ART, SPACE AND THE CITY

Pclblic art and arban fcltclres

MALCOLM MILES

CONTENTS

List ofjgures

vi

Acknowledgements

ix

Introdaction

1

1 THE CITY

19 2 SPACE, REPRESENTATION AND GENDER

39 3 THE MONUMENT

58 4 THE CONTRADICTIONS OF PUBLIC ART

8 4

5 ART I N URBAN DEVELOPMENT 104

6 ART AND METROPOLITAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

132 7 ART IN HEALTH SERVICES

150 o ART AS A SOCIAL PROCESS

164 9 CONVIVIAL CITIES

188

Notes

209 Further reading

239 Bibliography

245 Index

259

FIGURES a

1 Jonathon Borofsky, Hammering Man, Seattle

2 Antony Gormley, one of three cast-iron, double-sided figures on the

walls of Derry

3 Rachel Whiteread, House, East London (detail)

4 Richard Haas, mural at the Architecture Centre, Boston

5 Tess Jaray, paving and street furniture, Centenary Square, Birmingham

6 Constantin Brancusi, Gate of the Kiss, Tirgu Jiu, Romania

7 Joyce Scott, You Don't Even Know Me, computer animation, Times

Square, New 'York

8 Schoolchildren and students from the Kent Institute of Art and

Design painting a playground mural

9 Trafalgar Square

10 Villiers Street, London

11 Manhattan seen from Battery Park City

12 The utopia of new Bucharest

13 The Winter Gardens at Battery Park City 14 A notice at Battery Park City

15 A corporate atrium in Manhattan

I 6 Jim Dine's bronzes referencing Venus

17 The Guerrilla Girls, poster commissioned by Public Art Fund,

New York

18 Tourists looking at a bronze Roman Emperor, London

19 US Custom House, New York - Africa

20 US Custom House, New York - America

21 The feet of the colossus of Rameses I1 on which Shelley's poem

Ozymandias is based

?2 Charles Sargeant Jagger's Artillery Memorial in Hyde Park, London

(detail)

23 The face of a policeman covered by his helmet, Cable Street Mural r FIGURES

24 Raymond Mason's Forward in Centenary Square, Birmingham

25 Kevin Atherton, Platfarms Piece, Brixton Station, London

26 Kevin Atherton, Pla~omzs Piece (detail)

27 Maya Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington, DC

28 The East Coast Memorial, Battery Park City E ; 29 Isamu Noguchi, Red Cube, New York i 30 Richard Serra, Fulcrum, Broadgate, London (detail) I

31 Richard Serra, Tilted Arc, New York

32 Antony Gorrnley, Virion, Victoria Square, Birmingham i 33 John Clinch, The Great Blondinis, Swindon

1 34 Battery Park City - a waterside landscape and a viewing platform designed by Mary Miss

' 35 Children at The Red House, Sunderland

36 The Red House, Sunderland '

37 A relief depicting Edward II by children in Swansea

38 Valerie Jaudon, Long Division; railings designed for the New York

Subway

39 Eduardo Paolozzi, mosaics for Tottenham Court Road Underground station

40 Art from the National Gallery in the London Underground

41 Art from the National Gallery in the London Underground (detail)

42 Tom Otterness, figures sawing a column, for 14th Street Station,

New York 148 43 A poster against the MI1 on House 149

44 The interior of the new Outpatient Dept at Queen Elizabeth Hospital,

Gateshead, with Sea Piece by Mike Davis and Kate Watkinson 156

45 An uplighter, with Sea Piece, beyond 157

46 Christine Constant, tile mural of Carlisle at the Cumberland Infirmary 158

47 'We Got It' - a candy bar designed by production workers, Sculpture

in Action, Chicago 168

48 Wood-carving in The Art Studio, Sunderland 170

49 Detail of exhibition space, with work by artists of The Art Studio,

Sunderland, 1996 171

50 Gran Fury, bus shelter installations, New York 175

51 Edgar Heap of Birds, installation in Pioneer Square, Seattle 181

52 Peter Randall-Page, shell form on a footpath in Dorset for Common

Ground 183

53 Somewhere between graffiti and art, on a boarded-up doorway in

Seattle 195

' 54 Paley Park, New York 196

viii FIGURES

55 Greenacre Park, New York

56 Zoning regulations ensure trees but not sociation - spaces remain too

regulated and sterile

57 Siah Armajani, text in railings at Battery Park City

58 Gordon Young, Fish Pavement, Hull

59 Gordon Young, Fish Pavement, Hull

60 House, shortly before demolition

INDEX

Note: page numbers in italics refer to illustrations where these are separated from their textual reference.

