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By
Nihar Ranjan SamalDept. of Civil Engneering
National Institute of Technology Durgapur
Durgapur‐713209, West Bengal, INDIAE‐mail: [email protected]
Arsenic Contamination in India: Some Aspects
INDIA IN GENERALINDIA IN GENERAL
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 329 M ha(2.45% OF WORLD LAND AREA)
POPULATION 1.027 BILLION (16% OF WORLD POPULATION)
CULTIVABLE AREA 184 M ha
CULTIVATED AREA 142 M ha
GROSS CROPPED AREA 190.7 M ha
CROPPING INTENSITY 134.3%
Annual average precipitation ‐ 4000 BCMHighly variable in space and timeMinimum 100 mm in Western DesertMaximum 11000 mm in North Eastern Region
Rainfall during June to September 3000 BCM
As a result the Country Faces Droughts & Floods
Drought Prone Area 108 M ha
Flood Prone Area 40 M ha
Water Resources in India(In Billion Cubic Meter)
Total rainfall 4000
Total Water Availability 1869
Total Utilizable Water
Surface water 690
Ground water 432
Total utilizable water resource
1122
Water Demand(In Billion Cubic Metre)
Present Demand 605
Total Anticipated Demand
In 2010 813
In 2025 1093
In 2050 1447
Per Capita Water Availability(Cubic Meter Per Year)
1951 5177
1991 2209
2001 1820
2025 1341
2050 1140
Demands of various Sectors(In percentage)
Sector 1997 2010 2025 2050
Irrigation 83 78 72 68
Domestic 4 6 7 9
Industries 3 5 8 7
Power 2 3 4 6
others 2 2 2 3
Evaporation losses
6 6 6 7
Water Scarcity in IndiaWater Scarcity in IndiaAbsolute scarcity :Absolute scarcity : Sabarmati Basin & East flowing river basins between Pennar & Kanyakumari
Occasional Water Problem
Water Stress
Water scarcity
Absolute scarcity
INDIA: Areas Liable to FloodsINDIA: Areas Liable to Floods
West Bengal In ParticularWest
Bengal
State
is
one
of
the
most
populated
States
of India, with the highest density of population and the highest
climatological
and
geomorphologic
diversification.
In
fact,
the
State
has
an
extension
of
km.
800
from
the coast
to
the
iced
zones
of
the
Himalayans
with
an
hot
and humid climate.
The
scene
of
the
human
settlement
is
characterized
by the
presence
of
megalopolis
like
Calcutta
with
a
population of 12 million people approximately and by a continuous
growth
of
other
urban
areas
which
took
Map of West
Bengal
Land Usage %
Arable land 62.8%
Forests 13.4%
Other purposes 23.8%
West Bengal’s Land Usage
Value Year
Population 80,221,171 2001
Population growth rate 17.84% 1991‐2001
Sex ratio(females per 1000 males) 934 2001
Birth rate 2.28% Estimate 1996
Death rate 0.78 Estimate 1996
Infant mortality rate 5.50% Estimate 1996
Urban population % of tot pop 28% 2001
Active pop % of tot pop 25% 1991
Literacy (%) 69.22% 2001
Male‐female literacy rate gap (male 68%‐fem 47%) 1991
West Bengal’s Population Figures
Households with Access to Toilet Facilities 1981 1991 1997
Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined
Combined
West Bengal -- 77.74 -- 12.31 78.75 31.51 50.19 India -- 58.15 -- 9.48 63.85 23.70 49.32
Households with Safe Drinking Water 1981 1991
Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined
West Bengal
65.78 79.78 69.65 80.26 86.23 81.98
India 26.50 75.06 38.19 55.54 81.38 62.30
Water Supply System in generalWater Supply System in general
A waterA water--supply system capable of supply system capable of supplying sufficient quantity of potable supplying sufficient quantity of potable water is a necessity for urban as well as water is a necessity for urban as well as rural areas. rural areas.
In the development of public water In the development of public water supplies, the quantity and quality of water supplies, the quantity and quality of water are of paramount importance.are of paramount importance.
Water Scenario in Kolkata CityMunicipal Water supply of the city of Kolkata is a unique systembecause nowhere in the country drinking water is produced at the same water works by using different processes.
