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ART OF THE
ANCIENT NEAR EAST
EUGENIA LANGANMATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOLHIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDAWITH APOLOGIES TO FRED KLEINER AND WILLIAM GANIS
IMPORTANT NOTICE
LAST YEAR THE COLLEGE BOARD DECIDED THAT NEITHER ANCIENT NEAR-EASTERN NOR EGYPTIAN ARE “NON-WESTERN”
DO NOT USE EITHER AS EXAMPLES OF NON-WESTERN ART OR "ART OUTSIDE THE EUROPEAN TRADITION"
THEME: SANBAN – P.S.
SUMERIAN - © 3500 – 2332 B.C.E. AKKADIAN - © 2332 – 2150 B.C.E. NEO-SUMERIAN - © 2150 – 2004 B.C.E.
BABYLONIAN - © 1792 – 1600 B.C.E
ASSYRIAN - © 900 – 612 B.C.E. NEO-BABYLONIAN - © 612 – 540 B.C.E.
PERSIAN - © 540 – 330 B.C.E. SASANIAN - © 330 B.C.E. – 636 C.E.
THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST
SUMERIAN ART
TIMELINE
NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION OCCURRED FIRST IN MESOPOTAMIA © 9000 B.C.E.
© 3500 B.C.E.: FIRST CIVILIZATION (SUMERIA)
FIRST GOVERNMENT (CITY – STATES)
FIRST ORGANIZED RELIGION – WHY? RULERS NEEDED LEGITIMACY
FIRST WRITING (CUNEIFORM)
FIRST OFFICIAL/MONUMENTAL ART AND ARCHITECTURE (PATRON = GOVERNMENT) – WHY?
SHOWED POWER OF RULERS
WHITE TEMPLE AND ZIGGURATURUK (MODERN WARKA) IRAQCA. 3,200-3,000 B.C.E.MUD BRICK – WHY? NOT MUCH STONE AROUND!
DRAWING – RECONSTRUCTION OF WHITE TEMPLE
BENT-AXIS PLAN (ORIENTATION) – STAIRS CHANGED DIRECTION 2-3 TIMES TO GET TO TOP TEMPLE
MUD BRICK BUILDINGS GET DAMAGED BY RAIN – MUST BE RESTORED FREQUENTLY. AIT BENHADDOU KASBAH (11TH C.) IN MOROCCO, A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE, IS IN SUCH GOOD SHAPE TODAY BECAUSE MANY MOVIES WERE FILMED THERE.
FEMALE HEAD (INANNA?), URUK (MODERN WARKA), IRAQ, © 3200–3000 BCE. MARBLE, 8” HIGH. IRAQ MUSEUM, BAGHDAD.
INANNA ISHTAR, ISIS AND VIRGIN MARY!
WARKA VASE
URUK (MODERN WARKA) IRAQ
CA. 3,200-3,000 B.C.E.ALABASTER.
APPROX. 3 FT. HIGH.
BAGHDAD MUSEUM, IRAQ
VOTIVES MAKING OFFERINGS TO INANNA
RELIEFS IN REGISTERS
OTHER VIEWS OF WARKA VASE
FROM SQUARE TEMPLE, ESHNUNNA (MODERN TELL ASMAR) IRAQ, © 2700 B.C.E.
GYPSUM WITH INLAID, SHELL, BLACK LIMESTONE, TALLEST 30 IN. HIGHIRAQ MUSEUM, BAGHDAD (MORE VIEWS ON NEXT SLIDES)
STATUETTES OF VOTIVES (WORSHIPPERS)
NOTICE – NOT FREESTANDING.
STANDARD OF UR
FROM TOMB 779,
ROYAL CEMETERY, UR (MODERN TELL MUQAYYAR, IRAQ, © 2,600 B.C.E.
WOOD INLAID WITH SHELL, LAPIS LAZULI & RED LIMESTONE.APPROX. 8” X 19”. BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON SOUNDBOX FOR LYRE?
STANDARD OF UR (WAR SIDE)
NARRATIVE, RUNS FROM BOTTOM TO TOP
HERALDIC COMPOSITION & HIERARCHY OF SCALE
STANDARD OF UR (PEACE SIDE)
BULL-HEADED LYRE (RESTORED)
FROM TOMB 789, ROYAL CEMETERY UR, © 2,600 B.C.E.WOOD INLAID WITH GOLD LEAF, LAPIS LAZULI & SHELL.APPROXIMATELY 65 ” HIGH.UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGYAND ANTHROPOLOGY, PHILADELPHIA
BULL-HEADED LYRE, SIDE VIEW AND FRONT DETAIL
RAM IN A THICKET (RESTORED)
FROM TOMB 789,
ROYAL CEMETERY UR, © 2,600 B.C.E.