abjection 50, 132, 161, 164, 173, 189, 223 (n6)

Adorno, Theodore 80 advertising 12, 54, 222 (n3) advocacy 3, 95-7, 1 0 4 4 , 108-12, 191 AIDS, art 16, 168-9, 172-6, 205 al-Khalil, Samir 67, 71 Albert Memorial 76 Alberti, Leon Battista 23, 33, 47 Alexander, Christopher 19 1 alienation 27, 62 allegory 69-7 3 Allen, Jerry 97 Ambrose, Peter 107, 124 Anaximander fragment 30, 213 (n22) Anderson, N. 25 Andors, Rhoda 135 Andrews, Richard 94 anti-monuments 8, 80-3 Apgar, Garry 205 Appleyard, Donald 190, 192 architecture 43, 87-90, 112, 153 Arcosanti, Arizona 192 Armajani, Siah 202, 203 art: see public art Art for Architecture (DOE) 95-6 The Art of Change 178-9 Art in a City (Willett) 91-3 art history 53-4, 55 Art Studios 169-72 Art Within Rearh (Townsend) 9 3 4 artists: and architects 153; in commu-

nity 207; complicity/criticism 147-8, 151; gender 53-4; in residency 127; socialist countries 86, 209 (nl)

Artists Agency 126-7, 169, 172 Arts Council 5, 88, 95, 96, 108-9, 11 1,

210 (n18) asylum 32 Athens 30-1, 212 (n19)

Atherton, Kevin 8, 79, 77, 145, 219-20 (n22)

Australia, indigenous culture 181 Avalos, David 176

Baghdad, Victory Arch 7 1, 73 Balch, Clifton 25 Baratloo, Mojideh 25 Barcelona 205 Barthes, Roland 39, 42-3 Bartholdi, Frkderic-Auguste 71, 73 Battery Park City 119-24; conflict 225

(1130); critics 94, 1 2 2 4 ; East Coast Memorial 82, 83; feeding prohibitions 34, 3j; homeless 106; playground use 236 (n9); railings 202; Winter Gardens 26

Batty, Dora 142 Baudelaire, Charles 17, 25, 34 Baudrillard, J. 186 Beardsley, John 75, 82, 97, 122 Becker, Carol 101 Beleschenko, Alexander 145 Benjamin, Andrew 47-8, 48 Benjamin, Walter 34, 63 Bentley, Ian 205 Berman, Marshall 13, 25, 32, 43 Beuys, Joseph 8, 183, 205 Bigelow, Kathryn 27 Bird, Jon 43, 67, 68, 106, 124 Birmingham, public art 11 5-17 Blackthorn Medical Centre, Kent 163 Blais, Jean-Charles 148 Bloch, Ernst 190 body, representations 30, 56, 61 Bookchin, Murray 194, 201, 237 (nl91 Border Art Workshop 176 Borenius, Tancred 76 Borofsk~, Jonathan 5, G Boston 184-5, 191

INDEX

Botero, Fernand 53, 119 Bottle of Notes (Oldenburg and van

Bruggen) 98-9, 104 boundaries 29, 31 bourgeois society 62, 145 Bradley, Laura 135, 203 Brancusi, Constantin 8, 12 Brenson, Michael 167 de Brerteville, Sheila 178 Brighton, Andrew 85, 88-9, 94 British Rail 77 Broadgate development, London 53, 89,

104, 110, 119 Brozgold, Lee 135, 146 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 147 Bryson, Norman 42 Bucharest 23, 24 Buck-Morss, Susan 63 Burgess, E. W. 35-6, 106, 118, 199 Burnham, Linda F. 169 Burton, Richard 110 Burton, Scott 8, 123, 203 Byatt, Lucy 160