The water works at Palta began operation in the 1840s with a small water treatment plant to serve the British Garrison stationed atBarrackpore. The plant comprised several slow sand filter beds.
Water needs of the then citizens of Calcutta during the same period were met mainly from the numerous ponds and tanks located at different localities in the city.
Between 1805 and 1836 a number of large tanks were excavated in the Calcutta town. Some such tanks are located at Azad Hind Bagh, College Square, Hazi Md. Mohsin Square all but the tank at Raja Subodh Mullick is still in use today for the purpose for which it was build.
In 1894, a renowned engineer of the period W. Clark, MICE was appointed as the secretary of the Municipality of Calcutta . It was through the strenuous efforts of Clarke the underground drainagesystem and portable water supply through the underground pipes were initiated in Calcutta.
Between the years 1820 and 1870, river water was used to be pumped from Hoogli by the pumping station at Chandpal Ghat and distributed through a system of masonry aqueduct which ran to the eastern regions of Calcutta through the Creek Row.
The first Asian city to supply street water connection in 1846.
The first Asian city to supply potable water in 1868.
Kolkata City in particularArea of the city : 187.5 square Km.City population (as per 2001 census) : 45, 80 544 (male:2506029, Female:2074515)
Slum Population (as per 2001 census) : 14, 90 811 (32.55%) (Male:825334 & Female:665477)Population of West Bengal : 80 221 171 [rural 57734690 (72%) & urban 22486481 (28%)]
Floating population : 60, 00, 000 nos.per dayNo. of Boroughs : 15No. of Wards : 141Climate of Kolkata : TropicalAverage supply hours : 8 hoursAverage rainfall : 1400 – 1600 mm/yearAverage temperature : 38 deg C (max), 12 deg C (min)
Potable water supplied : 300 MG (million Gallon) [220 Palta + 80 Garden Reach] / day
Raw water supplied : 80 MG / dayPotable water supplied by tube well : 20 MG / day
Water demand (2008) : 270 million gallon /day
Per capita supply : 200 litres including U.F.WTotal net work length : 600 km (primary grid) Unaccounted for water :35%No. of booster pumping stations: 15(including tallah)
Total storage capacity of Reservoirs: 99.5 million gallon
No. of tubewells: Big dia tubewells: 340, small dia tube well: 11,500 nos.
Name of water Treatment Plant
Capacity in million gallon per day
Indira Gandhi water treatment plant (palta)
260
Garden reach water works (for budge budge , maheshtala pujali & KMC)
120(for KMC area 91)
Jorabagan water treatment plant 08
Watgunge water treatment plant 05
Source: Hooghly River
Scheme showing urban water supply and distribution in Kolkata Metropolitan Area
Water Demand In Kolkata CityAt present, residents living within the Kolkata municipal corporation limits
receive an average of 225 litres of water per head per day.
• The master plan prepared by the KMDA in 1966 stipulated that by 2001, this had to be 270 litres per day for residents of KMC and Howrah municipal corporation areas.
• For other urban areas within the KMA, this had to be 227 litres per head per day.
• For urban planning till 2025, envisages that the per capita availability shall be 150 litres per day
86% of the population in India has access to an improved water source, but only 33% has access to improved sanitation. In rural areas, where 72% of India’s population lives, the respective shares are 83% for water and only 22% for sanitation.
According to Indian norms, access to improved water supply exists if at least 40 liters/capita/day of safe drinking water are provided within a distance of 1.6km or 100 meter of elevation difference, to be relaxed as per field conditions. There should be at least one pump per 250 persons.
Identification of water related problemsDigestive problems
Skin disease
Water borne diseases
Clogging of pipes
Flooding of roads due to absence of control valves
Water Pollution in General:
Arsenic contamination in ground water:Occurrence of high concentration of Arsenic (beyond permissible limit of 0.05 mg/l) in ground water has been reported from 79 blocks of 8 districts of West Bengal viz. Bardhaman, Hoogli, Howrah, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, North and South 24 Parganas. Arsenic contamination has also been recently reported from parts of Bhojpur and Patna districts of Bihar and Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh. Occurrence of arsenic in these states is associated with sediments in Ganga basin. Localised occurrence of arsenic in ground water has been reported from parts of Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh due to arsenopyrite mineralization in the fracture zones in hard rock terrain.