GOLD, SILVER, LAPIS LAZULI, COPPER, SHELL & RED LIMESTONE“GLUED” TO WOOD WITH BITUMEN, 19” HIGH.
ONE OF A PAIR, THIS ONE IN BRITISH MUSEUM, THE OTHER IN U. PA. MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY.
STANDS FOR VOTIVE OFFERINGS?
RAM IN A THICKET
R: CYLINDER SEAL FROM TOMB 800, ROYAL CEMETERY, UR, © 2600 B.C.E.
LAPIS LAZULI. APPROX. 2” HIGH.
BRITISH MUSEUM. L: A MODERN IMPRESSION FROM THIS SEAL.
USED TO SEAL OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
AKKADIAN ART
TIMELINE
© 2332 B.C.E.: SARGON OF AKKAD (AKA "THE FIRST EMPIRE BUILDER") CONQUERED SUMERIAN CITY-STATES
© 2250 B.C.E: VICTORY OF NARAM-SIN OVER LULLABI
© 2150 B.C.E: GUTIAN CONQUEST ENDED AKKADIAN RULE
BUT THEY DON'T RULE LONG – CONQUEST NEO-SUMERIAN STATE
VOTIVE DISK OF ENHEDUANNA, FROM UR (MODERN TELL MUQAYYAR), IRAQ, CA. 2300 – 2275 BCE. ALABASTER, DIAMETER 10”. U. PA. MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY, PHILADELPHIA
WHO WAS ENHEDUANNA?
DAUGHTER OF SARGON OF AKKAD
POET-PRIESTESS – FIRST KNOWN AUTHOR (HYMNS TO INANNA)
VOTIVE DISK OF ENHEDUANNA IS FIRST KNOWN ART WORK HONORING A WOMAN
HEAD OF AN AKKADIAN RULER
FROM NINEVEH (MODERN KUYUNJIK) IRAQ, © 2,250-2,200 B.C.E. COPPER.14 3/8” HIGH
MISSING
VICTORY STELE OF NARAM-SIN
FROM SUSA, IRAN © 2,254-2,218 B.C.E.RELIEF ON PINK SANDSTONE79” HIGHLOUVRE, PARIS.
SUMERIAN INFLUENCE?DIFFERENCES?
VICTORY STELE OF NARAM-SIN
NEO-SUMERIAN ART
TIMELINE
© 2150 B.C.E.: ESTABLISHMENT OF NEO-SUMERIAN STATE RULED BY UR = "THIRD DYNASTY OF UR"
ABRAHAM WAS "A MAN OF UR" (GENESIS)
© 2004 B.C.E.: ELAMITE CONQUEST ERA OF DISUNION)
ZIGGURAT OF UR
AT UR (MODERN TELL MUQAYYAR) IRAQ. MORE LINEAR ORIENTATION THAN EARLY SUMERIAN
© 2100 B.C.E.MUD BRICK SET IN BITUMEN (PHOTOGRAPHED IN 1920)
RECONSTRUCTEDNORTHERN FAÇADEOF ZIGGURAT OF UR, AND AERIAL VIEW OF ZIGGURAT AND EXCAVATED CITY
100 STEPS
ANOTHER VIEW OF RECONSTRUCTED NORTHERN FAÇADE AND EXCAVATED CITY OF UR
RECONSTRUCTED STAIRS ON NORTHERN FAÇADE OF ZIGGURAT OF UR
100 STAIRS THAT LED TO TOP TEMPLE (MISSING)
SEATED STATUE OF GUDEA HOLDING TEMPLE PLANFROM GIRSU (MODERN TELLOH), IRAQ,
© 2,100 B.C.E., DIORITE, 29” HIGHINSCRIPTION EMPHASIZES IT'S DIORITE: IMPORTED, EXPENSIVE, VERY HARD (DIFFICULT TO CARVE)
LOUVRE, PARIS
WHO WAS GUDEA?
NEO-SUMERIAN KING WHORESTORED WORSHIP OF SUMERIANDEITIES
MORE DIORITE GUDEA FIGURES FROM ENVIRONS OF MODERN TELLOH, © 2100 B.C.E., ALL 20” – 30” HIGH. THESE FIGURES ARE? VOTIVES -- BLOCK STATUES
EARLIER KINGS WERE DEPICTED AS?
WARRIORS
WHY A PRAYING KING IN UR?
CONSTANT CONQUESTS OF MESOPOTAMIA?