Cable Street Mural 8, 7 1 , 72 , 219 (1114) Calder, Alexander 5 Calvino, Italo 42 capitalism 62, 200 Carde, Margaret 183 Cardiff Bay 1 12-14 Carr, Stephen 196 Cartesian dualism 45, 48, 56, 100-1

166-7, 207 Castells, Manuel 123, 177, 200 Ceaucescu, Nicolae 23, 24 de Certeau, Michel 19, 22, 27, 36, 41-2 Cheere, John 60 Chicago School of Sociology 25, 34-6,

236 (n8) Chin, Me1 176, 182, 185 Cincinnatz Gateway 74-5, 106 citizenship 201 city: alienation 27; as artefact 31; blood

circulation metaphor 32; boundaries 29; concept and form 19, 23; constructionldestruction 43; exclu- sionlconfinement 32-4, 213 (1-127); future/past 28-9; gendered conceptslspaces 43; identity through art 117, images 25-9; legibility 193; liveableness 17, 202-3; popular culture 25-8; resistance 123; signifiers 41; social reality 193, 194-9; social value 25-9; sustainability 192; views 20-4; weaving metaphor 30-1, 213 (n24); see also urban development; urban planning

city types: archaic 29-3 1, 2 12 (n 13, n19), 213 (1121, n23); ideal 23; medieval 28-9, 46; modern 25, 29-30, 189

civil society 29, 67, 68 civitas 28, 87 Clinch, John 119, 120 Coles, Peter 153 commodification 62, 75, 164 communications theory 37 community 178-9, 201; alternative 192,

212 (n10); artists 207; as context 93; general public 99-100; involvement 199; local perceptions 214 (n39); ownership of art 135; transport systems 137; urban planning 191, 20 1

confinement, exclusion 32-4, 2 13 (n27)

Constant, Christine 155, 158 Contini, Anita 94 Coombes, Annie 63 Cooper, Robert 138 Coppinger, Siobhan 1 15 Cork, Richard 98-9, 153, 203 corporate fortress 119, 193 corporate greed, and social good 11 1 Covent Garden, London 107 craftwork 202-5 Creative Time 167-8 Cressey, P. G. 25 Cruikshank 95-6, 97 cultural industries 108 culture: affirmative 62-3; diversity

176-9; domination 85-6; exclusion zone 51-4; heritage 74, 75, 88, 106, 143; identity 58, 73-4; indigenous 181; popular 14, 25-8, 143, 202

Czech Republic, public space 199

Dallas 114 Darke, Jo 60-1, 77 Davidoff, Paul 190-1, 200-1 Davidson, Gordon 188, 192, 208 Davis, Mike 17, 25, 1-55, 156, I57 death 151, 160-1, 220 (n23), 232 (1144,

1145) deconstrucrion 165-6 Delacroix, F. V. E. 70 Denny, Robyn 138 Denver, Catherine 143 Derkert, Siri 147 Descartes, Rene 45, 48, 56, 100-1,

207 destruction 25, 4 3 Deutsche, Rosalyn 29, 90, 94, 97, 100,

106, 122-4

INDEX

DHSS 153 difference 57, 63, 176-9 Diggs, Peggy 15, 100, 102, 167-8.

169, 184, 207 digital imaging 179 Dine, Jim 49 disorder 57, 127, 190, 213 (n29) Domartic Violence Milk Carton

167-8 domination, cultural 85-6 Dormer, Peter 15, 138 Doss, Erica 75 Douglas, Michael 138 Dring, Lilian 142 Drumrnond, Alan 144 Duncan, James 36, 43 Dunn, Peter 178-9

East Coast Memorial 82, 83 Eco, Umberto 89 ecological factors, barrage 1 13 ecological healing 182-6 Edward 11, Swansea 130 electronic technology 28, 179 Elsen, Albert 77 empowerment 43, 188; hospital staff

159; participation 103, 188; patient 162-3; performance art 100; urban dwellers 43, 188, 199-202; workers 76-7

Epstein, Jacob 91 exclusion 32-4, 48-54, 213 (n27) exclusivity 124

Fanny Adams group 53 Fanon, Frantz 66-7 fantasy 62-3, 88 Featherstone, Mike 101, 109 Felshin, Nina 55, 100, 102 feminine 44, 56-7, 70 feminist cultural criticism 88 feminist writers 5 3 4 Feuer, Wendy 134, 135 Findhorn Community 192 Fisher, Mark 105 Fishman, Robert 25 Forester, John 3 7 Forward (Mason) 77, 7 8 , 11 9 Foster, Hal 102 Foucault, Michel 19, 32, 37-8,