Iron contamination in ground waterHigh concentration of iron (in excess of 1 mg/l) in ground water has been observed in more than 1.1 lakh habitations in the country. In the eastern parts of Brahmaputra basin, the iron content is in the range of 0.4 to 4.0 mg/l while in the northwestern parts of the basin, iron is in the range of 0.3 to 3.0 mg/l in ground water. In Tripura, there is widespread occurrence of ground water with iron in the range of 0.3 to 1.2 mg/l. Ground water in Kosi river basin in north‐eastern Bihar has iron in excess of permissible limit. Excess iron in ground water is also found in many places in eastern and southwestern parts of West Bengal. Sporadic occurrences of iron contamination in ground water have also been reported from Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Tamilnadu and Kerala.
Fluoride contamination in ground water:High fluoride content beyond 1.5 mg/l in ground water has been reported from isolated pockets in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
Background: Arsenic Contamination
Contamination of groundwater by arsenic from natural geochemicalsources is at present a most serious challenge in the planning of large‐scale use of groundwater for drinking and other purposes.
Groundwater plays a key role in nature‐a freshwater resource, an important asset for the survival of humans and their economic activities.
Today’s Major Concern: Quantity & Quality of Water: Third World war may be the WATERWAR due to global water crisis.
Became a high‐profile problem in recent years due to the use of deep tubewells for water supply in the Ganges Delta.
Arsenic is a carcinogen which causes many cancers including skin, lung, and bladder as well as cardiovascular disease
According to WHO, more than 112 million people are drinking water with As levels 5‐100 times the 10 ppb standard
Mostly in Bangladesh, China, and West Bengal, India
Worldwide occurrences of arsenic in groundwater
World Health Organization for 1990 43% of the world’s population does not have adequate sanitation and 22% do not haveclean drinking water (Ahmed, et. al. 2000 & website 1). This has led to increased dependence on ground‐water resources in many parts of the world.
An estimated 36 million people in the Bengal Delta are at risk from drinking arsenic‐contaminated water.
Global arsenic contamination in Ground water
Source: National Research Program of the U.S. Geological Survey
GROUNDWATER ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN WEST BENGAL ‐
INDIA (20 years study)
Out of 18 districts in west bengal 13 have been found to contain high levels of arsenic in ground water (in more detail).
In kolkata city out of 141 wards , 77 are found to have high levels of arsenic contamination.
Ground water exposed to higher levels of arsenic should be treated by the process of adsorption or reverse osmosis.
Ground water at shallow depth should be treated by ion exchange method or sono filters to remove arsenic contamination.
Present Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Status of West Bengal, India Physical Parameters West Bengal
Area in sq. km. 88,750
Population
in million 80.2
Total number of districts (no. of district surveyed) 19 (19)
Total number of water samples analyzed 1,40,150
% of samples having arsenic > 10 mg L‐1 48.1
% of samples having arsenic > 50 mg L‐1 23.8
No. of severely arsenic affected districts * 9
No. of mildly arsenic affected districts* 5
No. of arsenic safe districts* 5
Total population of severely arsenic affected 9 districts in million 50.4
Total area of severely arsenic affected 9 districts in sq. km.38,861
Total number of blocks/ police station 341
Total number of blocks/ police station surveyed 241
Number of blocks / police station having arsenic >50mgL‐1111
Number of blocks / police station having arsenic >10mgL‐1 148
Total number of village 37910
Total number of village surveyed 7823
Number of villages/paras
having arsenic above 50 mgL‐1 3417
People at risk of drinking arsenic contaminated water >10 mgL‐1
(in
million)
9.5
People at risk of drinking arsenic contaminated water >50 mgL‐1
(in
million)
4.6
No. of districts surveyed for arsenic patients 9
No. of districts where arsenic patients found 7
Villages surveyed for arsenic patients 602
Number of villages where we have identified people with arsenical skin
lesions
488
People screened for arsenic patients including children (preliminary
survey)
96,000
No. of adults screened for arsenic patient 82,000
Number of registered patients with clinical manifestations 9,356 (9.7%)
No. of children screened for arsenic patient 14,000
No. of children showing arsenical manifestation 778 (5.6%)
Total hair, nail, urine analyzed 39624
Arsenic above normal/toxic level in hair, nail and urine samples 91%, 97% and 92%
SOME EXAMPLES OF ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN AND AROUND WEST BENGAL STATE
PEOPLE AFFECTED FROM ARSENIC CONTAMINATION
EXAMPLE OF AREAS IN WEST BENGAL WHERE HIGH ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IS FOUND
Sushila Devi age.50 Worst case of effect of Arsenic
Bihar State in India
Carsogenic effect on hand of lady Sushila Devi
Thus in KolkataWater scarcity is a prevalent issue.
