principal arteries of the body
• Internal iliac artery
– Iliolumbar arteries
– Lateral sacra arteries
– Middle rectal artery
– Vesicular arteries
– Uterine and vaginal arteries
– Artery of ductus deferens
– Gluteal arteries
– Obturator artery
– Internal pudendal artery
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Principal arteries of the body
• External iliac artery
– Femoral artery
– Politeal artery
• Anterior tibial artery
• Dorsalis pedis artery
• Posterior tibial artery
• Medial and lateral plantar arteries