161 Four Contznents (French) 63-5 French, Daniel Chester 63-5 Freshman, Phil 81, 169 Frohnmayer, John 185 Fuller, Peter 97-8 Furuta, Hideo 118

Gablik, Suzi: connectedness 56, 188; ecological art 182; new genre public art 172; The Reenchantment of Art 100-1, 102, 164-5, 183, 207-8; on Serra 53, 89-90; simulation/reality 186-7

Gare, Aaren 201-2 gaze: masculine 44, 50, 54-5; medical

37-8, 161, 163, 232 (n43); planning 37-8; su~eillance 21, 197; tourist 74

gendering: artists 53-4; body heat 50; conceptlspace 1-2, 30, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50-1; difference 56-7; gaze 44, 50, 54-5; representation 47

Gentleman, David 138 gentrification 107-8 geography, women 5 3 4 George Washington sculpture 66 Gertz, Jochem 8, 80 Ghirardo, Diane 43, 100 di Giorgio, Francesco 41 Girardet, Herbert 28, 191 Glaser, Milton 135 Glasgow, European City of Culture 96 Goldsworthy, Andy 182 Gomila, Francis 97, 104, 222 (nl) Goody, Joan 191 Gormley, Antony 5, 7, 87, 115, 116,

224 (n24) Gott, -Ted 174 Goya y Lucientes, Francisco Jos6 de 71 graffiti 134, 195, 206 Grarnsci, Antonio 66, 68, 123, 200 Gran Fury 173, 174, 175 Greek city 29, 237 (n19); see also Athens Green, Lynne 11 5, 117 Green, Oliver 134, 142 Greenberg, Clement 43 Greene, Lesley 147-8 Grey, Annabei 138, 143 grid planning 30-1, 42, 211 (n3) Griffin, David Ray 167 Grimshaw, Nicholas 145 Griswald, Charles 81-2 Guilbaut, Serge 86 Guimard, Hector 133, 227 (n l l )

Haacke, Hans 98 Haas, Richard 5, 10 Habermas, Jurgen 37 Haha group 174, 176 Halbreich, Kathy 94 Hall, Peter 199 Hamilton, David 138, 143 Harris, Stacey Paleologos 91, 94 Harrison, Helen and Newton 182 Harvey, David 29-30, 101, 194, 200

262 INDEX

Harvey, William 32, 48 Hasleden, Ron 115 Haussmann, George Eugene 23, 32, 37,

63, 213 (1126) Hayden, Dolores 80, 101, 176, 177,

193, 198 health care, role of art 160-3; see also

National Health Service Heap of Birds, Edgar 102, 177, 179,

180, 181 Heartney, Eleanor 165, 179, 182, 186 Heath, Jane 96 hegemony 66-7, 68, 123, 128-31, 220

(n4) Henri, Adrian 91 heritage culture 74, 75, 88, 106, 143 Hernandez, Esther 173 Herrick, F. C. 143 Hewison, Robert 74 history and art 63-73, 81 Hock, Louis 176 Hogarth, William 15 1 Hoheisel, Horst 8 0 Holden, Charles 142 Holohan, Charles 15 1 Holt , Nancy 13 5 Holtzer, Jenny 8, 80 Holub, Renate 66-7 homelessness: Battery Park City 106;

London Underground 144; Los Angeles 169; New York 122; as pollution 105; railway stations 145

hooks, bell 176, 177, 217-18 (n39) Horace Greelq sculpture 65-6 Horne, David 74 House (Whiteread) 5, 9, 101, 148, 149,

206 Hughes, Graham 77 Husain, Saddam 71 Hutchinson, Fiona 153 Huxley, Paul 138 Huysmans, Joris Karl 63 hydroponics 174, 176

identity 58, 59-61, 73-4, 117, 218 (n2) Illich, Ivan 33, 49, 151, 161, 169, 200,

208 individualism in art 15, 205 institutions 15, 85-6, 152-3, 209-10

(n13), 221 (n13) integration, public art 203, 205 interiority 44, 47-54 internet 8 , 209 (n10) interventionist art 56, 205-8 investment art 110, 220 (1-141 Irigaray, Luce 39, 54-5, 57, 217 (1135)