ART REFLECTS ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT: WORRIED AND DEVOUT KINGS USUALLY APPEAR IN HARD TIMES
BABYLONIAN ART
(AND ELAMITE AND HITTITE)
TIMELINE
© 1792 B.C.E.: CONQUEST OF SUMERIA BY BABYLON UNDER HAMMURABI
© 1780 B.C.E.: CODE OF HAMMURABI ( LEGALISM OF WESTERN RELIGIONS
HAMMURABI ENCOURAGED MONOTHEISTIC WORSHIP OF MARDUK (SEED OF MONOTHEISM OF WESTERN RELIGIONS) -- WHY?
"FORGET THOSE OTHER GODS. THERE'S ONLY ONE AND HE PICKED ME."
© 1595 B.C.E.: HITTITE CONQUEST AND SACK OF BABYLON
©
© 1400 B.C.E.: ELAMITE SACK OF BABYLON
STELE WITH CODE OF HAMMURABI
FINDSPOT SUSA, IRAN, © 1780 B.C.E.BASALT88" HIGHLOUVRE, PARIS
BABYLONIAN:
STELE WITH CODE OF HAMMURABI
THE GOD SHAMASH (SEATED) HANDS HAMMURABI THE ROD AND RING OF POWER
HITTITE (AND OTHER ANATOLIAN) ART
LION GATE, HATTUSA (MODERN BOGHAZKÖY), TURKEY, © 1400 BCE. (HATTUSA = UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE)
LION'S GATE, HATTUSA: GUARDIAN GATE
RELIEF OF 12 HITTITE GODS, YAZILIKAYA (TEMPLE), HATTUSA © 1400 B.C.E.
CONTRARY TO WHAT WORLD HISTORY TEXTS ALWAYS SAY, CIVILIZATION MAY HAVE ARISEN INDEPENDENTLY IN ANATOLIA
RESTORED VIEW OF A SECTION OF LEVEL VI, ÇATAL HUYÜK, TURKEY, © 6000–5900 B.C.E. (JOHN SWOGGER). GENERALLY DESCRIBED AS "NEOLITHIC TOWN"
ANATOLIAN BACKGROUND:
ELAMITE ART
STATUE OF QUEEN NAPIR-ASU, FROM SUSA, IRAN
© 1350-1300 B.C.E.BRONZE AND COPPER (SOLID BRONZE CORE,COPPER SHELL)50 ¾" HIGH.LOUVRE, PARIS
CURRENT WEIGHT =3760 LBS.
STATUE OF QUEEN NAPIR-ASU
INSCRIPTION ON SKIRT
THREATENS CURSE ON
“HE WHO WOULD SEIZE MY STATUE, WHO WOULD SMASH IT,
WHO WOULD DESTROY ITS INSCRIPTION . . .”
RITUAL BASIN, FROM SUSA © 1400 B.C.E. LIMESTONE. 62.8 X 92 CM. LOUVRE, PARIS. FUNCTION: BASIN FOR RITUAL LIBATIONS.
DETAIL OF RELIEF, NEXT SLIDE
WHAT'S DIFFERENT FROM MESOPOTAMIAN ART?
CHIMERAS
STELE OF UNTASH-NAPIRISHA, SUSA © 1350 – 1300 B.C.E. SANDSTONE. H = 2.62 M. LOUVRE.
ASSYRIAN ART
TIMELINE
© 900 B.C.E.: ASSYRIAN CONQUEST OF BABYLON
721 – 705 B.C.E.: REIGN OF SARGON II
883 – 859 B.C.E.: REIGN OF ASHURNASIPAL II
668 – 627 B.C.E.: REIGN OF ASHURBANIPAL
EARLIEST KNOWN LIBRARY
641 B.C.E.: CONQUEST OF SUSA (ELAM)
627 B.C.E.: DEATH OF ASHURBANIPAL BABYLONIAN REVOLT 626 B.C.E.
612 B.C.E.: BABYLONIAN/MEDIAN SACK OF NINEVEH
RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING, CITADEL OF SARGON II, DAR SHARRUKIN (MODERN KHORSABAD) IRAQ, © 720-705 B.C.E. > 25 ACRES. USED EARLY SUMERIAN BENT-AXIS PLAN
"SARGON, KING OF THE WORLD, HAS BUILT A CITY. . . .
I BUILT A CITY WITH THE [LABOR OF] THE PEOPLES SUBDUED BY MY HAND" WITH THE AID OF THE GODS.
