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ImmigrantsImmigrants
1815-18601815-1860 Over 5 millionOver 5 million IRISHIRISH
Largest wave of immigrantsLargest wave of immigrants nearly 2 millionnearly 2 million Potato famine in 1845Potato famine in 1845
GERMANSGERMANS 22ndnd largest group of immigrants largest group of immigrants 1.5 million 1.5 million Escape violence, repressions, & failed Escape violence, repressions, & failed
revolutionariesrevolutionaries
NativismNativism
feelings offeelings of hostility towards hostility towards foreignersforeigners
Anti-Catholic: Supreme Order of the Anti-Catholic: Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner, 1849Star Spangled Banner, 1849
Membership was secret and those Membership was secret and those questioned replied “I know nothing”questioned replied “I know nothing”
Became known as the Know NothingsBecame known as the Know Nothings
The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening
Commitment to organized religion Commitment to organized religion was weakeningwas weakening
1800s revive American commitment 1800s revive American commitment to religionto religion
Salvation through faithSalvation through faithReligion as American CultureReligion as American CultureStart several reform movementsStart several reform movements
AbolitionAbolitionTemperanceTemperance
The MessageThe Message
Individuals must readmit God and Individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily livesChrist into their daily lives
All could attain grace through faithAll could attain grace through faith
Charles Grandison FinneyCharles Grandison Finney advocate of Second Great Awakeningadvocate of Second Great Awakening Everybody had the capacity for spiritual Everybody had the capacity for spiritual
rebirth and salvationrebirth and salvation Founded modern revivalismFounded modern revivalism Warned against using to politics to change Warned against using to politics to change
societysociety
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day SaintsDay Saints
MormonsMormons Joseph Smith, 1830 Joseph Smith, 1830 Published Published The Book of MormonThe Book of MormonBrigham Young became the leader Brigham Young became the leader
and they moved to Utahand they moved to UtahBuild a kingdom on earthBuild a kingdom on earth
Utopian CommunitiesUtopian Communities
society tended to corrupt human naturesociety tended to corrupt human nature Way to a better life was to separate Way to a better life was to separate
themselves from society and form their themselves from society and form their own utopia, or ideal societyown utopia, or ideal society
Cooperative living and the absence of Cooperative living and the absence of private propertyprivate property Brook FarmBrook Farm Onedia CommunityOnedia Community New HarmonyNew Harmony
ShakersShakers
Religious groupReligious groupSocial & spiritual equalitySocial & spiritual equalityDid not believe in marrying or having Did not believe in marrying or having
children so their group dissolvedchildren so their group dissolved
LiteratureLiteratureRomanticismRomanticism: :
feeling over reasonfeeling over reasoninner spirituality over external rules,inner spirituality over external rules,individual over societyindividual over societynature over environments created by nature over environments created by
humanshumansTranscendentalismTranscendentalism: :
New England writersNew England writersOvercome limits of the mind Overcome limits of the mind Let their souls reach outLet their souls reach out
Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson
Most influential Most influential transcendentalisttranscendentalist
In In NatureNature, 1836,, 1836, communion with communion with
the natural world the natural world
Civil DisobedienceCivil DisobedienceResistance to civil Resistance to civil
gov’tgov’tEncouraged Martin Encouraged Martin
Luther King, Jr. and Luther King, Jr. and GhandiGhandi
WaldenWaldenSimple living; naturalSimple living; natural
The Last of the The Last of the MohicansMohicans
18261826 The Leather The Leather
Stocking TalesStocking Tales Writes about Writes about
West and U.S. West and U.S. adventuresadventures Not about Great Not about Great
Britain = U.S. Britain = U.S. NationalismNationalism
Short stories:Short stories:2 major romances:2 major romances:
The Scarlett LetterThe Scarlett LetterThe House of Seven The House of Seven
GablesGablesDark Romanticism: Dark Romanticism:
guilt, sin, and evil guilt, sin, and evil are inherent are inherent qualities of peoplequalities of people
Textbook authorTextbook authorSpelling reformerSpelling reformer““Father of American Father of American
Scholarship and Scholarship and Education”Education”
Webster DictionaryWebster DictionaryAmerican English (not American English (not
British)British)
Father of the American Father of the American Short StoryShort Story
Legend of Sleepy Legend of Sleepy HollowHollow
Rip Van WinkleRip Van Winkle
Democracy in Democracy in AmericaAmerica
Noticed uniquely Noticed uniquely American ideas:American ideas:IndividualismIndividualismCapitalismCapitalism
Wrote poems and Wrote poems and short storiesshort stories
““The Raven”The Raven”Tell-Tale HeartTell-Tale Heart
Landscape Landscape painterspainters
Mid-1800sMid-1800sRomanticismRomanticismAmerican ArtAmerican ArtGlorified Glorified
American American LandscapeLandscape