Jackson, J. B. 25, 28-9, 41 Jackson, Peter 182 Jacob, Mary Jane 8, 100, 167, 176, 205 Jacobs, Allan 190, 192 Jacobs, Jane 34, 111, 133, 193, 197 Jacobs, Jane M. 181-2 Jagger, Charles Sergeant 69 Jaray,Tess 5, 8, 11, 115, 203, 205 Jaudon, Valerie 135, 136, 203 Jencks, Charles 87, 9 3 4 John, Saint 27 Johnson, Edward 134

Kaiser, Leland 160 Kaprow, Alan 102 Karavan, Dany 8 Kastner, Jeffrey 8 Kauffer, E. McKnight 142-1 Keep, P. 159 Kings Fund 160 Kluge, Alexander 123 Korza 95-6, 97 Kruger, Barbara 8, 55, 177-8

La Trobe-Bateman, Richard 203 Laboulaye, Edouard de 71, 73 Laclau, Ernesto 75 Lacy, Suzanne: Crystal Qtrilt 8, 100;

intervention 205; new genre public art 55-6, 101-2, 164, 183, 184; performances 167, 200; public art framework 97; social healing 169

Laenen, Jean-Paul 147 Lang, Fritz 25, 27 Lang, Peter 17, 25 Le Corbusier 27 Leeson, Loraine 178-9 Lefebvre, Henri 39, 41, 44-6, 61,

122-3, 177, 198, 200 LeGates, Richard 190, 192, 199, 200,

20 1 legitimacy 67-9, 87-8 Leicester, Andrew 74-5, 135 Levitas, Ruth 101 liberty, allegory 70, 71, 73 Liberty, Statue of 7 1 , 7 3 4 , 2 19 (n16) Lin, Maya 15, 81, 81, 135 Lippard, Lucy 165, 167, 177 Liverpool 91-3 local authorities, public art 96 local people, public art 119, 124,

126-8, 226 (n34) Loftman, Patrick 118 Lomax, Tom 115, 203 London: A l h t Memorial 76; Ash Wall

205; Broadgate development 5 3, 89, 104, 110, 119; Coin Street 191;

INDEX

Covent Garden 107; Docklands 105, 106, 107-8, 124-5, 178; Holly Street 19 1-2; Nelson's Column 76; Trafalgar Square 20, 76; Villiers Street 21

London Underground: 'Changing Stations' 136-42; Johnson's sans-serif typeface 134; modernity 142-3; nostalgia 143-4

Los Angeles 42, 43, 169, 177 Lowe, Nicholas 174 Lynch, Kevin 38, 193

McCarty, Marlene 173 McEwen, Indra Kagis 30, 4L McEwen, John 93 McInnes, Shona 153 Mackay, David 205 Mackie, Jack 146 McLaughlin, Corinne 188, 192, 208 McLean, Bruce 125 McMillan, Michael 174 Magnus, Dieter 205 Maine, John 203 Malpede, John 169 Manglano-Ovalle, Inigo 172 Manhattan 22, 40 Mapp~ng the Futures 101 Mapping the Terrain 101-2 Marcuse, Herbert 58, 61, 62-3 marginalisation 31, 34, 49-50, 105 masculine 56-7; see also gaze, masculine Mason, Biddy 177 Mason, Raymond 77, 78, 115 Massey, Doreen 101; gendered space 39,

45, 50, 51; masculine view 54; spaceltime 75-6; universals 88; visual sense 11 1

Mazeaud, Dominique 8, 182, 1 8 3 4 , 235 (1129)

meaning, production 67 medical science 56 mega-cities 189 men: as artists 53; gaze 44, 50, 54-5;

masculine principle 56-7; see also gendering

metro stations, public art 133-6, 147-8, 227 ( n l 1); see also London Underground