LAMASSU (WINGED HUMAN HEADED BULLS) FROM THE CITADEL OF SARGON II, DAR SHARRUKIN (MODERN KHORSABAD) IRAQ, © 720-705 B.C.E.LIMESTONE, 13' 10" HIGH. BRITISH MUSEUM. LONDON
PREDECESSORS?LION'S GATE, HATUSSA, AND ELAMITE CHIMARAE
OTHER VIEW, LAMASSU. NOTE STYLIZED BEARDS
HEAD OF LAMASSU AND CUNIEFORM INSCRIPTIONS ON GATE
GILGAMESH? WRESTLING LION, FROM CITADEL OF SARGON II, DAR SHARRUKIN,
© 720-705 B.C.E.LIMESTONE13' 10" HIGH.
BRITISH MUSEUM.
ASSYRIAN ARCHERS PURSUING ENEMIES, FROM NORTHWEST PALACE OF ASHURNASIRPAL II, KALHU (MODERN NIMRUD), © 875-860 B.C.E.GYPSUM. 2' 10 3/8" HIGH. BRITISH MUSEUM.
PREDECESSORS?AKKADIAN? STELE OF NARAM-SIN (DIAGONAL COMPOSITION, STYLIZED SETTING)
ASHURBANIPAL HUNTING LIONS (THIS AND NEXT TWO SLIDES)
NEO-BABYLONIAN ART
TIMELINE
612 B.C.E.: SACK OF NINEVEH & ESTABLISHMENT OF NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
604 – 562 B.C.E.: REIGN OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR II
"BABYLONIAN RENAISSANCE"
© 586 B.C.E: CONQUEST OF JUDAH AND BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY OF JEWS (LEGALISM AND MONOTHEISM ENTER WESTERN RELIGION)
RUBBING OF ONYX ENGRAVING DEPICTING NEBUCHADNEZZAR II (ON MARDUK STATUE)
539 B.C.E.: PERSIANS CONQUEST OF BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE ETEMENAKI (FRONTIER OF HEAVEN AND HELL) ZIGGURAT IN BABYLON, AS REBUILT BY NEBUCHADNEZZSAR II (ORIG. DATE UNKNOWN). BASIS FOR STORY OF THE TOWER OF BABEL?
ISHTAR GATE (RESTORED), FROM BABYLON, IRAQ,
© 575 B.C.E. GLAZED BRICK. PERGAMMON MUSEUM, BERLIN
NOTE SCALE
ISHTAR GATE – DRAGONS AND BULLS.
ISHTAR = BABYLONIAN COUNTERPART OF INANNA
ISHTAR GATE -- AUROCH
ISHTAR GATE , LIONS
PERSIAN ART
(ACHAEMENID)
TIMELINE
539 B.C.E.: CYRUS THE GREAT CONQUERED BABYLON, ESTABLISHED PERSIAN EMPIRE (ACHAEMENID DYNASTY)
539 – 529 B.C.E.: REIGN OF CYRUS THE GREAT (CYRUS I) AS EMPEROR
522 – 486 B.C.E.: REIGN OF DARIUS THE GREAT (DARIUS I)
486 – 465 B.C.E.: REIGN OF XERXES
521 – 465 B.C.E.: CONSTRUCTION OF PERSEPOLIS
330 B.C.E.: ALEXANDER THE GREAT CONQUERED PERSIAN EMPIRE
PERSIAN EMPIRE AT ITS GREATEST EXTENT (UNDER DARIUS I)
PALACE OF DARIUS I AND XERXES I
PERSEPOLIS, IRAN (PERSEPOLIS = ADMINISTRATIVE/ PALACE COMPLEX), © 521-465 B.C.E.
APADANA, PERSEPOLIS
RECONSTRUCTIONDRAWING OF PERSEPOLIS APADANA
HYPOSTYLE HALL = COLUMNS SUPPORTED CEILING
APDANA FRIEZE, PERSEPOLIS. WHAT'S NEW?CELEBRATES DIPLOMACY, NOT WAR
PERSEPOLIS
TIMELINE:
312 – 247 B.C.E.: SELUCID (HELLENISTIC) EMPIRE
247 B.C.E. - 224 C.E.: PARTHIAN EMPIRE
224 – 651 C.E.: SASSANID EMPIRE (LAST MIDDLE-EASTERN EMPIRE BEFORE ISLAM)
WE WILL CONSIDER MOST PERSIAN ART, INCLUDING THE SASSANID ART IN CHAPTER 2, LATER (HOLD THE CARDS!).
SHAPUR I DRACHIM, CAST SILVER COINS © 260 C.E.
HEAD OF SASANIAN KING (SHAPUR II?)FROM CTESIPHON, IRAQ, © 350 C.E.SILVER WITH MERCURY GILDING15 ¾" HIGH