Will generate revenue which can be used for other beneficial purposes if water pricing is introduced.
Minimize wastage.
Low cost of Installation.
Kolkata Metropolitan area receives dual supply of water provided by KMC
Filtered water is supplied 4 times a day and is chargeable
Unfiltered water supply is provided on a 24 hr basis
The maximum usage of this water occurs between 6:00‐9:00 am
Lack of control valves lead of wastage of water
The unfiltered water supplied by KMC is being used by the localites for purpose of bathing and washing clothes
survey on unfiltered water supply system
The unfiltered water being used for washing vehicles
The filtered water which is basically used for drinking purpose
INTERNATIONAL FAIR AND CONGRESS: WASSER BERLIN 2009
INTERNATIONAL FAIR AND CONGRESS: WASSER BERLIN 2009
Our batchmates conducting survey on the fourth day
Inaccessible water outlets leading to wastage of water
No control valves in outlet points leading to wastage of water
Possible Options For Safe Drinking WaterSafe water supply in arsenic contaminated areas is a priority to
void arsenic poisoning:
Deep tubewells: It may be installed to avoid shallow arsenic contaminated aquifers where suitable arsenic safe deep aquifers are available to produce water of acceptable quality for water supply.
Piped Water Supply: Piped water supply can very easily replace existing contained shallow tubewell based water supplies. piped water supplies may be costly for low income group of people.
Treatment of SurfaceWater: Arsenic free surface water contains other impurities, after proper treatment may be supplied for consumption (SWRE, JU, KOLKATA).
Dug Well : For safe arsenic water supplies, in the areas with aquifers at shallower depth dug wells is suitable. The areas with thick consolidated clay layers are not suitable for dug well construction. A larger diameter dug well installed in favorable aquifer can be used for community water supplies. This may be the best possible solution for the present study area as per its socio‐economical condition.
Rainwater Harvesting : Rainwater harvesting has good potential for water supply in arsenic affected areas. People need motivation to adopt this system of water supply. Because of the requirements for large catchments areas and storage tank due to unequal distribution of rainfall throughout the year, rainwater harvesting should be a household option and designed to meet the demand for drinking and cooking water only.
Research and development needs: Low cost treatment unit as developed by several organizations like SOES/SWRE, Jadavpur University, Kolkata; AIPHH, Kolkata; NML, Jamshedpur, CPCB, GOI, New Delhi, have shown very good potentials for use in water supply in arsenic affected areas. Effective, affordable and environment friendly arsenic removal technology for use in rural areas is to be evolved.
Conclusion
Present attempt is:
Bioremediation,
Would it be a solution to the water problems ???
Possible long-term and seasonal variations in concentrations of arsenic in well water have important implications for both epidemiological research and mitigation programmes.
The undesirable consequences of seasonal variation and variation over time in concentrations of arsenic in water suggest that further investigations are needed to confirm the current findings. The present need is to extensively carry out water quality survey and identify the affected areas and provide the low cost domestic and community level technology for arsenic removal.
The main achievements of the present study can be summarized as follows:Socio-economic survey reveals few humans and cattle deaths in the pilot area. Almost hundred percent (100%) people who are residing in that village permanently, are suffering from various degree of skin diseases such as small black or white spot on skin, thickening of palm or soles with nodules, developed gangrene in fingers or toes with tingling sensation, having pain and swelling in hands or feet, nail, kerotosis, persistent cough and physical deformity
Thank Youfor your kind
Attention
Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. Bioremediation may be employed to attack specific soil contaminants, such as degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria. An example of a more general approach is the cleanup of oil spills by the addition of nitrate and/or sulfate fertilisers to facilitate the decomposition of crude oil by indigenous or exogenous bacteria.