Metropolis (Lang) 25, 27 Meyer, Richard 173, 174 Miles, Malcolm 119 Miners' Memwial, Frostburg 74 Miss, Mary 121 M~stry, Dhruva 11 5, 117 Mitchell, Juliet 34 Mitchell, W. J. T. 73 Mitchell, William 61

modernist art 13, 8 6 7 , 100-1, 165-7

modernity: city 25, 29-30, 189; exclusion1confinement 33; function- alism 133; nostalgia 142-4

Moffat, Donald 173 Molyneu, John 74 monument 73-6; anti-monuments 8, 58,

80-3; colonialism 2 18 (n 1); cultural identity 58, 73-4; democratised 76-83; historylhegemony 63-73; national identity 58, 59-61

Monument Guide (Darke) 60-1, 73 Moore, Henry 5, 16, 89, 97 Moscow metro 133, 227 (1112) Moses, Robert 25 mother+hild image 54, 55, 57 Mouffe, Chantal 190, 205, 235 (n4) Mozingo, Louise 50-1, 198 Mumford, Lewis 19, 28, 29, 212

(n13) Munro, Nicholas 138 murals 8, 135 Myerscough, John 96, 108, 118

Nairne, Sandy 88 National Health Service: empowerment,

patientststaff 159, 162-3; institutional art 152-3; national demonstration projects 154-60; patients' abjection 161; public art 150; visual surround- ingslrecovery 153, 158-60, 23 1 (1136)

native peoples, art 177, 179-82 naturalism 66, 70 Negt, Oskar 123 Nelson's Column 76 Nevin, Brendan 118 new genre public art 8, 55-6, 102-3,

164, 172, 183, 184 New York: City Hall Park sculpture 66;

Custom House monuments 63-5; ecologylart 185 ; Greenacre Park 1 1 1, 196, 197; homelessness 122; Paley Park 1 1 1, 194-6; subway 134-6; zoning regulations 193, 198; see also Battery Park City; Manhattan

Ngo, Viet 185-6, 187 NHSE 163, 200 Nochlin, Linda 53 Noguchi, Isamu 86, 87 nostalgia 106, 128, 142J

Oldenburg, Claes 98-9 originality 15, 205 otherness 176; see also difference Otterness, Tom 147, 148 Owens, Craig 54

ownership: landlspace 2 14-1 5 (n4); public art 135, 205

Ozymandias (Shelley) 67, 68

Pantheon, Rome 67-8 Paolozzi, Eduardo 138, 139 Papanek, Victor 208 Paris: Baudelaire 25; crime 28;

Haussmann 23, 32, 63; sexualised 215 (nl5)

Paris Metro 133, 148, 227 (n l l ) Park, Robert 35, 37 participation 97, 103, 166, 188 Partners for Livable Places 190 patients: abjection 161; empowerment

162-3; recovery 153, 158-60, 231 (n36)

patriarchy 44 Patten, David 11 5 Patterson, Ian 160 people of colour 176 Percent for Art 5, 104, 110-11, 135,

146-7, 164 performance art 100, 108 perspective 23, 46 Petersheld, equestrian statue 60-1

Phaophanit, Vong 205 Philbin, Ann 173 Phillips, Patricia 14-1 5, 99-100, 102,

164, 167-8, 184, 207 photography, by women 55 Picasso, Pablo 45, 61 Pick, Frank 134, 136, 142, 227 (nl6,

1-119) Piper, Adrian 176 place 74, 75; see also space Planetree community health organisation

161, 162-3 planning: see urban planning Platforms Piece 77, 79, 80, 219-20

(1-122) Plunz, Richard 17 polis 29, 237 (1119) Pollock, Griselda 53, 55 pollution 105-6 poor, marginalised 31, 34 popular culture 14, 25-8, 143, 202 posters: AIDS 16, 173, 175; Guerrilla

Girls 52, 53; resistance 125, 148; transport 135-6, 142-3, 148, 228 (1119)

postmodernism 17, 165 The Power of Place, Los Angeles 101,

177-8 psychiatric patients, art studios 170-1

public art 1, 5-12; activism 84; advocacy 3, 95-7, 104-6, 108-12, 191; criticism 3, 97-102; funding 5, 96, 115-28; health 150, 151-2, 154-60, 161, 162-3, 231 (1136); histories 101-2; integration 203, 205; interventionist 56, 205-8; as invest- ment 110, 220 (n4); literature 3-4, 91-4; local authorities 96; and local people 119, 124, 126-8, 226 (1-134); monument 61; new genre 8, 55-6, 102-3, 164, 183; participation 97, 103, 166, 188; problematised 85-90; public reception 12-15, 92, 238 (n35); social comment 147; as social good 16, 11 1, 132; in streets 59; ;ourism 113; transport systems 13249; urban decay 17; see also institutions

public realm 100, 164, 207 Public School, USA 135, 146 public space 1-2, 40, 184, 193-202 public transport 132-3, 13643, 144-9 purification, abjection 50, 223 (n6) Pym, William 128

railways 145, 147; see also metro stations Randall-Page, Peter 182, 183 Raven, Arlene 85, 100, 165, 167 reality/simulation 186-7 Reason, David 113, 225 (1125) reason, interiority 47-54 reclamation 56-7 Red House 126, 128, 129 The Reenchantment of Art (Gablik) 100-1,

102, 165, 183, 207-8 regeneration 1 12-1 3 Reiter, Wellington 138, 142, 147 representation: gendered 47; problem

41-3; space 39, 44-7, 56, 59 resistance 123; accepting difference 176;

city 123; digital imaging 179; monument democratised 76-83; posters 125, 148; strategies 54-7; through vandalism ?05

Rigler, Malcolm 163 Rilke, Rainer Maria 25, 211 (n7) Ringgold, Faith 146 Rittner, Luke 108 ritual 184 road-building protests 148 Roberts, Marion Salter 96 Roberts, William 143 Rodgers, Peter 108 Rodin, Auguste 76 Rogers, Alan 143 Rogers, Richard 105

INDEX

Rollins, Tim 172 Rome, Pantheon 67-8 Rose, Barbara 53-4 Rose, Gillian 50, 56 Rosler, Martha 101, 102, 107, 123, 169 Ross, Nick 159 Roth, Moira 167 Rowland, Jon 201 ruin value theory 67 Russia, public sculpture 59 R~kwert, Joseph 29-30 R~sbrack, Michael 61

Salter, Miffa 193, 198 Sandle, Michael 68 Sassen, Saskia 106, 110, 114, 118 Savage, Mike 36, 37 Savitch, H. V. 107, 119 Scott, Gilbert 152 Scott, Giles Gilbert 76 Scott, Joyce 8, 13 sculpture 8, 16, 59, 112 Seattle 1 4 6 7 , 179-80, 195 Selwood, Sara 91, 96-7, 105, 110, 115,

118, 182 Sennett, Richard: circulation of city 32;

disorder 57, 127, 190; exclusion 33, 192; Flesh and Stone 30, 50; graffiti 134; interiority 44; legitimacy 68; medieval city 28, 31, 191; public transport 133; urban diversity 17, 18

sense impressions 47-8, 216 (n24) Serra, Richard 5, 53, 87, 89-90, 205,

208 Shalev-Gertz, Esther 8, 80 Sharnash, Diane 180 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 67, 68 Sherman, Cindy 55 Shields, Rob 25, 39, 41 Short, John Rennie 38, 194 Sibley, David: car adverts 222 (n3);

Cardiff Bay 113; city boundaries 29, 31; gaze 54; pollutionlpurity 105-6, 223 (n6); purificationlabjection 49-50; zoning 35

Sierhuis, Jan 148 signifiers 39, 41, 215 (n l l ) Simmel, Georg 34 simulations, and reality 186-7 Sisco, Elizabeth 176 slum-clearance 27-8 Smith, Adam 32 Smyth, Ned 121 social comment 147-8 social good 132, 189 social healing 169-76 social life, urban space 194-9

sociation 36, 112, 1 4 P 9 , 172 Soleri, Paolo 192 Sonfist, Alan 185 Sontag, Susan 161 Sorkin, Michael 191, 193-4 space: conceptions 46; gendered 30, 43,

44, 45, 47, 50-1; ideological 122-3; internet 8, 209 (n10); ownership 2 14-1 5 (n4); production 44-5; public/corporate 1-2, 40, 184, 193-202; representational 39, 59; representations 39, 4 4 7 , 56, 59; time 44-5, 75-6

Speer, Albert 67 splitting 33-4, 166-7 Spretnak, Charlene 165, 166, 187 St Louis, rail system 147 stained glass 152-3 statues 60-1, 71, 73-4, 77, 81; see also

sculpture Stockholm Metro 147 Stout, Frederic 190, 192, 199, 200, 201 Strange Days 191 street furniture 203 street life 194-9 street plans 41-2 stress, visual surroundings 158-60 suburbia 25 Subvmsive Imagination 10 1 subways: see metro stations Sunderland 125-8 surveillance 21, 197 sustainability 105, 188, 192-3,

207-8 Swindon, public art 118-19 Sztaray, Susan 178

tapestry 153 taste 16, 92, 97, 111, 152 Tebby, Susan 153 Tele-VecinLrio project 172 Thamesdown Borough Council 1 18-1 9 tiling 138, 152 Tilted Arc 89, 90, 165 time, space 44-5, 75-6 Tipping, Chris 138, 143, 144 tourism 74, 113, 143, 179, 181-2 Townsend, Peter 91, 93-4 toxic waste 185 Trafalgar Square 20, 76

Ukeles, Mierle Laderman 8, 102, 182, 183, 184, 200

Ulrich, Roger 159 underclass 27, 134 urban crisis 17, 194, 208 Urban Design Group 192-3, 200-1

INDEX

urban development 105-6; alternative discourse 190-3; case studies 115-28; future 189; hegemony 128-3 1 ; local people 107-8; regeneration 11 2-1 3

urban dwellers 43, 188, 199-202 urban ethnography 34-5 urban planning: action planning 201;

Baroque to Enlightenment 23; community-centred 191, 201; grid system 30-1, 42, 21 1 (n3); mantism 200; public art 188; sociology 36; zoning 3 1-8

Urban Renaisjance (Arts Council) 108-9. 113

Urry, John 74 USA: art and participation 97; health

and art 152, 153, 154; public art 95-6; public transport 144-9; see also individual cities

value structures 62, 67 van Bruggen, Coosje 98-9 Vance, Carol 168 vandalism 128, 130, 205 Venice 31 victory, allegory 7 1, 7 3 Victory A d , Baghdad 71, 73 Villiers Street, London 21 Vilmouth, Jean-Luc 145 violence 61, 169, 172, 208, 217 (1129) visual art, privileged 11 1 Visnal Dallas 1 14 visual surroundings, health 153, 158-60 Vorticism 143

Wallis, Brian 100, 169 Walters, Ian 66 war, idealised in art 68-9 war memorials 61 Ward, Dick 153 Ward, John 66 Warde, Alan 36, 37 Warner, Marina 70, 73-4 Washington metro 133-4 waste recycling 184

Young, Gordon 8, 203, 204 Young, James 80

Wates, Nick 201 Watkinson, Cate 155, 156, 157 Watney, Simon 173 Weekes, John 153 Weems, Carrie Mae 177 Wehn, James 179 Weinstein, Jeff 169, 174 White, John 47 Whireread, Rachel 5, 9, 101, 148, 149,

206

Zadkine, Ossip 92 zoning 31-4; Cartesian 45; as classifica-

tion 38; concentric 35-6, 106, 118, 199; cultural exclusion 5 1-11; New York 193, 198; social 105-6; by usage 34, 193

Zukin, Sharon 38, 59, 57, 110, 117

Whyte, W . H. 14, 51, 94, 111, 114, 189; Street Life Project 194-7, 199

Widgery, David 124-5 Wigley, Mark 27, 29, 33, 38, 42 Wilbourne, Colin 8 Willett, John: allegory 70; Arts Council

1 1 1; Liverpool 91-3; monument 61; public art 85; St John's transformed city 27; taste 16, 95

Wilson, Elizabeth 23, 31, 38, 51 Wilson, Larkin 159 Winkel, Gary 151

i Wirth, Louis 36-7 Withymoor Village Surgery 163 Wodiczko, Krz~sztof 8, 80, 81, 169 Wolff, Janet 5 1 women: art history 33-11; artists 100, \

168; feminine principle 44, 56-7, 70, marginalised 49-50; medical gaze 218 j

(n42); representations 2 17 (1129); urban space 50-1; see also gendering

Wood, F. Dement 69 Woodin, Mary 143 Woods, Lebbeus 25, 43

1